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Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Valenzuela

Tongco St., Maysan, Valenzuela City
College: Department: Course Course Title:
Engineering and Information Information Code: Fundamentals of Database
Technology Technology IM 101 Systems
Faculty: Chairperson:
Rommel P. Apostol, MIT PATRICK LUIS M. FRANCISCO, MIT

Understanding the Flow of Data in Everyday Transactions,

A module in IM 101: Fundamentals of Database Systems
Foreword
This module aims to help students understand, familiarize, and adopt the use of fundamental data
processes and operation to utilize them in developing more efficient and secure information systems.
This module contains lessons that introduce them to the core concept of database systems and
management and answers the essential questions presented in each part of the module. The learning
outcomes from each part of the module will help the students understand the essential questions given
and at a certain point in the discussions, an evaluation will be done through the use of different
activities.
At the end of this module, the student will be able to understand the basic concepts and use of
database systems and be able to use tools and software in manipulating them.
Table of Contents
Unit One
Essential Questions …………………………………………………………………………….. 1
Intended Learning Outcomes …………………………………………………………………... 1
Assesment Task
Diagnostic ………………………………………………………………………………. 1
Formative ……………………………………………………………………………….. 6
Summative ……………………………………………………………………………… 6
Lessons Input …………………………………………………………………………………… 1
References ………………………………………………………………………………………. 8
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Unit One - Information Management Concepts and Fundamentals and Understanding Database
Management Systems and its History
This unit introduces the terms and concepts in information management and how to relate to the history
and use of database management systems.

 Essential Questions
How is a Database Management System defined?
How did the Database Management System evolve?
What are the advantages of using a Database Management System?
What components comprising a database and how do they function?

 Intended Learning Outcomes

The history and evolution of Database Management systems
The reasons why Database Management System is used and is evolving.
The different elements that comprise a database

 Diagnostic Assessment Task

At the start of the lesson the instructor will provide the following activities to gauge the students
understanding of the lesson beforehand :
1. The instructor will ask the students to write a list of 10 words which they think is related to
database
2. The instructor will ask the students to write a 100 word essay about the need to have a digital
system to manage data

 Lessons Input

History of Database Management Systems

The first general-purpose DBMS, designed by Charles William Bachman III at General Electric in the
early 1960s, was called the Integrated Data Store. It formed the basis for the network data model, which
was standardized by the Conference on Data Systems Languages (CODASYL) and strongly influenced
database systems through the 1960s. Bachman was the first recipient of ACM's Turing Award (the
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computer science equivalent of a Nobel Prize) for work in the database area; he received the award in
1973.

Figure 1. The basic structure of navigational CODASYL database model

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In the late 1960s, IBM developed the Information Management System (IMS) DBMS, used even today
in many major installations. IMS formed the basis for an alternative data representation framework
called the hierarchical data model. The SABRE system for making airline reservations was jointly
developed by American Airlines and IBM around the same time, and it allowed several people to access
the same data through a computer network.
In 1970, Edgar Codd, at IBM's San Jose Research Laboratory, proposed a new data representation
framework called the relational data model. This proved to be a watershed in the development of
database systems: It sparked the rapid development of several DBMSs based on the relational model,
along with a rich body of theoretical results that placed the field on a firm foundation. Codd won the
1981 Turing Award for his seminal work.

Figure 2. Relational model concept

In the 1980s, the relational model consolidated its position as the dominant DBMS paradigm, and
database systems continued to gain widespread use.
Advantages of DBMS
1. Data Independence: Application programs should not, ideally, be exposed to details of data
representation and storage, The DBMS provides an abstract view of the data that hides such
details.
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2. Efficient Data Access: A DBMS utilizes a variety of sophisticated techniques to store and
retrieve data efficiently. This feature is especially important if the data is stored on external
storage devices.

3. Data Integrity and Security: If data is always accessed through the DBMS, the DBMS can
enforce integrity constraints, it can enforce access controls that govern what data is visible to
different classes of users.

4. Data Administration: When several users share the data, centralizing the administration of data
can offer significant improvements.

5. Concurrent Access and Crash Recovery: A DBMS schedules concurrent accesses to the data
in such a manner that users can think of the data as being accessed by only one user at a time.
Further, the DBMS protects users from the effects of system failures.

6. Reduced Application Development Time: Clearly, the DBMS supports important functions
that are common to many applications accessing data in the DBMS.

Databases are specialized structures that allow computer-based systems to store, manage, and
retrieve data very quickly.
Data are raw facts. The word raw indicates that the facts have not yet been processed to reveal their
meaning.
Information is the result of processing raw data to reveal its meaning. Data processing can be as
simple as organizing data to reveal patterns or as complex as making forecasts or drawing inferences
using statistical modeling.
In this “information age,” the production of accurate, relevant, and timely information is the key to
good decision making. In turn, good decision making is the key to business survival in a global
market. We are now said to be entering the “knowledge age.”Data are the foundation of information,
which is the bedrock of knowledge—that is, the body of information and facts about a specific
subject. Knowledge implies familiarity, awareness, and understanding of information as it applies to
an environment. A key characteristic of knowledge is that “new” knowledge can be derived from
“old” knowledge.
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Figure 3. Information vs Data, the Difference

Let’s summarize some key points:

1. Data constitute the building blocks of information.
2. Information is produced by processing data.
3. Information is used to reveal the meaning of data.
4. Accurate, relevant, and timely information is the key to good decision making.
5. Good decision making is the key to organizational survival in a global environment.

Figure 4. Data, Information and Knowledge concept (Chaffey and Wood, 2005)
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Data management is a discipline that focuses on the proper generation, storage, and retrieval of
data. Given the crucial role that data play, it should not surprise you that data management is a core
activity for any business, government agency, service organization, or charity.
A database is a shared, integrated computer structure that stores a collection of end-user data and
metadata.
 End-user data are raw facts of interest to the end-user.

 Metadata, or data about data, through which the end-user data are integrated and managed.

A database management system (DBMS) is a collection of programs that manages the database
structure and controls access to the data stored in the database.

Figure 5. The interaction of Data, DBMS and Database

 Formative Assessment Task

1. The instructor will ask the students on how they understand the meaning of data (discussion
and recitation)
2. The instructor will ask the students on how they understand the meaning of information
(discussion and recitation)
3. The instructor will ask the students to write a 100 word essay on how they think the world
would be different if database systems does not exist

*** End of Lesson Input ***

 Summative Assessment Task

Make a three-paragraph statement using a maximum of 300 words (articles 'the', 'a', and the likes
will not be counted) about the following:
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1. (First paragraph) - why is there a need for database system to constantly evolve or change ?
Why did they not just adopt a single standard ?
2. (Second paragraph) - if you are to choose only 1 advantage of using a database management
system what will it be and why?
3. (Third paragraph) - in your own words, differentiate data, information and knowledge and
why we should treat them separately.

References
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Garcia-Molina, H.,Ullman, J.,Widom, J. (2008). Database Systems: The Complete Book (2nd ed., pp 2-
14). Pearson

What is a database management system? - Definition from WhatIs.com. (2019, May 21).
SearchSQLServer. https://searchsqlserver.techtarget.com/definition/database-management-system