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Solution Assignment 1, Fall 2024, MTH405

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31 views

Solution Assignment 1, Fall 2024, MTH405

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nasir nasir
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Fall 2024

Elementary Topics in Pure Mathematics

Solutions of Assignment 1

Section In-charge: Muhammad Umer Azam

Question 1: Let 𝐺 be a group of order 84. Suppose that 𝐾 is a proper subgroup of G and |𝐾| = 𝑛.

1. Use Lagrange’s theorem to find the possible values of 𝑛.


2. Find the values of 𝑛 for which 𝐾 is cyclic subgroup. Give reason for the answer.
Solution: Lagrange's theorem states that for a finite group 𝐺 and a subgroup 𝐾 of 𝐺, the order of 𝐾
divides the order of 𝐺. In equation form: |𝐾| divides |𝐺|.
Given that |𝐺| = 84 and 𝐾 is a proper subgroup of 𝐺 with |𝐾| = 𝑛, we shall explore the possible values
of 𝑛 using Lagrange's theorem.
1. By Lagrange's theorem, 𝑛 must divide |𝐺| = 84. The only possible values of 𝑛 are 2,
3,4,6,7,12,14,21,28 and 42.
2. We know that a group of prime order is always cyclic. So, all these subgroups of prime order are
necessarily cyclic. The only primes that divide 84 are 2,3,7.

Question 2: Let 𝐻 = {0, ±4, ±8, ±12 ⋯ }. Find all the distinct left cosets of 𝐻 in ℤ (set of integers).
Solution: let's determine the distinct left cosets of the subgroup 𝐻 = {0, ±4, ±8, ±12 ⋯ }.
The left cosets of 𝐻 in ℤ are sets of the form 𝑎 + 𝐻, where 𝑎 is an integer and
𝑎 + 𝐻 = {𝑎 + ℎ ∶ ℎ ∈ 𝐻}.
Let's compute the left cosets for different integers 𝑎 in ℤ:
For 𝑎 = 0,
0 + 𝐻 = {0, ±4, ±8, ±12 ⋯ } = 𝐻.
Now, let's find other left cosets:
For 𝑎 = 1,
1 + 𝐻 = {⋯ − 11, −7, −3,1,5,9,13, ⋯ }
For 𝑎 = 2,
2 + 𝐻 = {⋯ − 10, −6, −2,2,6,10,14, ⋯ }
For 𝑎 = 3,
3 + 𝐻 = {⋯ − 9, −5, −1,3,7,11,15, ⋯ }
And so forth...
However, it is important to note that due to the periodic nature of the subgroup 𝐻, many of these left
cosets will overlap or be equivalent beyond a certain point.
The distinct left cosets of 𝐻 in ℤ will be:
0+𝐻 = {0, ±4, ±8, ±12 ⋯ }.
1+𝐻 = {⋯ − 11, −7, −3,1,5,9,13, ⋯ }.
2+𝐻 = {⋯ − 10, −6, −2,2,6,10,14, ⋯ }.
3+𝐻 = {⋯ − 9, −5, −1,3,7,11,15, ⋯ }.
Question 4: Express the following permutation as product of disjoint cycles:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
( )
7 1 6 5 4 3 2 9 8

Solution:
1 7 2 3 6 4 5 8 9
( )( )( )( )
7 2 1 6 3 5 4 9 8
(172)(36)(45)(89)

1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6
Question 4: Let 𝑎 = ( ) and 𝑏 = ( ). Find 𝑎2 ∘ 𝑏 and 𝑏 2 ∘ 𝑎.
6 5 4 3 2 1 6 3 2 5 4 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6
Solution: Since 𝑎2 = ( ), therefore 𝑎2 ∘ 𝑏 = ( ).
1 2 3 4 5 6 6 3 2 5 4 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6
Further, 𝑏 2 = ( ), therefore 𝑏 2 ∘ 𝑎 = ( ).
1 2 3 4 5 6 6 5 4 3 2 1

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