Chapter 2

Functions

NCTIONS
FUNCTIONS
Functions in Python

1. Understand the benefits of using functions, such as code reuse,

modularity, and improved readability.

2. Learn the conventions for naming functions, including the

importance of descriptive names.

3. Understand how to define parameters in a function.

4. Learn how to use Understand the difference between local and

global variables and their scope. the return statement to send a

value back from a function.

NCTIONS FUNCTIONS
INTRODUCTION
• Function is a collection of statements which is
made to perform a specific task.
• To Execute function we have to call it in the
program.
• Instead of writing a large program we can
write small functions as a specific part of
program to accomplish the task.
• Once written a function can also be used in
other programs as library functions.

NCTIONS FUNCTIONS
• Functions can be categorized in three types-
1. Built-in
2. Modules
3. User Defined

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Built-in Functions
• These are the functions which are
predefined in python we have to just call
them to use.
• Functions make any programming
language efficient and provide a
structure to language.
• Python has many built-in functions
which makes programming easy,
fast and efficient.
• They always reside in standard library
and we need not to import any module
to use them.
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Built-in Functions. . .
1. Type Conversion
Functions: These are the
functions which converts the values from one type to
another-
1. int( ) – To convert the string into integer.
2. str( ) – To covert any value into string.
3. float( ) – To covert string into float.
2. Input Functions: This function is used to take
input from user in the form of string.
e.g. name=input(“Enter your name : “)
3. eval function: This function is used to evaluate
the value of a string.
e.g. x=eval(“45+10“)
print(x) # answer will be 55

NCTIONS FUNCTIONS
1. Built-in Functions. . .
3. min Function:
This function returns the
smallest value among given
list of values.
4. max Function:
This function returns the
biggest value among given
list of values.
5. abs Function:
This function returns the
absolute value of any
integer which is always
positive.

NCTIONS FUNCTIONS
Built-in Functions. . .
6. type Function:
This function is used to
identify the type of any value
or variable.
7. len Function:
This function returns the
length of given string.
8. round Function:
This function returns the
rounded number of given
number up to given position.

NCTIONS FUNCTIONS
Built-in Functions. . .
9. range Function: If
you want the series
between two numbers then
you can use this function.
This is good tool for FOR
Loop. Its syntax is -
range( start, stop, step)
This gives the series from
START to STOP-1 and the
interval between two
numbers of series will be
STEP.

NCTIONS FUNCTIONS
II. Python Modules
• Module is a .py file which contains the
definitions of functions and variables.
• Module is a simple python file.
• When we divide a program into modules
then each module contains functions and
variables. And each functions is made
for a special task.
• Once written code in modules can be
used in other programs.
• When we make such functions which
may be used in other programs also then
we write them in module.
• We can import those module in any
program an we can use the functions.

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Python Modules. . .
• Python provides two ways to import
a module -
• import statement: to import full module.
• from: To import all or selected functions from the
module.

NCTIONS FUNCTIONS
Python Modules. . .
• In last slide’s example first the
math.py file is searched.
• Then a space is created where all
the variables and functions of the
math module may be stored.
• Then statements of modules are
executed.

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math Module
• math module contains
following functions–
– ceil(x) returns integer bigger than x or x integer.
– floor(x) returns integer smaller than x or x integer.
– pow(x, n) returns x . n

– sqrt(x) returns square root of x.

– log10(x) returns logarithm of x with base-10
– cos(x) returns cosine of x in radians.
– sin(x) returns sine of x in radians.
– tan(x) returns tangent of x in radians.

NCTIONS FUNCTIONS
help Function
• If you forgot that how a library function works
then help( ) is very useful for this situation.
• If this function is used with any module then it
provides the information and details of the
given module and its all the contents.
string Module
• We have already studied about string module in class
XI. Here are some other functions of string module.
– String.capitalize() Converts first character to Capital Letter
– String.find() Returns the Lowest Index of Substring
– String.index() Returns Index of Substring
– String.isalnum() Checks Alphanumeric Character
– String.isalpha() Checks if All Characters are Alphabets
– String.isdigit() Checks Digit Characters
– String.islower() Checks if all Alphabets in a String, are Lowercase
– String.isupper() returns if all characters are uppercase characters
– String.join() Returns a Concatenated String
– String.lower() returns lowercased string
– String.upper()returns uppercased string
– len()Returns Length of an Object
– ord()returns Unicode code point for Unicode character
– reversed()returns reversed iterator of a sequence
– slice()creates a slice object specified by range()
random Module
• When we require such numbers which are not known
earlier
e.g. captcha or any type of serial numbers then in
this situation we need random numbers. And here
random module helps us. This contains following
functions-
• randrange (): This method always returns any integer
between given lower and upper limit to this method. default lower
value is zero (0) and upper value is one(1).

• random (): This generates floating value between 0 and 1. it

does not require any argument.

FUNCTION
random Module. . .
• randint (): This method takes 2 parameters a,b in which first
one is lower and second is upper limit. This may return any
number between these two numbers including both limits. This
method is very useful for guessing applications.

• uniform (): This method return any floating-point number

between two given numbers.

FUNCTION
random Module. . .
• choice (): this method is used for random selection from
list, tuple or string.

• shuffle (): this method can shuffle or swap the items of a given

list.

FUNCTION
User-defined Functions
• These are the functions which are
made by user as per the requirement
of the user.
• Function is a kind of collection of
statements which are written for a
specific task.
• We can use them in any part of our
program by calling them.
• def keyword is used to make user
defined functions.

