1.

Introduction to Computers
A Computer is an electronic device that performs calculations and operations based on instructions
provided by a software or hardware program.
2. Characteristics of Computers
1. Speed - A computer can process millions of calculations per second. The speed of
computation is very high.
2. Accuracy - As computers work on inbuilt software programs, there is no scope for human
errors and highly accurate.
3. Diligence - Computers are highly reliable. They can perform complex and long calculations
with the same speed and accuracy.
4. Versatility - Computers are versatile in Nature. They can perform various operations at the
same time.
5. Storage - Computers can store a large amount of data or instructions in its memory which can
be retrieved at any point of time.
3. History of Computers
● A Computer was intended for making a person capable of performing numerical calculations
with the help of a mechanical computing device.
Abacus
● Abacus was the first counting device which was developed in China. It consists of a
rectangular wooden frame and beads. The wooden frame contains horizontal rods and the
beads which are passed through the rods. The beads of counters represent digits. The device is
used to perform simple addition and subtraction.
● Napier's Bones
● It was a device which contained a set of rods made of bones. It was developed by a Scottish
Mathematician, John Napier. To perform multiplication and division, the device was
developed. Napier also invented logarithms.
Pascaline
● Pascaline was the first calculating device with a capability to perform additions and
subtractions on whole numbers. It was developed by Blaise Pascal, a French Mathematician.
The device made up of interlocked cog wheels having numbers 0 to 9 on its circumference.
When one wheel completes its rotation, the other wheel moves by one segment.
Punched Card System
● Punched Card System was invented by Herman Hollerith, an American Statistician. It was
used for storing and retrieving data. In the form of punched holes, the system data could be
stored.
Charles Babbage's Calculating Engines (1792-1871)
● Babbage invented the Difference Engine to solve algebraic expressions and mathematical
tasks accurately. Later, he designed some improvements to his first computer. The modified
machine is called the Analytical Engine. He intended to design a machine with a collection of
the four basic arithmetic functions. The design principle of the Analytical Engine can be
divided into Input, Output, Memory, Central Processing Unit. The parts and working principle
of an Analytical engine are the same as today's computer. Hence, Charles Babbage is known
as the Father of Computer.
Hollerith Machine
● A Hollerith machine was incorporated with the tabular and punched cards. The machine could
census the punched holes, recognise the number and make the required calculation and store
the data of the census. The machine was invented by Herman Hollerith.
Mark I Computer
● The first electro-mechanical computing device was developed by Howard Hathaway Aiken.
He used Hollerith's punch card and Babbage's statements to develop Mark I computer with
IBM. In Mark III computer, he used some electronic components and Magnetic drum memory.
In Mark IV computer, he used all electronic components and Magnetic drum memory &
Magnetic core memory.
First Un-programmable Electronic Digital Computer
● The Atanasoff-Berry Computer ( was the first electronic computer. It was designed by John
Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford E. Berry. It was designed to solve systems of linear algebraic
equations. It was also the first to use capacitors for storage.
Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator - ENIAC
● ENIAC was the first electronic computer used for general purposes, such as solving numerical
problems. It was invented by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly.
● Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer - EDVAC
● EDVAC was the successor of ENIAC. In this computer, Binary numbers were used for
arithmetic operations and the internal storage of instructions were also written in digital forms.
● Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator - EDSAC
● EDSAC was the first practical general-purpose stored-program electronic computer. It was
built according to the von Neumann machine principles.
Universal Automatic Computer - UNIVAC
● UNIVAC was the first commercially available computer. It was made by the Eckert-Mauchly
Computer Company. It represents the birth of the modern computers.
Microprocessor - INTEL 4004
● In 1969, Intel Corporation designed the first general-purpose programmable processor INTEL
4004. It was a set of four chips known as the MCS-4. It included a central processing unit chip
(the 4004) as well as a supporting read-only memory chip for the custom applications
programs, a random-access memory (RAM) chip for processing data, and a shift-register chip
for the input/output (I/O) port.
Quick Revision
Particulars
● Father of Computer
● Father of Modern Computer Science
● First Non-programmable Electronic Digital Computer
● First General Purpose Electronic Digital Computer
● First Microprocessor
● First Commercially Available Computer
Name of Person/System
● Charles Babbage
● Alan Tuning
● Atanasoff Berry Computer (ABC)
● Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC)
● INTEL 4004
● Universal Automatic Computer
Generation of Computers
First Generation Computers- (1946-1959)
● The first-generation computers were used vacuum tubes as the electronic components. They
occupied a very large space and performed computations in milliseconds. Machine languages
are used.
● Examples - EDSAC, EDVAC, UNIVAC, IBM-701, IBM-650.
Second Generation Computers - (1959-1965)
● The second-generation computers replaced Vacuum Tubes with Transistors. They used
assembly languages and batch processing operating system. Magnetic cores and magnetic
tapes were used as storage.
● Examples - IBM-1620, IBM -7094, CDC-1604, CDC-3600.
Third Generation Computers - (1965-1971)
● The third-generation computers replaced transistors with integrated circuits (ICs). They
performed computation in Nanoseconds. It used high-level languages like FORTRAN,
COBOL, PASCAL, ALGO-68, BASIC was used. In this generation, remote processing,
time-sharing, multi-programming operating system were used.
● Examples - IBM-360 series, Honeywell-6000 series, PDP, IBM-370/168.
Fourth Generation Computers - (1971-1980)
● The fourth-generation computers are used Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits.
Semi-conductor devices are used as primary memory. Magnetic disks are used as secondary
storage. Problem-oriented fourth generation languages (4GL) are used. Multi-processing and
multiprogramming operating systems are used.
● Example - Apple series - I & II, IBM 4341, DEC 10, STAR 1000, PUP 11.
Fifth Generation Computers - (1980 - Present)
● The fifth-generation computers use ultra large scale integrated (ULSI) chips that contain
millions of components on a single chip. They are in the developmental stage which is based
on the artificial intelligence. These computers can also respond to natural language input.
Biochips will be used as memory devices and KIPS (Knowledge-based Information
Processing System) architecture will be used.
● Examples - Robots, Supercomputers.
Types of Computers
Based on Operation
● Analog Computer - An Analog computer stores data continuously in the form of physical
quantities and perform calculations with the help of measures. It produces output in the form
of a graph. They are used in the calculation of physical variables such as voltage, pressure,
temperature, speed, etc.
● Digital Computer - A Digital computer is the most commonly used type of computer and is
working with data represented in digital form, usually binary 0 s and . It can perform faster
and give more accurate results. They are extensively used for solving complex problems in the
field of engineering & technology, design, research and data processing.
● Hybrid Computer - A Hybrid computer is a combined feature of Analog and Digital
computers. In large industries and businesses, a hybrid computer can be used for logical
operations as well as efficient processing of differential equations.
Based on Configuration
● Micro Computer - Microcomputers are small, inexpensive computer for personal use. They
are popularly used at homes for playing games and surfing the Internet.
● Mini Computer - Minicomputers possess most of the features and capabilities of a large
computer but are smaller in physical size. They are used as small or mid-range operating
business and scientific applications.
● Mainframe Computer - Mainframe computers are expensive and large size computers and
they are capable of supporting hundreds of users simultaneously. They are used for specific
large scale applications.
● Super Computer - Supercomputers are powerful, expensive and the fastest computers. They
have architectural and operational principles from parallel and grid processing for performing
billions and trillions of calculations per second. They are used for applications that require
large amounts of mathematical computations like weather forecasting, fluid dynamics, graphic
design etc.
● India launched 'Mihir' supercomputer recently to improve India's weather forecasting.
Particulars
● First Super Computer in the world
● Fastest Super Computer in the world
● First Super Computer of India
● Fastest Super Computer in India
Name of the Computer
● Cray CDC 6600
● Summit by the USA
● PARAM 8000
● Pratyush
Based on Utility
● General Purpose Computer - A general purpose computer can perform an extensive variety of
operations. It can store and execute different programs in its internal storage. All mainframes,
servers, laptop and desktop computers, smartphones and tablets are general-purpose devices.
● Special Purpose Computer - Special purpose computers are designed to solve specific
problems. The instructions are pre-programmed permanently in the computer. It completely
controlled by automated manufacturing processes. Example - Aircraft control system,
Electronic voting machines etc.
Based on Mode of Use
● Palmtop Computer - Palmtop computers are small which can fit in the palm of a hand. The
electronic pen is used to give an input. They have small disk storage and can be connected to a
wireless network. > Laptop Computer - Laptop computers are portable with less weight. It can
be transported easily and used in temporary space such as Airplane, Meetings etc. They are
designed for low power consumption and have an attached keyboard and a touchpad.
● Personal Computer (PC) - A personal computer is a cost-effective computer that is designed
for a single end-user. PC is dependent on microprocessor technology, which allows PC makers
to set the entire central processing unit (CPU) on a single chip.
● Workstation - Workstation (WS) is faster than Personal Computer. It is designed for a user or
group of users with better multitasking capability, additional Random-Access Memory,
Higherspeed graphics adapters and drive capacity.
● Client and Server - The server is a device that manages the sharing of network resources to
the users. An Application server, File server, Virtual server, Mail server are some types of
server. A client is the receiving end of the service which made by the server. It requests the
server and gains access with the server.
Fundamentals of Computer
A computer system has four basic components.
Parts of a computer system
● Hardware - It represents the physical and tangible components of the computer (keyboard,
mouse, monitor etc.)
● Software - It is a set of electronic instructions called programs that make the computer
perform tasks.
● Data - It is a set of facts, which the computer stores and reads in the form of numbers.
● Users - Users are the people who make use of a computer to obtain certain results/ outcomes.
● Mother Board - It is the main printed circuit board of a computer that carries the central
processing unit (CPU) chip, Read Only Memory (ROM), Random Access Memory (RAM)
and the basic input output system (BIOS) chip.

