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400 Lines Surge Impedance Loading Line Line Line KV Surge Impedance

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Pranav Sharma
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7 views

400 Lines Surge Impedance Loading Line Line Line KV Surge Impedance

Uploaded by

Pranav Sharma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Surge Impedance Loading

Its value is about 400 ohms for overhead lines and about 40 ohms for
underground cables. In power transmission at 50/60 Hz it is used to find
the Surge Impedance Loading (SIL).and is defined as (V^2/Z), where V=
tr line voltage (line to line) in kVand Z=Surge Impedance in ohms and SIL is
in MW (megawatts).

However, we can extend the concept to the power transferred across a


transmission line. The surge impedance loading or SIL (in MW) is equal to
the voltage squared (in kV) divided by the surge impedance (in ohms). In
equation form: ... The line length is not a factor in the SIL or surge
impedance calculations.
The surge impedance loading or SIL of a transmission line is the MW loading
of a transmission line at which a natural reactive power balance occurs. The
following brief article will explain the concept of SIL.

Transmission lines produce reactive power (Mvar) due to their natural


capacitance. The amount of Mvar produced is dependent on the transmission
line’s capacitive reactance (XC) and the voltage (kV) at which the line is
energized. In equation form the Mvar produced is:

Transmission lines also utilize reactive power to support their magnetic


fields. The magnetic field strength is dependent on the magnitude of the
current flow in the line and the line’s natural inductive reactance (XL). It
follows then that the amount of Mvar used by a transmission line is a function
of the current flow and inductive reactance. In equation form the Mvar used
by a transmission line is:

A transmission line’s surge impedance loading or SIL is simply the MW


loading (at a unity power factor) at which the line’s Mvar usage is equal to the
line’s Mvar production. In equation form we can state that the SIL occurs
when:
If we take the square root of both sides of the above equation and then
substitute in the formulas for XL (=2pfL) and XC (=1/2pfC) we arrive at:

The term in the above equation is by definition the “surge impedance”.


The theoretical significance of the surge impedance is that if a purely resistive
load that is equal to the surge impedance were connected to the end of a
transmission line with no resistance, a voltage surge introduced to the
sending end of the line would be absorbed completely at the receiving end.
The voltage at the receiving end would have the same magnitude as the
sending end voltage and would have a voltage phase angle that is lagging with
respect to the sending end by an amount equal to the time required to travel
across the line from sending to receiving end.

The concept of a surge impedance is more readily applied to


telecommunication systems than to power systems. However, we can extend
the concept to the power transferred across a transmission line. The surge
impedance loading or SIL (in MW) is equal to the voltage squared (in kV)
divided by the surge impedance (in ohms). In equation form:

Note in this formula that the SIL is dependent only on the kV the line is
energized at and the line’s surge impedance. The line length is not a factor in
the SIL or surge impedance calculations. Therefore the SIL is not a measure
of a transmission line’s power transfer capability as it does not take into
account the line’s length nor does it consider the strength of the local power
system.
The value of the SIL to a system operator is realizing that when a line is
loaded above its SIL it acts like a shunt reactor—absorbing Mvar from the
system—and when a line is loaded below its SIL it acts like a shunt capacitor
—supplying Mvar to the system.

Figure 1 is a graphic illustration of the concept of SIL. This particular line has
a SIL of 450 MW. Therefore if the line is loaded to 450 MW (with no Mvar)
flow, the Mvar produced by the line will exactly balance the Mvar used by the
line.

Figure 1: Surge Impedance Loading of a Transmission Loading

Surge Impedance Loading


Capacitance and reactance are the main parameters of the transmission line.
It is distributed uniformly along the line. These parameters are also called
distributed parameters. When the voltage drops occur in transmission line
due to inductance, it is compensated by the capacitance of the transmission
line.
The transmission line generates capacitive reactive volt-amperes in its shunt
capacitance and absorbing reactive volt-amperes in its series inductance. The
load at which the inductive and capacitive reactive volt-amperes are equal
and opposite, such load is called surge impedance load.

It is also called natural load of the transmission line because power is not
dissipated in transmission. In surge impedance loading, the voltage and
current are in the same phase at all the point of the line. When the surge
impedance of the line has terminated the power delivered by it is called surge
impedance loading.

Shunt capacitance charges the transmission line when the circuit breaker at
the sending end of the line is close. As shown below

Let V = phase voltage at the receiving end


L = series inductance per phase
XL = series inductance reactance per phase
XC = shunt capacitance reactance per phase
Zo = surge impedance loading per phase
Capacitive volt-amperes (VAr) generated in the line

The series inductance of the line


consumes the electrical energy when the sending and receiving end terminals
are closed.

Inductive reactive volt-amperes (VAr) absorbed by the line

Under natural load, the reactive power becomes


terminated, and the load becomes purely resistive.
And it is calculated by the formula given below

Surge impedance loading is also defined as the


power load in which the total reactive power of the lines becomes zero. The
reactive power generated by the shunt capacitance is consumed by the series
inductance of the line.

If Po is its natural load of the lines, (SIL)1∅ of the line per phase

Since the load is purely resistive,


Thus, per phase power transmitted
under surge impedance loading is (VP2)/ZO watts, Where Vp is the phase
voltage.

If kVL is the receiving end


voltage in kV, then

Surge impedance loading depends on the


voltage of the transmission line. Practically surge impedance loading always
less than the maximum loading capacity of the line.

If the load is less than the SIL, reactive volt-amperes are generated, and the
voltage at the receiving end is greater than the sending end voltage. On the
other hand, if the SIL is greater than the load, the voltage at receiving end is
smaller because the line absorbs reactive power.

If the shunt conductance and resistance are neglected and SIL is equal to the
load than the voltage at both the ends will be equal.

Conclusion
Surge impedance load is the ideal load because the current and voltage are
uniform along the line. The wave of current and voltage is also in phase
because the reactive power consumed are equal to the reactive power
generated by the transmission line.

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