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DBMS: Course Objectives

COURSE OBJECTIVES

APEX INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY The Course aims to:

• Understand database system concepts and design databases for different applications
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
and to acquire the knowledge on DBMS and RDBMS.
• Implement and understand different types of DDL, DML and DCL statements.
Database Management System (21CSH-243)
• Understand transaction concepts related to databases and recovery/backup techniques
Faculty: Prof. (Dr.) Vineet Mehan (E13038)
required for the proper storage of data.

Lecture - 5 DISCOVER . LEARN . EMPOWER

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Data Models

COURSE OUTCOMES Unit-1 Syllabus

Unit-1 Introduction to Databases and Relational Algebra
On completion of this course, the students shall be able to:-
Overview of Database concepts, DBMS, Data Base System Architecture (Three
Understand the database concept, system architecture and role of database Databases: Level ANSI-SPARC Architecture), Advantages and Disadvantages of
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administrator DBMS, Data Independence, DBA and Responsibilities of DBA,
Relational Data Structure, Keys, Relations, Attributes, Schema and
Instances, Referential integrity, Entity integrity.

Data Models: Relational Model, Network Model, Hierarchical Model, ER Model:

Design, issues, Mapping constraints, ER diagram, Comparison of
Models
Relational Introduction, Syntax, Semantics, Additional operators, Grouping and
Algebra & Ungrouping, Relational comparisons, Tuple Calculus, Domain
Relational Calculus, Calculus Vs Algebra, Computational capabilities
Calculus:
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SUGGESTIVE READINGS DATABASE MODELS

• TEXT BOOKS • Database Model is a primary tool for designing the database.
• Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe, “Fundamentals of Database
System”, The Benjamin / Cummings Publishing Co
• Korth and Silberschatz Abraham, “Database System Concepts”, McGraw Hall • Every database and database management system is based on a
• Pratt, “ DBMS”, Cengage Learning particular database model.

• REFERENCE BOOKS • A database model is a type of data model that gives the logical
• C.J.Date, “An Introduction to Database Systems”, Addison Wesley structure of a database.
• Rob,” Database Principal Fundamental Design, Cengage Learning

By: Pramod Vishwakarma (E9758) 5 6

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DATABASE MODELS DATABASE MODELS

• Database Model tells in which manner data will be stored, organized, Database Models are of the following types:
and manipulated. 1. Hierarchical Database Model
2. Network Database Model
• Data models are a collection of conceptual tools for 3. Relational Database Model
• Describing data
• Data relationships
4. E-R Database Model
• Data semantics 5. Object Oriented Database Model
• Data constraints

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TRADITIONAL APPROACH
• File System Approach

• System stores records in various files.

• Different application programs extract records from appropriate files.

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Files Users
Data Application programs DISADVATAGES OF
Payroll
Payroll Reports FILE SYSTEM APPROACH
programs

1. Data Redundancy
Invoicing Reports 2. Data Inconsistency
Invoicing programs
3. Scattered data in various file formats
4. Data Security Problem
Inventory
Inventory control
Reports 5. No Concurrent Access
control programs
6. Integration Problem
Management
Management inquiries Reports
inquiries programs

File System Approach

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DATABASE SYSTEM VS FILE SYSTEM HIERARCHICAL DATABASE MODEL

• In Hierarchical Database Model data is organized as an inverted tree
structure.

• The model represents information using parent/child relationships.

• Each parent can have many children, but each child has only one
parent (One-to-many relationship).

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HIERARCHICAL DATABASE MODEL Root

• At the top of the hierarchy, there is one entity, which is called the
root.
Level1 Child Level1 Child Level 1 Child

• Hierarchical model was widely used in the early mainframe database

management systems.

• E.g. Information Management System(IMS) by IBM

L2 Child L2 Child L2 Child L2 Child L2 Child L2 Child

HIERARCHICAL DATABASE MODEL

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Project 1 HIERARCHICAL DATABASE MODEL

Department A Department B Department C

Emp1 Emp2 Emp3 Emp4 Emp5 Emp6

HIERARCHICAL DATABASE MODEL HIERARCHICAL DATABASE MODEL

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HIERARCHICAL DATABASE MODEL HIERARCHICAL DATABASE MODEL

HIERARCHICAL DATABASE MODEL

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ADVANTAGES ADVANTAGES
1. Simplicity: Since the database is based on the hierarchical structure, 3. Data Integrity: Since it is based on the parent child relationship,
the relationship between the various layers is logically simple. there is always a link between the parent segment and the child
segment under it.
2. Data Security: Hierarchical model was the first database model that
offered the data security that is provided by the DBMS. 4. Efficiency: It is very efficient because when the database contains a
large number of 1:N relationship and when the user require large
number of transaction.

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DISADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
1. Implementation complexity: Although it is simple and easy to 3. Operational Anomalies: Hierarchical model suffers from the insert,
design, it is quite complex to implement. delete and update anomalies, also retrieval operation is difficult.

2. Lack of Structural Independence: If you make any changes in the

database structure, then you need to make changes in the entire
application program that access the database.

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NETWORK DATABASE MODEL NETWORK DATABASE MODEL

• The Network Database Model was created for three main purposes. • The network database model highly resembles the hierarchal model.

• These purposes include • Its distinguishing feature is that the schema, viewed as a graph and
• Representing complex data relationship more effectively. not restricted to being a hierarchy.
• Improving database performance.
• Imposing a database standard.
• Object types are nodes and relationship types are arcs.

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NETWORK DATABASE MODEL NETWORK DATABASE MODEL

• Entities can be accessed through several paths.

• In this many-to-many relationships are formed because one entity can

be linked to many entity files and vice versa.

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NETWORK DATABASE MODEL NETWORK DATABASE MODEL

Project 1 Project 2

Department A Department B Department C

NETWORK DATABASE MODEL NETWORK DATABASE MODEL

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ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
1. Provide very efficient "High-speed" retrieval due to data access • System complexity
flexibility.
• Lack of structural independence
2. Handles more relationship types.

3. Conformance to standards.

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Assessment Questions REFERENCES

• Differentiate between Hierarchical Database Model and Network • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_model

Database Model. • http://www.studytonight.com/dbms/database-model.php

• http://easy2teach.info/dbms/what-is-hierarchical-modeladvantages-and-disadvantages-of-hierarchical-
model/
• http://www.ask.com/question/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-network-data-model
• http://databasemanagement.wikia.com/wiki/Network_Database_Model

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THANK YOU

For queries
Email: [email protected]
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