1. Which of the following refers to the process of starting a computer from a powerless state and
setting it up to normal working condition? (NABARD)
(1) Cold Boot
(2) Cold Start
(3) Hard Start
(4) Hard Boot
(5) All of the above

2. Which of the following looks for system files during a boot process? (UIICL Assistant)
(1) CPU
(2) Monitor
(3) Keyboard
(4) BIOS
(5) Interrupt Handlers

3. Specialised program(s) designed to allow input or output device(s) to communicate with the
rest of the computer system is called .(RBI Asst. Mains)
(1) Utility Software's
(2) Operating system
(3) Device Driver
(4) Language Translator
(5) BIOS

4. Which among the following type of computers is also known informally as Number
crunchier? (RBI Asst. Mains)
(1) Minicomputer
(2) Supercomputer
(3) Micro computer
(4) Mainframe computer
(5) Hybrid computer

5. Which among the following organisation developed a SAGA-220 supercomputer in 2011?

(RBI Asst. Mains)
(1) NASA
(2) DRDO
(3) ISRO
(4) JAXA
(5) ICMR
6. Name the program a personal computer's microprocessor uses to get the computer system started
after you turn it on? (RBI Asst. Mains)
(1) Vertical Programme
(2) BIOS Programme
(3) Horizontal Programme
(4) Application software
(5) None of these
Answer keys
1. (5)
2. (4)
3. (3)
4. (2)
5. (3)
6. (2)
20. Solutions
● Cold boot is the process of starting a computer from shutdown or a powerless state and setting
it to normal working condition. A cold boot refers to the general process of starting the
hardware components of a computer, laptop or server to the point that its operating system and
all start up applications and services are launched. Cold boot is also known as hard boot, cold
start or dead start.
● BIOS looks for the system files during a boot process. The BIOS is special software that
interfaces the major hardware components of your computer with the operating system. It is
usually stored on a Flash memory chip on the motherboard, but sometimes the chip is another
type of ROM.
● A device driver or hardware driver is a group of files that enable one or more hardware
devices to communicate with the computer's operating system. Without drivers, the computer
would not be able to send and receive data correctly to hardware devices, such as a printer.
● If problems or conflicts are encountered with a driver, the computer manufacturer or hardware
manufacturer releases a driver update to fix the problems.
● Supercomputers are sometimes called number crunchier. They can do a great deal of
arithmetic very quickly, have a great deal of high-speed storage (main memory) and have very
fast internal communications.
●
● The term number crunchier is sometimes applied to programs. For example, statistical
programs are number crunchers because their main task is to perform mathematical
calculations.
● The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has built India's fastest supercomputer in
terms of theoretical peak performance -220 trillion floating point operations per second
(FLOPS).
● K. Radhakrishnan, ISRO Chairman, inaugurated the supercomputer, SAGA-220, at the newly
established supercomputing facility, named after Satish Dhawan, of the Vikram Sarabhai
Space Centre.
● BIOS (basic input/output system) is the program a personal computer's microprocessor uses to
get the computer system started after you turn it on. It also manages data flow between the
computer's operating system and attached devices such as the hard disk, video adapter,
keyboard, mouse and printer.
Basic Computer Organization and Data processing Cycle
The Basic Diagram of the Computer consists of Input Unit, Output Unit and Central
Processing Unit.
Input Unit
● The input unit is used for giving instructions and data by using input devices. It converts these
instructions and data to the computer acceptable format and it supplies the converted
instructions and data to the computer system for further processing.
Central Processing Unit
● The central processing unit (CPU) performs most of the processing inside a computer. CPUs
have been constructed on a single integrated circuit called a microprocessor. It consists of the
control unit, the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), and the memory unit.
(1) Control Unit
● The control unit manages the computer's various components. It reads and interprets (decodes)
the program instructions, transforming them into control signals that activate other parts of the
computer.
(2) Arithmetic Logic Unit
● The ALU can perform arithmetic and logical operations. The set of arithmetic operations that
an ALU supports to addition, subtraction and more complex mathematical operations. Logic
operations involve Boolean logic like AND, OR, XOR, and NOT. These can be useful for
creating complicated conditional statements.
(3) Memory Unit
● Computer main memory consists of primary and secondary memory.
Primary Memory
● Primary memory holds only those data and instructions on which computer is currently
working. It has limited capacity and data is lost when power is switched off. It is generally
made up of the semiconductor device. It is a volatile memory. The two types of primary
memory are Random Access Memory (RAM) & Read Only Memory (ROM).
1. RAM (Random Access Memory) - RAM is the internal memory of the CPU for storing data,
program and result of the program. It is read/write memory which stores data till the machine
is working. Some types of RAMs are Dynamic RAM (DRAM), Static RAM (SRAM) and
Synchronous Dynamic RAM (SDRAM), etc. Dynamic Random-Access Memory (DRAM) -
Dynamic memory must be constantly refreshed, or it loses its contents. This type of memory
is more economical.
2. Static Random-Access Memory - SRAM is faster and less volatile than DRAM but requires
more power and is more expensive. It does not need to be refreshed like a DRAM.
3. Synchronous Dynamic Random-Access Memory - A type of DRAM that can run at much
higher clock speeds.
4. ROM (Read Only Memory) - ROM stores data permanently on personal computers (PCs)
and other electronic devices. It performs major input/output tasks and holds programs or
software instructions. It is non-volatile.
5. MROM (Masked ROM) - The very first ROMs were hard-wired devices that contained a
pre-programmed set of data or instructions. These kinds of ROMs are known as masked
ROMs which are inexpensive. PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory) - PROM can be
modified only once by a user. The user can buy a blank PROM and enter the desired contents
using a PROM program.
6. EPROM (Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory) - The EPROM can be erased
by exposing it to ultra-violet light. EPROMs have a Quartz window in the package to expose
the chip to UV light. They were widely used as the BIOS (Basic Input Output System) chips
in computer motherboards.
7. EEPROM (Electrically Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory) - The
EEPROM is programmed and erased electrically. It can be erased and reprogrammed about
ten thousand times. Both erasing and programming take about 4 to 10 milliseconds. They were
also used as BIOS chips.
Secondary Memory
● Secondary memory stores data on a long-term basis. It cannot be processed directly by the
CPU. It must first be copied into primary storage. Secondary memory devices include
magnetic disks like hard drives and floppy disks, optical disks such as CDs and CDROMs,
and magnetic tapes, USB Flash drives. Hard drive - It is a non-removable storage device
containing magnetic disks or platters rotating at high speeds. The hard drives store data in
segments of concentric circles. It may spin at 5,400 to 15,000 RPM.
● Floppy Disk - Floppy disk is composed of a thin, flexible magnetic disk sealed in a square
plastic carrier. Floppy disks were widely used to distribute software, transfer files, and create
backup copies of data. To read and write data from a floppy disk, a computer system must
have a floppy disk drive (FDD).
● Compact Disc (CD) - A compact disc is a portable storage medium that can be used to record,
store data in digital form. They are fragile and prone to scratches.
● Compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM) - It is a storage device that can be read but can't
change or delete it.
● Digital Video Disc (DVD) - A device currently used to store data in large amounts and accepts
high definition material. A two-layered DVD can hold approximately 17 gigabytes of video,
sound, or other data.
● Blue-ray Disc - The upgraded version of CD and DVD discs and drives are the Blu-ray discs.
It is commonly known as BD-ROM. The Maximum capacity of BD disc is if single layer and
if dual layer.
● Holographic Versatile Disc (HVD) - It is a holographic storage format and has a maximum
capacity of 3.9 terabytes.
● Flash Drives - Flash drives are small, ultra-portable storage device. They connect to
computers and other devices via a built-in USB plug. They are often referred to as pen drives,
thumb drives, or jump drives. Mostly they have a storage capacity from 8 GB to 64 GB.
● Zip Disks - An advanced version of the floppy disk is known as Zip Disks. It was developed
by Iomega. Zip disks are available in 100 and 250-MB and 750 MB capacities and they are
used to store, share and back up large amounts of data.
● Cache Memory - It is a very high-speed semiconductor memory which can speed up the CPU.
It acts as a buffer between the CPU and main memory. Example: Registers
● Virtual Memory - Virtual memory permits software to use additional memory by utilizing the
hard disk drive (HDD) as temporary storage.
Quick Revision
Types Examples

