4.1 Laplace Transform. Linearity.

First Shifting Theorem (s-Shifting)

Theorem 2
First Shifting Theorem, s-Shifting
If f(t) has the transform F(s) (where s > k for some k), then eatf(t)
has the transform F(s − a) (where s − a > k). In formulas,
L{eatf(t)} = F(s − a)
or, if we take the inverse on both sides,
eatf(t) = L 1{F(s − a)}

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Table 4.1
Sec 4.1

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4.2 Transforms of Derivatives and Integrals. ODEs

EXAMPLE 4.1
Initial Value Problem: The Basic Laplace Steps

Solve
y” − y = t, y(0) = 1, y’(0) = 1

Solution. Step 1.
From L(f ”) = s2L(f) − sf(0) − f ’(0) and Table 6.1 we get the
subsidiary equation [with Y = L(y)]
s2Y − sy(0) − y’(0) − Y = 1/s2,
thus (s2 − 1)Y = s + 1 + 1/s2.

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4.2 Transforms of Derivatives and Integrals. ODEs

EXAMPLE 4.1 (continued)

Initial Value Problem: The Basic Laplace Steps

Solution (continued)
Step 2.
The transfer function is Q = 1/(s2 − 1), and (s2 − 1)Y = s + 1 + 1/s2
becomes

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4.2 Transforms of Derivatives and Integrals. ODEs

EXAMPLE 4.1 (continued)

Initial Value Problem: The Basic Laplace Steps

Solution (continued)
Step 3.
From this expression for Y and Table 6.1 we obtain the solution

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4.2 Transforms of Derivatives and Integrals. ODEs

EXAMPLE 4.1 (continued)

Initial Value Problem: The Basic Laplace Steps

Solution (continued)
Step 3 (continued).
The diagram in Fig. 116 summarizes our approach.

Fig. 116. Steps of the Laplace transform method

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4.2 Transforms of Derivatives and Integrals. ODEs

EXAMPLE 4.2
To Solve by
Laplace Transform

Solution:

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4.2 Transforms of Derivatives and Integrals. ODEs

EXAMPLE 4.2 (Continued)

To Solve by
Laplace Transform

Solution:

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4.2 Transforms of Derivatives and Integrals. ODEs

EXAMPLE 4.2 (Continued)

To Solve by
Laplace Transform

Solution:

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4.2 Transforms of Derivatives and Integrals. ODEs

EXAMPLE 4.2 (Continued)

To Solve by
Laplace Transform

Solution:

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4.3 Unit Step Function (Heaviside Function).
Second Shifting Theorem (t-Shifting)
EXAMPLE 4.3

To find

Solution:

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4.3 Unit Step Function (Heaviside Function).
Second Shifting Theorem (t-Shifting)
EXAMPLE 4.4

To find

Solution:

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4.3 Unit Step Function (Heaviside Function).
Second Shifting Theorem (t-Shifting)
EXAMPLE 4.4
Application of Theorem 1. Use of Unit Step Functions

Write the following function using unit step functions and find
its transform.

2 if 0  t  1
 1 1
f (t )   t 2 if 1  t   (Fig. 122)
2 2
cos t 1
if t   .
 2

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4.3 Unit Step Function (Heaviside Function).
Second Shifting Theorem (t-Shifting)
EXAMPLE 4.4
Application of Theorem 1. Use of Unit Step Functions

Fig. 122. ƒ(t) in Example 1

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4.3 Unit Step Function (Heaviside Function).
Second Shifting Theorem (t-Shifting)
EXAMPLE 4.4 (continued)
Application of Theorem 1. Use of Unit Step Functions

Solution
Step 1.
In terms of unit step functions
f (t) = 2(1 − u(t − 1)) +  t2(u(t − 1) − u(t − π)) + (cos t)u(t − π).
Write each term in f(t) in the form (t - a) u(t - a), i.e. t - 1 = 2 - 1

Indeed, 2(1 − u(t − 1)) gives f(t) for 0 < t < 1, and so on.

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4.3 Unit Step Function (Heaviside Function).
Second Shifting Theorem (t-Shifting)
EXAMPLE 4.4 (continued)
Application of Theorem 1. Use of Unit Step Functions
Solution (continued)
Step 2.
To apply Theorem 1, we must write each term in f(t) in the form (t
− a)u(t − a). Thus, 2(1 − u(t − 1)) remains as it is and gives the
transform 2(1 − e−s)/s. Then
1 2   1 2 1   1 1 1  s
L  t u(t  1)  L  (t  1)  (t  1)   u(t  1)    3  2   e
2   2 2   s s 2s 
1 2 1   1 1 2  1 2  1 
L  t u(t   )   L  (t   )  (t   )   u(t   ) 
2 2   2 2 2 2 8  2 
 1   2   s / 2
  3  2  e
 s 2s 8s 

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4.3 Unit Step Function (Heaviside Function).
Second Shifting Theorem (t-Shifting)

EXAMPLE 4.4 (continued)

Application of Theorem 1. Use of Unit Step Functions
Solution (continued)
Step 2. (continued)
 1    1  1  1  s / 2
L (cos t )u(t   )  L   sin(t   )  u(t   )   2 e .
 2    2  2  s 1
Together,
2 2  s  1 1 1   s  1   2   s / 2 1  s / 2
L ( f )   e   3  2  e   3  2  e  2 e .
s s  s s 2s   s 2s 8s  s 1

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