Measuring tools Quantity measured Measuring tools Quantity measured

Meter rule Length Ammeter Electric current

Measure tape
Electronic balance Mass Voltmeter Voltage
Micrometer Thickness of small length Barometer Atmospheric
Vernier caliper Pressure
Stopwatch Time Nanometer Gaseous pressure
Measuring Cylinder Volume of water Or Newton meter Force
irregular shape
 1-Pendulum Experiments :-
precautions might be taken to measure the
height of spring
1- use set square
2- put the ruler vertically very close to the bob
3- Look perpendicular to the scale to avoid
parallax
4 –Measure the length from the centre of mass of
bob.
Explain why measuring time of 20 swing (oscillation)rather than 1 swing is
more accurate
1- To reduce the effect of reaction time 2- to reduce error
3- Time of one swing is too small to be measured
Why measuring the time of 200 oscillation isn`t suitable
1- Pendulum may stop 2- student loses counting
Suggest a practical reason why the result obtained from experiment is different
1- student didn`t react quickly when the pendulum start
2- difficulty to measure the length from the centre of bob
Suggest improvements for experiment
1- Repeat and take average 2-use different length
3- Use fiducial mark 4) Draw a graph for the results to find the anomalous results

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How you would use 2 rectangular blocks and ruler to
measure the diameter of pop
use meter ruler ,place two wooden blocks just to fit the ball
read the distance between the two blocks.
Precautions for this investigation
1-No air current in the place.
2- Take suitable number of oscillation from 20 to 50. Don’t use too much
oscillation because this leads to miscounting and the pendulum will stop
3- Take the time for number of swings then divide the time measured by the
number of sings
4- Repeat and take average.
5- Release the bob from small distance.
6- Look perpendicular to the ruler while measuring the height.

2- Displacement method experiment

Reasons of inaccuracy:-
1- Parallax error.
2- The reading didn’t taken from the bottom of meniscus.
3- Splashing water during put the object.
4- Air bubbles in the clay.
5- The volume of string.
Precautions while using cylinder
1- Thin string used.
2- Look perpendicular to the scale of the cylinder.
3- Look from the meniscus.
4- Put the rock gently.
5- Put the measuring cylinder on horizontal bench
Using modeling clay

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3-Balancing experiment

move load x toward the pivot until the ruler just tip,
read the position , then the load x away of pivot until
just tip take the reading , then get average

Or Take the reading on both sides of the cube and

𝑅1 + 𝑅2
find means = the desired position
2

Precautions to get reliable results :-

x+r
1-Repeat and take average.
2- Look perpendicular to the scale of the ruler while taking the reading to avoid parallax error.
3-Use range of masses.
Position of Center of Mass:
1-The point at which the meter rule is balanced above the pivot.
2- At 50 cm mark for the meter rule.

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4-Spring Experiment

To make a fair comparison between springs of different materials,

some variables should be kept constant

1- Same diameter Same Thickness of spring.

2- Same range of loads.
3- Same Length of wire. 4- Same thickness of wire.

Position of meter rule

Put the meter rule vertical to the bench; parallel to the spring
while looking perpendicular to the scale of the meter rule.
The rings are not involved in the length 0 cm

because they don’t stretch.

Reasons of Inaccuracy:
1- Spring extension isn’t uniform with load.
2- Spring exceeds the limit of proportionality.
Precautions while measuring the distance between bench and spring
1- Always measure from the same point of spring
2- Wait until the spring stops vibration
3-Ensure ruler is vertical / use horizontal aid
4- Bench surface must be horizontal

improve the accuracy of their measurements

1- clamping the metre ruler in place and then using the set square to
make the length/extension measurement.
2- use the set square to make sure that the clamped ruler is vertical in
relation to the bench.
3-set the clamped ruler at 0 cm when no masses are added and so read
the extension directly.

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5- Measuring the Circumference of Cylindrical Object

Describe how you would use the length of string

and ruler to get the circumference of cylindrical shape
1-Wind 5 revolutions of the string on many position of the cup
2 Mark the start and the end of the string.
3- Measure the distance between the two marks.
4- Divide the distance by the number of turns
Reasons of inaccuracy:-
1- Using Thick string. 2- The marks are thick
3- Leaving Space between turns. 4- Winding the turns at angles.
5- Stretching of the string.
Precautions
1- Thin string used. 2- Thin marks.
3- Tangent turns without spaces.
4- Take more number of turns. 5- Make sure that the string isn`t stretched.