Semiconductor RAM, ROM

Memory
Optical Memory CD-ROM, CD-R, DVD, HVD, Blu-ray Disc
Magnetic Memory Hard Disk Drive (HDD), Floppy Disk Drive
(FDD)
Flash Memory Pen drive, Memory card etc (EEPROM
Technology devices)

Output Unit
● The output unit provides the information from the computer to an external device. It presents a
soft/ hard copy of the information which can be readable by the users.

1. Which of the following is the responsibility of a logical unit in CPU?(NABARD)

(1) To perform complex Mathematical Problems.
(2) To provide output in the monitor.
(3) To Compare numbers.
(4) To process the input information.
(5) To channelize the flow of information.

2. Which of the following refers to a standard interface for connecting a motherboard to storage
devices such as hard drives and CD ROM/DVD drives? (NABARD)
(1) USB
(2) IDE
(3) HWA
(4) PCS
(5) DTR

3. Which of the following is NOT true about RAM? (UIICL Assistant)

(1) RAM scores certain fixed routines such as the boot - up routines.
(2) RAM is volatile which means when the computer is switched off, the contents are lost.
(3) The contents cannot be changed or deleted.
(4) Both (1) and (3)
(5) All the above statements are wrong.

4. Which of the following is a part of primary storage that holds a software programme and small
amounts of data when they are brought from secondary storage? ( RRB PO)
(1) ROM
(2) Register
(3) Cache
(4) RAM
(5) CPU

5. The storage area for the next likely data or instruction to be processed preventing bottleneck
and slowing of the system is known as (RRB PO)
(1) Cache
(2) Cookies
(3) Register
(4) CPU
(5) RAM
Answer keys
1. (3)
2. (2)
3. (4)
4. (4)
5. (1)
Solutions
● To compare numbers is the responsibility of the logical unit in the CPU of a computer.
● Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE) is a standard interface for connecting a motherboard to
storage devices such as hard drives and CD-ROM/DVD drives. IDE is also known as
Advanced Technology Attachment (ATA) or intelligent drive electronics (IDE).
RAM - Random Access Memory
● The main function of RAM is to store the currently active programs and their data.
● RAM is volatile which means when the computer is switched off, the contents are lost. The
contents of RAM can be changed or deleted.
● Random access memory (RAM) is the part of primary storage that holds a software program
and small amounts of data for processing. When you start most software programs (such as
Microsoft Word) on your computer, the entire program is brought from secondary storage into
RAM.
● As you use the program, small parts of the program's instructions and data are sent into the
registers and then to the CPU. Compared with the registers, RAM stores more information and
is located farther away from the CPU.
● The storage area for the next likely data or instruction to be processed preventing bottleneck
and slowing of the system is known as the Cache.
Computer Peripheral
A peripheral device links to a computer system to enhance the functionality of the computer. It is not
part of the core computer architecture. Input devices, output devices, and storage devices are the
types of peripheral devices.
Input Devices
● Input devices serve as a link between a user and the computer. It allows users to feed
instructions and data to computers for processing, display, storage and/or transmission. Some
input devices are:
● Keyboard - It is used to enter data into the computer in both alpha and numeric forms. Some
important keys in a keyboard are:
● (i) Toggle Keys - It is used to change the input mode of a group of keys on a keyboard. Caps
Lock, Num Lock, Scroll Lock are toggle keys.
● Caps Lock - Capitalizes all letters.
● Num Lock - Makes sure numbers are inputs from the keypad.
● Scroll Lock - Allows the arrow keys to scroll through the contents of a window.
● (ii) Modifier Keys - It is a special key (key combination) that temporarily modifies the normal
action of another key when pressed together. Shift, Alt, Ctrl, Fn are modifier keys.
● Shift - used for capitalizing letters and entering different types of symbols.
● Function (Fn) - Other functions such as brightness and volume control.
● Control (Ctrl) - used for entering keyboard shortcuts, such as Ctrl+S, Ctrl+P etc.
● Alt - used in combination with the numeric keys and the Control key for entering keyboard
shortcuts.
● (iii) Function Keys - A key on a computer keyboard, distinct from the main alphanumeric
keys, to which software can assign a function. F1 - F12 keys are known as function keys and
each key performs a different function. It may be used as single key commands (e.g., F5) or
combined with one or more modifier keys (e.g., Alt+F4).
● (iv) Escape Key - It is located in the upper left corner of a computer keyboard. It is often used
to quit, cancel, or abort a process which is running on a computer.
● Mouse - It is a pointing and cursor-control device. A round ball at its base senses the
movement of a mouse and sends corresponding signals to CPU when the mouse buttons are
pressed. A mouse has two or three buttons called Left, Right, and Middle button.
● Joy Stick - It is used to move the cursor position on a monitor screen. It is mainly used in
Computer Aided Design (CAD) and playing games on the computer. It can also be helpful as
an input device for people with movement disabilities.
● Track Ball - It is mostly used in notebooks or laptops. It is a ball which is half inserted and by
moving fingers on the ball, the pointer can be moved.
● Scanner - It captures images from printed material and converts it into a digital format that can
be stored within the PC. Flatbed Scanners, Hand Scanners, Sheetfed Scanner are some types
of scanner.
● Barcode Reader - It is an electronic device for reading printed barcodes. A light sensor in the
barcode reader can read the barcode and translates optical impulses into electrical impulses to
store the data into the computer. It is an important tool for warehouse management and
operations. 7. Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) - It is a character recognition
system that uses special ink and characters. It is used to verify the legitimacy or originality of
paper documents, especially cheques. Information can be encoded in the magnetic characters.
It provides a secure, high-speed method of scanning and processing information
● Optical Character Recognition (OCR) - It is a technology that recognizes text within a digital
image. It converts the document to an editable text file.
● Optical Mark Recognition (OMR) - It is an electronic method that scans the document and
reads the data from the marked fields and results can be transmitted into the computer.
● Digitizer - It allows users to draw and manipulate graphics on the screen. It is also known as a
graphics tablet. These kinds of tablets typically designed for CAD/CAM professionals.
● Touch Screen - It is a computer display screen that serves as an input device. A touchscreen
can be touched by a finger or stylus. Touchscreen records the event and sends it to a controller
for processing.
● Microphone - Microphone translates sound vibrations in the air into electronic signals. It
enables many types of audio recording devices for purposes including communications, music
and speech recording.
● Web Camera - It captures and stores images in digital form. The stored images can be can be
archived on a photographic compact disc or external hard disk.
● Light Pen - It is a light-sensitive input device, used to select text, draw pictures and interact
with user interface elements on a computer screen or monitor.
Output Devices
● The Output devices are used to send data from a computer to another device. Examples are
monitors, projectors, speakers, plotters, and printers etc.
● Monitors - Monitors are the main output device of a computer. It forms images from tiny dots
that are arranged in a rectangular form. The sharpness of the image depends on the number of
pixels. There are two kinds of viewing screens used for monitors.
● (i) Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT) - The CRT display is made up of small picture elements called
pixels. CRT tube creates an image on the screen using a beam of electrons.
● (ii) Flat- Panel Display - The flat-panel display refers to a class of video devices that have
reduced volume, weight and power requirement in comparison to the CRT.
● (iii) Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) Monitor - LCD monitors use compact fluorescent tubes to
illuminate and brighten the image on the screen and produce good image quality, resolution
and contrast levels.
● (iv) Light Emitting Diode (LED) Monitor - LED monitors use new backlighting technology to
improve picture quality. The LED monitor is more lifelike and accurate due to the improved
contrast ratios and colour saturation over LCD.
● (v) Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) Monitor - This type of monitor made up of some
organic material (containing carbon, like wood, plastic or polymers) that is used to convert the
electric current into light. They are directly used to produce the correct colour and there is no
need for backlight which saves power and space.
● Printers - Printers are output devices that prints information in the form of text/images on a
paper. Impact Printers and Non-impact printers are the two types of printers.
● (i) Impact Printers - The impact printers print the characters by striking them on the ribbon
which is then pressed on the paper. Examples: Dot-Matrix Printers, Line Printers, Daisy wheel
printer, Drum printer, Chain printer, Band printer.
● Dot-Matrix Printers - It prints characters as a combination of dots. They have a matrix of pins
on the print head of the printer which form the character. They generally have 9-24 pins. Their
speed is measured in cps (Character per second).
● Line Printers - A line printer is an impact printer which can print one line of text at a time. It is
also known as a bar printer.
● (ii) Non-Impact Printers - Non-impact printers print the characters on the paper without using
ribbon. These printers print a complete page at a time, so they are also called as page printers.
Examples - Laser Printers, Inkjet Printers etc.
● Laser Printers - A laser printer is a popular type of personal computer printer that uses a
non-impact photocopier technology. The type of ink used in a laser printer is dry. It gives
high-quality output. The resolution of laser printers is measured in dpi (dots-per-inch). Inkjet
Printers - Inkjet printers work by spraying ink on a sheet of paper. The type of ink used in an
inkjet printer is wet.
Other Types
● Solid Ink Printer - It is a type of colour printer. It works by melting the solid ink that applies
the images to the paper. It is non-toxic and convenient to handle.
● LED Printer - This type of printer uses a light emitting diode instead of a laser. It starts by
creating a line-by-line image of the page.
● Plotters - A plotter is an output device used to produce hard copies of large graphs and designs
on paper, such as construction drawings, architectural plans, and business charts. Drum
plotters and Flatbed plotters are the types of plotters.
● (i) Drum plotter - It is a pen plotter that wraps the paper around a drum with a pin feed
attachment. The drum then rotates the paper as pens move across it and draw the image. It is
used to produce continuous output, such as plotting of earthquake activity. It is also known as
Roller Plotter.
● (ii) Flatbed plotter - It plots on paper that is spread and fixed over a rectangular flatbed table.
It is used in the design of cars, ships, aircrafts, buildings, highways etc. It is also known as
Table Plotter.
● Speaker - Speakers are one of the output devices used with computers. They are transducers
that convert electromagnetic waves into sound waves.
● Digital Projectors - Projector is a device that connects with a computer and projects the output
onto a white screen or wall.

