12 OBJECTIVE Physics Vol.

GRAPHS
GRAPHS (b) If m is –ve, i.e., 90° < θ < 180°, then the lines will
It is defined as pictorial representation showing the be of the type,
relation between variable quantities, typically two
variables, each measured along one of a pair of axes at
θ
right angles.
90° < θ < 180°
(i) If a graph is concave up (curved upward), the slope
is increasing.
Y
Fig. 0.10

(c) If c is + ve, then the lines will cut theY-axis above

X the origin.
O Increasing slope
Y Y
Fig. 0.5
(ii) If a graph is concave downward or
c c
(curved downward), the slope is decreasing. X X
O O
Y
Fig. 0.11

(d) If c is –ve, then the lines will cut theY-axis below

X the origin.
O Decreasing slope
Y Y
Fig. 0.6

(iii) If the graph is a straight line, the slope is constant. O or O

X X
Y c c

Fig. 0.12
X
O Slope is constant (e) If c = 0, then the lines will pass through the origin.
Fig. 0.7 Y Y
(iv) The general equation of a straight line is of the form
y = mx + c where, m is the slope of line, m = tanθ O
X or O
X
and c is the intercept on theY-axis.
Y
y = mx + c

θ Fig. 0.13
X
c (v) Parabola Some standard forms of parabola are as
follows
Fig. 0.8 (a) y 2 = kx, a parabola passing through the origin and
(a) If m is + ve, i.e., 0° < θ < 90°, then lines will be of opens rightward.
the type,
Y

X
O
θ
0° < θ < 90°

Fig. 0.14

Fig. 0.9

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Basic Mathematics 13

(b) y 2 = − kx, a parabola passing through the origin and (vii) Circle If equation of circle is x 2 + y 2 = a 2 , where
centre of circle ≡ (0, 0 ) and radius of circle = a
opens leftward.
Y
Y

X O (0,0)
O X

a a
Fig. 0.15

(c) x 2 = ky, a parabola passing through the origin and Fig. 0.20
opens upward. x2 y2
(viii) Ellipse Equation of ellipse is +
= 1 (a > b ),
Y a2 b 2
where, coefficient of x 2 ≠ coefficient of y 2 .
X Y
O

S′ S
Fig. 0.16 X 2b
(– ae,0) (ae,0)
(d) x = − ky, a parabola passing through the origin and
2
2a
opens downward.
Y
Fig. 0.21

O Here, 2a is major axis and 2b is minor axis.

X
b2
Eccentricity, e = 1 −
a2
Fig. 0.17 For ellipse, e < 1
(vi) Exponential graph The most popular graph based Focus, S ≡ (ae, 0 ), S ′ ≡ (−ae, 0 )
on exponential (e) are Area of ellipse = π ab
(a) y = e − x x2 y2
(ix) Hyperbola Equation of hyperbola is − = 1.
a2 b2
y Y

O x X
O (0,0)

Fig. 0.18 Fig. 0.22

−x
(b) y = 1 − e 1
(x) Rectangular Hyperbola If x ∝ or xy = constant,
then y
y Y

O x
X
Fig. 0.19 Fig. 0.23

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14 OBJECTIVE Physics Vol. 1

Sketches of some standard curves

Equation of curve Diagram/Sketch Equation of curve Diagram/Sketch

1. (a) Straight lines Y 6. (a) Parabola y = 4 ax

2

x = a and x = − a, x=–a and y 2 = – 4 ax (– a, 2a)

(a, 2a)
y2=–4ax L Y L y 2 = 4ax
where a > 0 x=a Vertex, O = (0, 0)
X′ X Focus, S = (a, 0)
(– a, 0) O (a, 0)
and ( – a, 0) X X
(– a, 0) O S (a, 0)
Length of L1(a, –2a)
Y′ latusrectum = 4a L1 Y
(– a, – 2a)
(b) Straight lines Y
y = b and y = –b, (b) Parabola x 2 = 4 ay x2 = 4ay
y=b Y
where b > 0
(0, b) and x 2 = − 4 ay
(−2a, a) L1 L (2a, a)
X′ X (0, a) S
O Vertex, O = (0, 0)
(0, – b)
y = –b Focus, S = (0, a) O
X′ X
Y′ and (0, − a)
2. Straight lines Y Length of (0, −a)
(−2a, −a) L′1 L′(2a, −a)
latusrectum = 4 a
y = x and y = –x
x2= − 4ay
x
=

Y′
y

X′ X
x2 y 2
O 7. (a) Ellipse + = 1, Y
y = –x
a2 b 2
(0, b)
when a > b
Y′ (−a, 0)
Vertices = (± a, 0) (a, 0)
X′ X
3. Straight lines Y Centre, O = (0, 0) O (0, 0)
x y
+ =1, a ≠ b B (0, b)
a b x x (0, −b)
x + y = a, a = b b a + b =1 Y′
A(a, 0)
X′ X x2
y 2
O
a (b) Ellipse + = 1, Y
a2 b 2 (0, b)

when a < b
Y′
Vertices = (0, ± b ) (−a, 0) (a, 0)
X′ X
4. Modulus function Y O (0, 0)
Centre, O = (0, 0)
y =|x|
 x, for x ≥ 0
x
y

y =
=

y=

(0, −b)
-x

− x, for x < 0 X X
O Y′
8. (a) Sine function Y
y = sin x
Y
π 2π
5. Circle x 2 + y 2 = a 2 X′ X
Y O π/2
Centre = (0, 0) (0, a)
Radius = a Y′
(− a, 0) (a, 0)
X (b) Cosine function Y
X
O (0, 0) y = cos x
π
(0, −a) X′ X
O π/2 2π
Y
Y′

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