How to check that the ruler is vertical to the bench?

1- Set square
Put the set square (right angle triangle) so that one side
of the right angle is parallel to the bench, while the
other side of the right angle is parallel to the meter rule.
2- use protractor

How to check that the ruler is horizontal to the bench?

Measure the height of the meter rule above the
bench from both sides that are must be equal.

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Thermal Experiment

Precautions to increase the reliability of measurement:-

1-Look perpendicular to the scale of the thermometer while taking the reading to avoid
parallax error.
2- Wait for the mercury in thermometer reading to stop rising.
3- Stirring gently to be sure the water temperature is the same .
4- Do not make the thermometer touching to the walls of beaker.
Conditions that should be kept constant when this experiment is repeated
1-Room temperature 2-Starting temperature.
3-Same volume of water 4-Same beaker.
5-Same thermometer. 6- Draught
7-Same amount of stirring!(In case of mixing hot water with cold water)
Inaccuracy of this type of experiments :- Heat lost to surrounds.
Overcoming heat lost;
1- Lag container with insulator.
2- Cover the container with lid to prevent heat loss by evaporation.
3- Raise the temperature to a value near to the room temperature.
Rate of Cooling
1- The rate of cooling decrease by time, the initial rate of cooling is greater than the final
rate of cooling. Because the liquid temperature becomes near to the room temperature.
Justification
If you have a two tables in the questions, and you want to justify the statement.
Calculate the difference in temperature in a given time interval in each table then
compare between the results within the limit of experimental accuracy.
Examples of insulators Glass- wool – Cotton-wool.–Plastic–Rubber.

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Graphs:-
1- Correct labels axes
2- Suitable scale ( you don’t have start from origin if he didn’t ask )
3-Graph should be least more than half of work sheet
4- plot point correctly (x) or
5- Draw best fit line or curve .
6- continuous line.

Best fit curve

Best fit line

Gradient Calculation
1-Choose two points from the line the distance between them more than half of the
graph
2- show the taken points by triangle method
𝑌2−𝑌1
3- Use the equation
𝑋2−𝑋1

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Lens Experiment

The distance between the illuminated body and the screen is about from 30cm up
to 100 cm.
Precautions

1- Dark room.
2- Object and lens at same height from bench.
3- Mark on lens holder to show the position of lens center.
4- Look perpendicular while taking reading . repeat and take average.
5- move the lens forward and backward slowly till get focused image
Image formed on the screen

1-The image is received on screen.

2- The image is inverted
3- Magnified, when the distance between image and lens > between object and lens
4- Smaller. when the distance between image and lens < between object and lens
the image:-

Object

Object image

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Mirror/Glass Block Experiment
Reasons of this inaccuracy
1-Thickness of lines. 2-Thickness of pins.
3- Pin holes may be thick. 4- Thickness of mirror.
5- Glass in front of mirror causes double refraction
Precaution
1-Draw the lines so that they are as thin as possible.
2- Use thin protractor.
3- Look perpendicular while taking readings to avoid parallax error.
4- Look from the base of the pins: Explain
a. No concern about pins being vertical. b. Base of the pin lie on the rays.
c. The Base is always perpendicular to the plane.
Precaution when placing the pins:
1- Place the pins as far apart as possible. (not less than 5 Cm)
2- Place the pins vertical.
Ray box
it is a source of a light beam in this type of experiment.
precaution when using ray box

1- small slit in the ray box.

2- Mark the rays at the center of beam.
3- Don’t look through the lamp (Safety precaution)
Inaccuracy when using ray box Thick ray – lamp isn’t bright enough

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Electricity Experiment

Inaccuracy

1- Heating effect of the current. 2- Battery used up.

3- It is difficult to put the sliding contact at the correct position.
Precautions to overcome heat in the wire:-
1- Use a battery of lower electromotive force.
2- Switch on and off between readings.
Precautions in General
1-Tap on the voltmeter and ammeter to check that pointer free to move.
2- Take several reading then take overall average.
Note
The resistance of the lamp changes by temperature So brightness of the lamp
changes

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June 2017 /61

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june 2018/62

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june 2018 /61

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