1. Which of the following is a computer hardware? (UIICL Assistant)

(1) MS Windows
(2) MacOS
(3) Ubuntu
(4) Printer
(5) Unix
2. Keyboards convert characters to code. (UIICL Assistant)
(1) ASCII
(2) EBCDIC
(3) AMIS
(4) ISO Latin
(5) Binary Format
3. Which of the following refers to the time the alphanumeric key is to be held before the
keyboard will repeat itself? (RRB PO)
(1) Repeat Rate
(2) Keyboard Rate
(3) Alphanumeric Rate
(4) Key Rate
(5) Relay Rate
4. Which of the following is a power protection device that includes a battery providing power
for a short period of time? (RRB PO)
(1) ESD
(2) EMI
(3) SPIKE
(4) UPS
(5) Surge Suppressor
5. What is the name of the temporary data storage area between a peripheral device and CPU
which compensates for the difference between their speeds? ( RRB PO)
(1) Backing Storage
(2) Buffer
(3) Main Storage
(4) Temporary Storage
(5) Permanent Storage
6. Which of the following printers cannot print graphics? (NABARD)
(1) Ink Jet Printer
(2) Laser Printer
(3) Daisy Wheel Printer
(4) Both (1) & (2)
(5) All of the above
7. Which among the following options specifies this action: Holding the mouse button down
while moving an object of text? (RBI Asst. Mains)
(1) Highlighting
(2) Dropping
(3) Moving
(4) Dragging
(5) Clicking
35. Answer keys
1. (4)
2. (1)
3. (1)
4. (4)
5. (2)
6. (3)
7. (4)
Solutions
1. Computer "Hardware" refers the physical parts of the computer, and "software" refers to the
code that runs on the computer. Printer is a hardware.
2. Keyboards convert characters to ASCII code.
3. ASCII is the acronym for the American Standard Code for Information Interchange. It is a
code for representing 128 English characters as numbers, with each letter assigned a number
from 0 to 127 . For example, the ASCII code for uppercase M is 77. Most computers use
ASCII codes to represent text, which makes it possible to transfer data from one computer to
another.
4. After you press and hold down a key on the keyboard, the key starts repeating itself. The
speed at which it repeats is the repeat rate, which can be fast or slow.
5. UPS helps protect against potential electrical power problems by supplying a consistent level
of electrical power to a computer or other device. The battery is constantly recharging while
the UPS is in use. The UPS provides a consistent quality of power when brownouts and
blackouts occur. Many UPS devices can communicate directly with the computer operating
system. This communication allows the UPS to safely shut down the computer and save data
prior to the UPS losing all electrical power.
6. Buffer is the temporary data storage area between a peripheral device and the CPU which
compensates for the difference between their speeds.
7. In computer science, a data buffer (or just buffer) is a region of a physical memory storage
used to temporarily store data while it is being moved from one place to another. Typically, the
data is stored in a buffer as it is retrieved from an input device (such as a microphone) or just
before it is sent to an output device (such as speakers). However, a buffer may be used when
moving data between processes within a computer. This is comparable to buffers in
telecommunication.
8. Daisy-wheel printers cannot print graphics, and in general they are noisy and slow, printing
from 10 to about 75 characters per second. As the price of laser and ink-jet printers has
declined, and the quality of dot-matrix printers has improved, daisy-wheel printers have
become obsolete.
9. Dragging the mouse refers to moving its position while holding the mouse button depressed.
Dragging is used in the Plot window to move text items and to move the plot itself within the
Plot window. To drag an object across a display screen, we usually select the object with a
mouse button and then move the mouse while keeping the mouse button pressed down.
operating System
● An Operating System (OS) is a program that acts as an interface between a computer user and
computer hardware. It performs all the basic tasks and controls the peripheral devices such as
disk drives and printers.
● Examples - Linux (Ubuntu), Windows (Windows XP, Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows 8.1,
Windows 10), iOS, Chrome OS, DOS etc.
● Apple's latest operating system, macOS Mojave, version 10.14.
Layered Structure of Operating System
1. Kernel
2. Memory Management
3. Process Management
4. Device Management
5. File Management
6. Storage Management
7. User Interface
Functions of Operating systems
1. The operating system is the manager of all system resources. The functions of operating
systems are:
2. Memory Management
3. Process Management
4. Device Management
5. File Management
6. Storage Management
7. Security
8. Job Accounting
9. Controls system performance
10. Error detecting aids
Coordination between other software and users
● Memory Management - Memory management is the process of controlling and coordinating
computer memory, conveying memory blocks to various running programs to enhance overall
system performance.
● Process Management - Process Management allocates the processor (CPU) to a process and
deallocates the processor when a process is no longer essential. It can save the tracks of the
processor and the status of the process.
● Device Management - Device Management keeps track of all devices. This is called the
Input/output controller and it decides which process gets the device, when, and for how long.
● File Management - File Management allocates and de-allocates the resources. It keeps track of
information, location, uses, status etc. The collective facilities are known as a file system.
Storage Management - Storage Management provides secondary storage to backup main
memory. It can store all data and program permanently. Disk scheduling, Storage allocation,
Free space management are the activities in Storage Management.
● Security - Security controls the unauthorized access of programs, processes and data resources
by means of passwords etc. It can be used to ensure that the files, memory segment, and other
resources can be operated only by authorized users.
● Job Accounting - It keeps track of time and resources used by various users and processes.
● Control System Performance - Control System records delays between the request for a
service and from the system.
● Error Detecting Aids - Error detecting Aids ensure the consistent delivery of data across the
network. Production of dumps, traces, error messages and other debugging etc are techniques
that enable reliable delivery of digital data over unreliable communication channels.
● Coordination between other software and users - Operating System Coordinates and assigns
compilers, interpreters, assemblers and other software to the various users of the computer
systems.
Types of Operating Systems
1. Batch Operating System
2. Multi-Programming Operating System
3. Timesharing/Multitasking Operating System
4. Distributed Operating System
5. Real-Time Operating System
6. Single-user operating System
● Batch Operating System - The users of the batch operating system do not interact with the
computer directly. Each user prepares his job on an off-line device like punch cards and
submits it to the computer operator.
Disadvantages
● Lack of interaction between the user and the job
● The speed of the process is slow. Hence Output is time taking
● The CPU is in idle condition
● Multiprogramming Operating System - The users of multiprogramming operating system can
execute several programs simultaneously. The CPU keeps on processing. The processes which
are running exist in main memory at a time.
Disadvantages
● The waiting time for the job is high
● Complicated schedule handling
● Timesharing / Multitasking Operating System - Time-sharing or multitasking is a logical
extension of multiprogramming. It is a technique which enables many people, located at
various terminals, to use a computer system at the same time. The CPU executes multiple
programs by switching among the programs. Unix is an example of timesharing OS.
Disadvantages
● Less Reliability
● Problem of Data Communication
● Distributed Operating System - Distributed Operating System allows multiple users on
different computers or terminals to access a single system with one Operating System on it.
The processors communicate with one another through various communication lines. These
are referred to as loosely coupled systems.
● Advantages
● Potential Operation
● Better service to the customers.
● The load on the host computer is reduced
● Delays in data processing are reduced
● Single User Operating System - This type of operating system supports a single user at any
given time. Single keyboard and Single monitor are used for interaction. Several programs can
also run by a single user in this operating system.
Example - Windows 95, Windows XP etc
● Real-Time Operating System - It is a data processing system in which the time interval
required to process and respond to inputs is small. It is always online whereas online system
need not be real time. They are used in scientific experiments, medical imaging systems,
industrial control systems, weapon systems, robots, air traffic control systems, etc.
● Examples - VRTX, RT Linux, Lynx etc
There are two types of real-time operating systems.