FUNCTION
User-defined Functions. . .
• We use following syntax with def
keyword to prepare a user defined
function.

def Function_Name(List_Of_Parameters):
”””docstring”””
statement(s)
After the line containing def
there should be a 4 spaces
Keyword indentation, which is also
know as the body or block
of the function. Function
Definition

FUNCTION
1. Function with no arguments and no return
2. Function with arguments but no return value
3. Function with arguments and return value
4. Function with no argument but return value

FUNCTION
1. Function with no argument and no return

FUNCTION NAME NO PARAMETER, HENCE VOID

Return keyword not used

FUNCTION CALLING, IT WILL INVOKE welcome() TO PERFORM ITS ACTION

 This type of function is also known as void

function

FUNCTION
Function with parameters but no return value
 Parameters are given in the parenthesis
separated by comma.
Values are passed for the parameter at the
time of function calling

User-defined Functions without argument

FUNCTION
and without return (Practical)

Function
Definition

Function Call

FUNCTION
User-defined Functions with argument and
without return (Practical)

In the case of arguments,

the values are passed in the
function’s parenthesis. And
they are declared in
definition as well.

FUNCTION
User-defined Functions with argument and
with return value (Practical)

In the case of returning

value, the calculated value is
sent outside the function by
a returning statement. This
returned value will be hold
by a variable used in calling
statement.

FUNCTION
User-defined Functions with multiple
return values (Practical)

In python a function
may return multiple
values. In multiple
returning it returns a
sequence of values
to the calling
statement.
These returned
values
may be used as per
the
requirement.

FUNCTION
User-defined Functions with multiple
return values (Practical)

Last program may

also
be written as follows.

Result will be the

tuple here.

FUNCTION
Parameters and Arguments in
Functions
• When we write header of any function
then the one or more values given to its
parenthesis ( ) are known as
parameter.
• These are the values which are used by
the function for any specific task.
• While argument is the value passed at
the time of calling a function.
• In other words the arguments are used
to invoke a function.
• Formal parameters are said to be
parameters and actual parameters are
said to be arguments.

FUNCTION
Parameters and Arguments in
Functions . . .

These are the parameters .

These are the arguments .

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Types of Arguments
• Python supports 4 types of arguments-
1. Positional Arguments
2. Default Arguments
3. Keyword Arguments
4. Variable Length Arguments

FUNCTION
1.Positional Arguments
• These are the arguments which are
passed in correct positional order in
function.
• If we change the position of the
arguments then the answer will be
changed.

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2.Default Arguments
• These are the arguments through
which we can provide default values
to the function.
• If we don’t pass any value to the
function then it will take a pre defined
value.

This is point to
remember that the
default argument
should be given after
non default argument.

FUNCTION
3.Keyword Arguments
• If a function have many arguments and we want to
change the sequence of them then we have to use
keyword arguments.
• Biggest benefit of keyword argument is that we need
not to remember the position of the argument.
• For this whenever we pass the values to the function
then we pass the values with the argument name. e.g.

If used
one t with
you keyword ers
argume must also be
n then with
oth keywords e an
called error will be
otherwi
s

FUNCTION
raised.

FUNCTION
4.Variable Length
Arguments
• As we can assume by the name that we can pass any
number of arguments according to the requirement. Such
arguments are known as variable length arguments.
• We use (*) asterik to give Variable length argument.

FUNCTION
You can notice
here that every
time the number of
arguments are
different and the
answer is
calculated for each
number of

FUNCTION
Passing ARRAYS /LISTS to
Function
• In python we use list as array. Well we have to
import numpy module to use array in python.
• We will pass here list to the function. As we know
that list is better than array.

Neha Tyagi, PGT CS, KV No-5,Jaipur

Scope of Variable
• Scope of variable means the part of program
where the variable will be visible. It means
where we can use this variable.
• We can say that scope is the collection of
variables and their values.
• Scope can of two types -
• Global (module)
– All those names which are assigned at top level in
module or directly assigned in interpreter.
• Local (function)
– Those variables which are assigned within a loop of
function.

FUNCTION
Using main() as a Function
• Main function is not necessary in python.
• For the convenience of Non-python
programmers, we can use it as follows-

FUNCTION
Flow of Execution at the
Time of Function
Call
• The execution of any program starts from the very first
line and this execution goes line by line.
• One statement is executed at a time.
• Function doesn’t change the flow of any program.
• Statements of function doesn’t start executing until it is
called.
• When function is called then the control is jumped
into the body of function.
• Then all the statements of the function gets executed
from top to bottom one by one.
• And again the control returns to the place where it was
called.
• And in this sequence the python program gets
FUNCTION
executed.

FUNCTION
RECURSION
• In recursion, function calls itself until the
condition is not satisfied.

FUNCTION
RECURSION. . .
• Recursion is one of the most powerful tools of
the programming language. When a function
calls itself within its body then this is know as
recursion.
• There are two conditions to use recursion -
– There must be a terminating condition.
– There must be an if condition in recursive routine.
– Every recursive problem has a special feature its
reversal in
the order of execution.
– As many times there is recursive call then every
time a new memory is allocated to the local
variables of recursive function.
– During recursion each value is pushed in a stack.
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Drawbacks of RECURSION
• It uses more storage as each values is pushed in to
stack.
• If recursive call is not checked carefully then your
computer may go out of memory.
• It is less efficient in terms of time and speed.

FUNCTION