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Genetics Basics Core Notes

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23 views4 pages

Genetics Basics Core Notes

Uploaded by

Prince Boahene
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CORE NOTES

GENETICS

Genetics is the study of inheritance and the variation of inherited characteristics.


TERMINOLOGY GENETICS

Chromatin: network that contains all the DNA in the nucleus


Chromosomes: DNA (chromatin) condensed (tightly wound) and now visible as chromosomes

Gene: small section of DNA (chromosome) that codes for a specific characteristic or protein

Alleles: alternative forms of a gene found at the same place on a chromosome.

Locus: the position of the gene on the chromosome

Dominant allele: An allele if present, is ALWAYS expressed in the phenotype


Recessive allele: An allele that is hidden (overshadowed by dominant allele) in
the phenotype. Can only be expressed(seen) if both alleles are
recessive (or dominant allele is absent).

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CORE NOTES

b B

Phenotype: Physical appearance of an organism determined by the genotype (what we can


see/observe from the outside)
Represented by words eg brown, blue, blonde, red and white etc.

Genotype: Genetic composition of the alleles of the gene for a particular characteristic
Represented by the use of letters eg. BB; Bb and bb

purple

purple

white

Homozygous: Two alleles the same for a particular characteristic (BB or bb)

or

Heterozygous: Two different alleles for a particular characteristic (Bb)

Monohybrid crosses: A genetic cross involving only ONE characteristic, eg colour of fur

Format for representing a genetic cross:

P1 – generation Phenotype ____________ x ____________


Genotype ____________ x ____________

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CORE NOTES

Meiosis
Possible Gametes ___, ___ x ___, ___

Fertilisation (Punnet diagram)

F1 – generation Genotype ________________


Phenotype ________________

Complete Dominance:
The genotypes will always be represented by ONE letter eg. B, but could include upper case B
and lower case b to represent the different combinations for the two alleles.

Possible phenotypes for parents (P1 generation): brown hair and red hair
Possible genotype combinations for parents (P1 generation): BB (homozygous dominant);
Bb (heterozygous dominant)
and bb (homozygous recessive)
eg. B - brown is completely dominant over b - red

Now let’s practice :

In dogs rough hair (H) is dominant to smooth hair(h). A heterozygous rough-haired dog
is mated with a smooth-haired dog.

Represent a genetic cross to show the phenotypic ratio of the puppies. (6)

Step 1: Write down the template for a genetic cross


Step 2: Fill in the (a) phenotype and (b) genotype of the P1 generation
Now complete the cross.

P1 – generation Phenotype: rough hair x smooth hair


Genotype: x

Meiosis
Possible Gametes ____, ____ x _____, _____

Fertilisation

F1 – generation Genotype:
Phenotype:
*Phenotypic ratio is - ________________ : __________________
Next example to practice:

In rabbits, black fur is produced by the allele (B) and white fur by the allele (b).

The table below shows the genotypes of some rabbits.

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CORE NOTES

Rabbit Genotype
1 BB
2 Bb
3 bb

Use a genetic cross to show the percentage chance of rabbits 1 and 3 having offspring with
white fur

Step 1: Write down the template for a genetic cross


Step 2: Fill in the (a) phenotype and (b) genotype of the P1 generation
Now complete the cross.

P1 – generation Phenotype: Rabbit 1 - black fur x Rabbit 3 - white fur


Genotype: BB x bb

Meiosis
Possible Gametes _____, _____ x ____, _____

Fertilisation

F1 – generation Genotype:
Phenotype:

% chance of white fur offspring: ______________

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