● Hard real-time systems - In this system, the critical tasks complete on time. Secondary
storage is limited, and the data is stored in ROM. Virtual memory is almost never found.
Examples - Industrial control applications, Robots, etc
● Soft real-time systems - In this system, the time constraint is less strict. A critical real-time
task gets priority and retains the priority until it completes. It has limited utility.
Examples - Multimedia, Virtual reality, Advanced Scientific Projects like undersea exploration and
planetary rovers, etc.
Advantages
● It can be used in an embedded system
● Error-free
● Better memory allocation
● Disadvantages
● Algorithm is complex
● Android - Android is the name of the operating system used on many smartphones and tablets.
It is owned and maintained by Google. The recent version of Android is Android 11.
Other Terms related to Operating System
● Booting - When the computer starts, the operating system is first loaded (as it is essential for
running all other programs), this process is known as booting.
● Cold Boot - Turn ON the computer from an OFF position is called Cold Booting.
● Warm Boot - A computer system starts up/reset from a complete powerless state is called
Warm Booting.
● Firmware - Firmware is a software program that is written to a hardware device. It allows the
hardware to be updated. The contents are saved when a hardware device is turned off or loses
its external power source.
● Middleware - Middleware is a software layer situated between applications and operating
systems. It enables communication and data management for distributed applications.

1. The feature that opens a window on your desktop where you can browse for file stored on
your computer is called as . (RRB PO)
(1) Device Manager
(2) File Explorer
(3) Web Browser
(4) Utility Software
(5) None of the above
2. In MS-DOS 6.22, which part identifies the product uniquely? (RBI Asst. Mains)
(1) MS
(2) DOS
(3) MS-DOS
(4) None of these
(5) 6.22
3. Each time you turn on your computer, it will check on the
(1) Command.com
(2) io.sys
(5) All the above
(4) Both A & B control file. (RBI Asst. Mains)
(3) msdos.sys
Answer keys
1. (2)
2. (5)
3. (5)
Solutions
1. File Explorer is a file browser found in every version of Microsoft Windows since Windows
95. It is used to navigate and manage the drives, folders, and files on your computer. The
image below shows File Explorer in Windows 10.
2. MS stands for Microsoft, DOS is the name of operating system Disk Operating System, 6.22
is the version number that identifies the product. Microsoft DOS 6.22 was the last standalone
version from Microsoft. It was also the last from Microsoft to run on an 8088, 8086, or 286.
3. command.com, io.sys and msdos.sys are the essential system files of MS-Dos. Loading these
files from disk into memory is known as booting. Booting is the process of preparing your
computer to work. IO.SYS is a hidden executable binary file or hidden system file which
processes instructions when the operating system is booted.
Software
● The software is a group of instructions that instructing a computer to do specific tasks. It
enables the user to interact with a computer. System Software and Application Software are
two types of software.
System Software
● It serves as an interface between a computer user, computer hardware and application
software. It is also known as background software. Four types of system software are the
following.
● Operating System
● Utility Programs
● Device drivers
● Language translators.
● Operating System - Operating system (OS) is the program that acts as an interface between the
user and computer hardware and application software. After the boot program, OS manages
all the other programs in a computer. Examples - Linux, Unix, Microsoft Windows XP etc.
● Utility Programs - Utility Programs help to manage, maintain and control computer resources.
They are also known as service programs. Examples of utility programs are antivirus software,
backup software, disk defragment, backup, disk clean etc.
● Device Drivers - A device driver is designed to enable interaction with hardware devices. It
controls a device that is attached to your computer. Printers, Displays, CD-ROM readers, Disk
drives etc are the examples of the device driver.
● Language Translator - Language Translator translates the high-level language program (input)
into an equivalent machine language program (output). It also detects and reports the error
during translation. Assembler, Compiler, Interpreter are types of a Language Translator.
● Assembler - It converts assembly language program into machine language.
● Compiler - It converts the program in a high-level language into low-level language and
reports all the errors of the program along with the line numbers. C, use compilers.
● Interpreter - It converts the programs in a high-level language to low-level language. It
translates line by line and reports the error once after completing the translation process. It
gives better error diagnostics than a compiler. Python, BASIC, and Ruby use interpreters.
Application Software
● Application software is a program or group of programs designed for end users. It enables the
user to complete tasks, such as creating documents, spreadsheets, databases, and publications,
doing online research, sending email, designing graphics etc. There are two types of
application software.
● Basic application software
● Specialized application software
● Basic application software - Basic application software is also known as general purpose
applications and productivity applications. These programs are widely used in every discipline
and occupation. Word processors, spreadsheets, database management systems, and
presentation graphics are the common types of basic application software. Example -
Microsoft office 2016. Specialized application software - Specialized application software is
designed for a specific task rather for a wide application area. Graphics programs, audio and
video editors, multimedia creation programs, web authoring, and virtual reality programs are
common types of specialized software.

1. Bookmarks can be managed using ___ ( RRB PO)

(1) Bookmarks Manager
(2) Extensions Manager
(3) Cast
(4) Find
(5) Downloads Manager
2. Which among the following options is the line that describes the contents of the message
while sending an e-mail? (RBI Asst. Mains)
(1) Subject
(2) Cc
(3) BcC
(4) To
(5) None of these
Answer keys
1. (1) 2.(1)
Solutions
1. Bookmarks Manager can manage bookmarks. Bookmark manager software saves and
organizes web content and websites so users can refer to it later. Bookmark managers will
either work alongside, or inside of, a web browser, allowing users to save web content and
return to it later without opening another application.
2. Subject is a description of the topic of the message and displays in most email systems that list
email messages individually. When entering the subject line be sure to include important
information such as what the email is about. If we are too vague or don't include any subject
line at all, message could be mistaken for spam and deleted without ever being read.
Computer Languages
● The different kinds of languages have been developed to perform various types of work on the
computer. The two major types of programming languages are Low-Level Languages and
High-Level Languages.
Low-Level languages
● It is a programming language that deals with a computer's hardware and its configuration. It is
very close to the computer's native language. It is further divided into Machine and Assembly
languages. Machine Language - It consists of binary digits or bits. It can directly understand
by the computer and does not need a translator program. It is also called the machine code. It
is efficient but difficult to learn.
● Advantages
● Programs run fast.
● No translation program is required.
● Disadvantages
● Difficult to program
● Debugging is also an issue
● Assembly Language - A combination of letters and numbers forms the Assembly Language
and a translator program is required to translate to the machine language. The operation codes
and operands are given in the form of alphanumeric symbols which are known as mnemonic
codes and can combine in a maximum of five-letter combinations e.g. ADD for addition, SUB
for subtraction etc. This is also known as Symbolic Programming Language.
Advantages
● Easier to understand and minimizes effort.
● Finding and correcting the errors are easy.
Disadvantages
● It is machine dependent (program written for one computer might not run in other computers
with different hardware configuration)
● Writing of code is time-consuming.
High-Level languages
● A high-level language (HLL) is a programming language that enables a programmer to write
programs independently. Such languages are closer to human languages. Higher level
languages are simple languages that use English and mathematical symbols like for its
program construction. Example - BASIC, C, C++, COBOL, FORTRAN, ALGOL, PASCAL,
PROLOG.
● BASIC - Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code (BASIC) was developed for
students to write simple computer programs. It was designed by John Kemeney and Thomas
Kurtz in 1963.
● ALGOL - ALGOL is a short form of ALGOrithmic Language. It is a family of portable
programming languages for scientific computations.
● PROLOG - Prolog is used widely for artificial intelligence applications, particularly expert
systems. PASCAL - It is used to teach programming techniques. It was developed by Niklaus
Wirth.
● FORTRAN - It is a programming language designed for numeric computation and scientific
computing. FORmula TRANslation is an acronym of FORTRAN.
● COBOL - Common Business Oriented Language is the full form of COBOL. It is used for
business and administrative purposes. It can be read like regular English.
● - It is a general-purpose language which is used in many scientific programming situations.
● is an object-oriented programming language and incorporates all the features offered by .
● Advantages
● Independent of machines and can run on any computer
● Problem-oriented rather than machine oriented
● User-friendly
● Disadvantages
● Need time for translating.
Object-Oriented Programming
● Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a software programming model built around objects.
This model classifies data into objects and describes object contents and performance through
the declaration of classes.
● Simula is the first object-oriented programming language. The examples of object-oriented
programming languages are Java, Python, JavaScript, C++, C#, PHP, Perl, .NET, Ruby Curl,
Visual Basic, Smalltalk, Delphi, and Eiffel.
● Java - Java is used for developing Mobile, Desktop, web, server-side and dynamic web
applications. JavaScript - JavaScript is designed for styling HTML Pages, interactivity to
HTML Pages, Server-Side Scripting Operation, executing query related to DB on Serve.
● Python - Python is a general-purpose programming language. It is used for developing
complex scientific, numeric applications, data analysis, and visualization.
● C# - C# is a general-purpose language was designed by Microsoft to be used for developing
apps on the Microsoft platform.
● PHP - PHP stands for Hypertext Pre-processor. It is a scripting language used for the
development of web applications.
● .Net-. Net is a programming framework developed by Microsoft, which can be used to build
different types of applications such as Windows, Web application and Mobile based
applications etc.
● Visual Basic - Visual Basic is an approachable language with a simple syntax for building
type-safe, object-oriented apps.
Computer Languages Father/Inventor/Designed by
Java James Gosling
JavaScript Brendan Eich
PHP Rasmus Lerdorf
Python Guido van Rossum
HTML Tim Berners-Lee
.NET Microsoft
(Framework) Corporation
C# Microsoft
Corporation
Perl Larry Wall
Ruby Yukihiro
Matsumoto

Other related terms

● Language Processor - Language Processor is a software designed to perform tasks such as
processing program code to machine code. Language processors are found in languages such
as Fortran and COBOL.
● Debugger - A debugger is a software utility that is designed to locate errors within a program's
source code.
● Linker - Linker is a program that combines object modules to form an executable program.
● Loader - Loader brings all program objects into the memory which is essential to run a
program.
● Spooling - Spooling is a process in which data is temporarily held to be used and executed by
a device, program or the system. Data is saved in storage until the program requests it for
execution.
Memory Storage Units
Unit Description
1. Bit (Binary A binary digit is the smallest unit. It has the logical representation of 0 and 1.
Digit)
2. Nibble A group of 4 bits is called nibble.
3. Byte A group of 8 bits is called byte. (1 byte bits)
4. Word A computer word is a group with a fixed number of bits processed as a unit. The length
of a computer word is called word-size or word length and it may be either 8 bits or 96 bits.
5. A computer stores the information in the form of computer words.
6. Memory Capacity Conversion Chart
Term
● Byte (B)
● Kilobyte (KB)
● Megabyte
● Gigabyte (GB)
● Terabyte (TB)
● Petabyte (PB)
● Exabyte (EB)
Approximate Size
● 8 bits
● 1024 bytes / bytes
● bytes
● bytes
● 1024 GB / bytes
● 1024 TB / bytes
● 1024 PB / bytes Zettabyte (ZB) bytes
● Yottabyte (YB) bytes
● Bit - Binary Digit has the logical representation of 0 and 1 .
Nibble 4 Bits

Byte 8 Bits
KB 1024
(Kilobyte) Bits
MB
(Megabyte)
GB
(Gigabyte)
TB
(Terabyte)
PB
(Petabyte)
EB
(Exabyte)

1. Which of the following arrangements is correctly places in ascending order? (UIICL

Assistant)
(a) Terabyte
(b) Byte
(c) Nibble
(1) Only (a)
(4) Both (a) & (b)
(2) Only (b)
(3) Only (c)
Answer keys
Solutions
1. Bit Nibble Byte
Number System
● The Number system is a technique to represent and work with numbers. The most widely
adopted number system is the Decimal number system which has 10 digits . Binary number
system , Octal number system (0-7) and Hexadecimal number system (0-9, A, B, C, D, E, F,
G) are other number systems.
● The number of digits in a system is called 'radix' or 'base'. The base of decimal, binary, octal
hexadecimal system is and 16 respectively.
● Comparison of Decimal, Binary, Octal and Hexadecimal system.
Decim Binar Oct Hexadecim
al y al al
0 0000 0 0
1 0001 1 1
2 0010 2 2
3 0011 3 3
4 0100 4 4
5 0101 5 5
6 0110 6 6
7 0111 7 7
8 1000 10 8
9 1001 11 9
10 1010 12 A
11 1011 13 B

12 1100 14 C

13 1101 15 D
14 1110 16 E
15 1111 17 F
16 1000 20 G
0

Logic Gates
● These are the building blocks of any digital circuit that implement Boolean logic processes. It
has only one output. Arrays of logic gates are used in digital integrated circuits (ICs). The
basic logic gates and their functioning (truth table) are mentioned in the following figure.
● AND Gate
● It is a digital logic gate with two or more inputs and one output which performs logical
conjunction.
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

OR Gate
OR
● It is a logic gate that produces inclusive disjunction. It is used in Boolean algebra and
electronic circuits like transistor-transistor logic, and complementary metal-oxide
semiconductors etc.

0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1

NOT Gate
NOT gate is a single input gate. It performs the inversion of given input. So, it is called Inverter.
74. NAND Gate
It is the combination of AND & NOT gates. It is the opposite of AND logic gate.
NOR Gate
It is the combination of NOT & OR gates. 'neither this nor that' is the principle of NOR gate.
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

XOR Gate
XOR
● XOR gate is a special type of gate. It is used in the half adder, full adder and subtractor and
controlled inverter circuit. It is also used in the computers for implementing the binary
addition.
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

XNOR Gate
● It is a combination of the Exclusive-OR gate and the NOT gate. The EXOR gate has a high
output only when an odd number of inputs are high.
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

Database Management System

● A database management system (DBMS) is a computer program designed for creating and
managing the database. It provides a systematic way to run operations like creating, storing,
retrieving, deleting data from the database. It serves as an interface between the database and
end users. It also provides protection and security to the databases.
● MySQL, Oracle, SQL Server, IBM DB2, PostgreSQL, Amazon Simple DB (cloud-based) are
some popularly used DBMS.
● Advantages of DBMS
● Reduced Data redundancy
● Data security and consistency
● Easily accessible
● Integrity constraints
● Disadvantages of DBMS
● Larger in size
● Complexity
● Licensed DBMS are costly
Architecture (Levels of Data Abstraction in DBMS)
● Database systems consist of complex data structures. The process of masking irrelevant
information from users is known as Data Abstraction. Data abstraction reduces the complexity
of users with the database. Three levels of data abstraction are Physical Level, Logical Level,
and View level.
● The Architecture of commercial DBMS is based on ANSI-SPARC database architecture.
● Physical Level/Internal Level - It is the lowest level of abstraction. It describes how the data is
physically stored in detail. B+ tree, Hash file organization methods are used in this level.
● Logical Level/Conceptual Level - It is the next level of abstraction and describes what data is
stored and what is the relationship among that data. At the logical level, each record is
described by a type and the interrelationship of these record types. Database administrators
work at this level of abstraction. The changes which are done at this level will not affect the
external or physical levels of data.
● View Level/External Level - It is the highest level of abstraction and is viewed by the user in
terms of tables and relations. It describes only a part of the entire database and hides the
details of the logical level.
Keys in DBMS
● A key is a field in the database table which is used to retrieve and sort rows in the table. Keys
are used to speeding up the data accessing and creating links between different tables.
● Super Key - It is a set of one or more attributes whose values uniquely determine each entity
in the database table. It is a subset of a candidate key.
● Candidate Key - It is a set of columns in the table from which primary key can be selected to
identify each record. Every database table may have one or more candidate keys.
● Primary Key - It is a special key that uniquely identifies each record in the table. It has a
unique value for each row of data and it cannot contain null values.
● Composite Key - It is a combination of more than one column in the table that can be used to
uniquely identify each record. It is also known as a Compound key.
● Alternate Key - All keys except primary key are known as Alternate. Alternate keys are also
called Secondary Keys.
● Foreign Key - Foreign key points to the primary key of another table. It acts as a reference
between tables. It can accept the null and duplicate value.
Microsoft Office
● It is an office suite of inter-related desktop applications, servers and services for the Windows
operating systems introduced by Microsoft in 1989. Some important application software of
the MS Office is MS Word, MS Excel, MS Power-point, MS Access, MS OneNote, MS
Outlook etc.
Microsoft Word
● Microsoft Word is a word processing program that was first made public by Microsoft. It is
one of the most widely used word processors available for Macs and PCs. It offers a variety of
features such as creating, editing and formatting etc. Some other features include spell check,
mail merge and link embedding. Another feature is word wrapping, which means that the
processor automatically adjusts all text within the specified margins. '.doc and .docx' are the
file extension of MS word.
Title Bar
● The title bar is located at the top of a window that displays the name of the window or
document being used.
● Quick Access Tool Bar
● The quick access toolbar is a small and customizable toolbar at the top of the document
window. It contains a set of commands that are independent of the tab on the ribbon that is
currently displayed. It usually contains buttons to save, undo, redo and print.
Ribbon
● The Ribbon is a cluster of toolbars in Microsoft Office which are used for writing, designing,
formatting and reviewing different styles, adaptations, add-ins, themes etc. Every tab in the
top of a given word file window displays the Ribbon toolbar.
● The following are the specifications of MS office 2016 version.
File Menu
● The File menu is a section on the Office ribbon that gives access to file functions such as
Open, Save, Close, Properties, and Recent file options. Type of file (i.e. Text file, Word file,
HTML file, etc.), file name, size of the file, file location, security on the file, time and date of
creation, modification of the file can also be accessed by anyone.
Home Tab
● The Home tab is the default tab in Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft PowerPoint
and other Microsoft Office products. It allows changing document settings, such as the font
properties by using control groups on the tab. The control groups and keys are
● Clipboard Group (Copy (only one item at a time), Paste, Cut, Format Painter)
● Font Group (Font style, colour & size, Bold, Underline, Strikethrough)
● Paragraph Group (Bullets & Numbering, Alignment, Shading, Borders, Line spacing)
● Style Group (Listed Styles)
● Editing Group (Find, Replace etc).
Insert Tab
● The Insert Tab is used to insert different features such as tables, pictures, clip art, shapes,
charts, page numbers, word art, headers, and footers etc into a document. The availed groups
and keys under this tab are:
● Pages Group (Cover page, Blank page, Page break)
● Tables Group (Tables)
● Illustrations Group (Pictures, Shapes, Smart Art etc)
● Media and Links Group (Hyperlink, Bookmark etc)
● Header and Footer Group (Page number, Header, Footer)
● Text Group (Text Box, Word Art etc)
● Symbol Group (Equation, Symbol)
Design Tab
● Design Tab includes Themes (to change colours, fonts and effects for the document all at
once), The Style Set gallery (to change the styles), Paragraph Spacing, Effects, The Page
Background group (watermark, page colour, page borders) buttons to format the document.
Layout Tab
● The Layout Tab holds the buttons which are used to arrange document pages. The control
groups and keys under layout tabs are:
● Page Setup Group (Margins, Orientation, Breaks, Line numbers, Hyphenation, Size of the
page, Columns)
● Paragraph Group (Paragraph Indentation, Spacing)
● Arrange Group (Align, wrap text, Rotate etc)
References Tab
● References Tab allows to now create a table of contents, footnotes, citations, cross-references.
The availed control groups and keys in this tab are:
● Table of Contents Group (Customize table of contents)
● Footnotes Group (Insert footnotes)
● Research Group (Smart outlook of the text)
● Citations & Bibliography Group (Inserting and choosing a style of citation, Bibliography)
● Captions group (cross reference, insert a table of figures, Insert Caption)
● Index Group (Insert Index, Mark entry)
● Table of Authorities group (Mark Citation, Insert Table of Authorities)
Mailings Tab
● Mail Merging is an ideal task in MS word by using Mailings Tab. Mail merge is used to create
form letters or address labels, certificates with unique names, and more. The following group
buttons are available in Mailings Tab.
● Create Group (Envelops, Labels)
● Start Mail Merge Group (Start Mail Merge, Selection of Recipients, Edit Recipient List)
● Write & Insert Fields Group (Highlighting the fields, Address Block, Greeting Line etc)
● Preview Results Group (Check for errors, Find Recipient)
● Finish Group (Finish & Group)
Review Tab
● The tools in the Review Tab helps to improve the document. It contains the following control
groups and keys.
● Proofing Group (Spelling & Grammar, Thesaurus, Autocorrect, word count)
● Comments Group (Add new comment, show comment, Delete comment)
● Tracking Group (Track changes, Simple mark-up, Review pane)
● Changes Group (Accept or Reject changes)
● Compare Group (Comparing the documents)
● Protect Group (Restrict editing, Block Authors)
View Tab
● The View tab has the functionality to change the document views. The options in the view tab
are:
● Views Group (Read mode, Print Layout, Web Layout Outline, Draft)
● Page Movement Group (Vertical and Side to side)
● Show Group (Ruler, Gridline, Navigation Pane)
● Zoom Group (Zoom to , Page width, Multiple pages)
● Window Group (New window, Arrange and Split window, Switch windows etc)
● Macros group
● Help Tab
● The users can get help by using F1 function key anytime, Help tab and 'Tell me what you want
to do'. Status Bar
● A status bar is a horizontal window at the bottom of a parent window. It displays the various
kinds of status information of the document.
● Dialog Box Launcher
● A button in the corner of a group that launches a dialog box containing all the options within
that group. View Toolbar
● A toolbar that enables, adjusts and displays different views of a document. It is located at the
bottom left corner of the window.
Other Terms
● Alignment - This option is used to align the text in a document adhere to the right side, left,
centre or justified.
● Clipboard - The clipboard saves the text temporarily. Using the Cut or Copy commands will
place the text in the clipboard.
● Font - It is a type of design for text. Times New Roman, Arial, Calibri, Verdana etc are the
examples of font style. The maximum size of Font is 72 in a drop-down selection of MS
Word.
● Undo and Redo - Undo refers to delete the last action in the document. Redo can restore the
changes again.
● Footer and Header - The footer constantly appears on every page of a document, at the bottom
of each page. It includes the page number, or a company's name and contact details in formal
documents. The header sits at the very top of every page in a document. A Header contains
page numbers, the document name or sub-titles within a document.
● Cut, Copy, Paste - Cut is used to move a section of text from a document to clipboard. Copy
refers to duplicating a section of a document and placing it in the clipboard. Paste allows to
copy an object or text from one location and place it to another location.
● Paste Special - Paste Special is used to paste an item from the clipboard with custom
formatting.
● Thesaurus - It is a software tool which is in MS Word that provides synonyms for selected
words on command.
● AutoCorrect - AutoCorrect is a software feature in MS Word. It automatically corrects
misspellings and common errors.
● Spell Check - It is a software tool for correcting spelling. It is available in word processing
programs, email programs, cell phones, and a variety of other applications.
Shortcut Keys
Keys Description Keys Description
Select All Shift+F7 Thesaurus
Ctrl Bold F1 Help
Copy F5 Refresh the page
Paste F4 Repeat the action
New Blank F7 Spell Check
Document
Ctrl Cut F6 Go to the next pane
Ctrl + I Italic F8 Extend the selection
Underline F9 Update the selected fields
Ctrl Undo F10 Show Key tips
Ctrl Redo F11 Go to the next field
Open F12 Save As
Save Shift + Change the case of letters
F3
Insert Hyperlink Shift + Repeat a find
F4
Ctrl Left Alignment Shift + Display a shortcut menu
F10
Centre Alignment Choose Print Preview
Ctrl Right Alignment Close the window
Justify the Maximize the document
alignment window
To open find box Ctrl Choose the open button
Find and Replace Tab To move to the previous
object
Close document Alt Restore the program
window
Indent Alt + F7 Find the next misspelling
Print Alt + Maximize the program
F10 window
Ctrl + Shift Increase font size Rename the file
Ctrl + Shift Decrease font size Alt + F4 Exit
Alt Home Tab Alt Layout Tab
Alt Insert Tab Alt Tell me box
Alt Design Tab Alt Review Tab
Alt File Page Alt View Tab
Alt Mailings Tab Alt Reference Tab

Microsoft Excel
● It is a spreadsheet program which is used to present and organise copious amounts of data in a
systematic manner. It also includes performs basics arithmetic operations on data and creates
graphs and charts based on the same.'.xIs' is the file extension of the MS Excel. Ribbons in
MS Excel are divided into logical groups called Tabs and Each tab has its own set of unique
function to perform. There are various tabs - Home, Insert, Page Layout, Formulas, Date,
Review and View.
● The following are the features of MS Excel 2016.
● Home Tab
● The Excel Home Tab is used to perform common commands such as bold, underline,
alignment, Number, copy, and paste. It is also used to apply formats to cells in a worksheet.
The Home Tab groups and their buttons are: Clipboard Group (Paste, Cut, Copy, Format
Painter)
● Font Group (Bold, Italic, Underline, Font Style, Colour & Size {decrease and increase}, Fill
colour, Borders)
● Alignment Group (Alignment {Top, Middle, Bottom, Left, Right, Centre}, Orientation, wrap
text, Merger& Centre, Indent decrease & increase)
● Number Group (General, Accounting Number Format, Percent style, Comma style, Increase
and decrease decimal)
● Styles Group (Conditional Formatting, Format as Table, Cell Styles)
● Cells Group (Insert cells, Delete cells, Format cells)
● Editing Group (AutoSum, Fill, Clear the format, Sort& Filter, Find & Select)
● Insert Tab
● Insert Tab is used to insert the picture, charts, filter, hyperlink etc. Alt is the shortcut Key to
open Insert Tab. The Insert Tab groups and keys are:
● Tables Group (Pivot Table, Recommended Pivot Tables, Table)
● Illustrations Group (Pictures, Online pictures, Icons, Shapes, Smart Art Graphic, 3D models,
Screenshot)
● Add-ins Group (Store, Insert Add-ins)
● Charts Group (Recommended charts, Maps, Pivot Chart Charts*)
● Tours Groups (3D Maps)
● Sparklines Group (Line, Column, Win/Loss)
● Filters Group (Slicer, Timeline)
● Links Group (Hyperlink)
● Text Group (TextBox, Header & Footer), WordArt, Signature line, Object)
● Symbols Group (Equation and Symbol)
● *Charts - There are eight types of charts. Colum or Bar Chart, Hierarchy Chart, Line or Area
Chart, Combo Chart, Statistic Chart, Bubble Chart, Pie Chart, Waterfall, Funnel, Stock,
Surface or Radar Chart. Page Layout Tab
● The features under this tab used to change the look of a workbook. The groups under this tab
are:
● Themes Group (Themes, Colours, Fonts, Effects)
● Page Setup Group (Margins, Orientation, Size, Print Area, Breaks, Background, Print Titles)
● Scale to fit Group (Page scale, Width and Height)
● Sheet Options Group (Gridlines, Headings)
● Arrange Group (Bring Forward, Send Backward, Align, Group, Rotate, Selection Pane)
● Formulas Tab
● Formulas Tab is used to make dynamic reports by using functions. In excel, 461 functions are
availed from Office 2003 to 2013. Formulas Tab is divided into four groups.
● Function Library (Insert Function, AutoSum, Financial & Logical Function, Date &Time,
Math& Trig, Lookup &Reference, Text, More functions {Statistical, Engineering, Cube etc})
● Defined Names group (Name Manager, Define Name, Use in Formula, Create from selection)
● Formula Auditing (Trace Precedents & Dependents, Error Checking, Evaluate Formula,
Watch window)
● Calculation Group (Calculate sheet, options)
● Data Tab
● Data tab is used for importing a large amount of data. Importing Data can be done by
connecting with the server, automatically from the web, MS Access etc. It makes easy to read
vast data.
● Get & Transform Data Group (Get Data, From Text/CSV, Web, Table/Range, Existing
Connections)
● Queries & Connection Group (Refresh All, Properties, Edit Links, Queries, Connections)
● Sort & Filter Group (Sort, Filter, Reapply, Clear, Advanced)
● Data Tools Group (Text to columns, Flash Fill, Remove Duplicates, Data Validation,
Consolidate, Manage Data Mode, Relationships) Forecast Group (What-If Analysis, Forecast
Sheet)
● Outline Group (Group, Ungroup, Subtotal)
Review Tab
● It contains the editing feature, comments, track changes and workbook protection options. It
makes to share the data easily with the proper information and ensuring the security of data.
● Proofing Group (Spell Check, Thesaurus)
● Language Group (Translate)
● Comments Group (Comment - New, Delete, Previous, Next, Hide/Show)
● Protect Group (Protect Sheet, Protect Workbook, Allow Edit Ranges, Unshared workbook)
● Ink Group (Start Inking, Hide Ink)
● View Tab
● View tab helps to change the view of an Excel sheet and make it easy to view the data. This
tab is useful for preparing the workbook for printing. The groups and keys under this tab are
● Workbook Views Group (Normal, Page Break Preview, Page Layout & Custom View)
● Zoom Group (Zoom {range to }, Zoom to selection)
● Window Group (New Window, Arrange All, Freeze Panes, View side by side, Synchronous
Scrolling, Reset Window, Show/Hide, Switch Windows)
● Macros Group (Macros)
● Help Tab
● The user can get help using this tab, by pressing F1 Key.
● Help & Support Group (Help, Contact Support, Feedback, Show Training, What's New)
● Community Group (Community, Blog Site, Suggest a Feature)
Other Terms
● Workbook - It is an Excel file which contains worksheets of rows and columns.
● Worksheet - A single document or sheet in a workbook which is used to store and work with
data. It consists of rows and columns. In Excel 2016, Default worksheet in a workbook is one.
● Row & Column Headings - It indicates the number of rows (Left of the worksheet) and
alphabet of column (Top of the worksheet). The total number of rows is and columns is
16,384 in the new version of Excel sheet. Column width is 255 characters and row height is
409 points.
● Cell - Cell is a box which is the intersection of a row and column in a worksheet. It is the
smallest block of the spreadsheet. The cell in which the user working is known as Active Cell.
The maximum number of line feeds per cell is 253 in the new version of Excel.
● Cell Address - The location of a cell is known as Cell Address. Example: C10 (Column: Row)
● Autofill - Autofill fills the values in the cell according to a given pattern. (i.e. Months & Days,
Even Numbers, Odd Numbers, tens, etc) This is done through the Fill Handle.
● Formula - It is an expression which calculates the value of a cell. It always starts with ' '.
● Formula Bar - It is located just below the ribbon. It shows the contents of the active cell and
allows to create and view formulas.
● Pivot Table - Pivot Table is an interactive report creation system. It is used to reorganize and
summarize the data.
● Flash Fill - Flash Fill is used to identify the patterns in existing data. It copies only required
data from one column to another.
● Freeze Panes - It is used to freeze rows/columns in place and making it visible when scrolling.
Example - Header row visible
● Macro - It is a sequence of instructions that replace a repetitive series of keyboard and mouse
actions to execute. It is used in MS Word and MS Excel.
● Status Bar - It is the Bar below the worksheet names that has a few buttons and indicators.
● Wrap Text -When text exceeds a column width/Height, wrap text automatically adjust the
height/width of a cell to make all text visible.
● Sparklines -They are graphs that can fit into one cell and gives the information about the data.
92. Shortcut Keys
Keys Description Keys Description

Edit active cell Shift + F11 Insert new worksheet

F5 Go to Dialog Shift + F9 Calculate the active
box worksheet
F9 Ctrl + Shift Time
+;
F4 Create an Ctrl +; Date
absolute
Tab Right one Cell F11 Create Chart
Shift + Tab Left One Cell Ctrl + Shift Expand/Collapse formula
bar
Ctrl + To first Cell Alt Insert AutoSum formula
Home
Ctrl + End To Last Cell Ctrl Show/hide all formula
Select entire row Ctrl + Shift Apply the time format
+@
Ctrl + Select entire Ctrl + Shift Apply the date format
Spacebar column
Ctrl +9 Hide selected Ctrl + Shift
rows
Ctrl +0 Ctrl + Shift
Arrow Keys Move between Alt + Enter Start a new line in the
Cells same cell
Alt + Display control Extend the selection of the
Spacebar Menu cells
Create Pivot Alt
Chart
Microsoft PowerPoint
● MS PowerPoint is a popular presentation program and is used to create slideshows which
comprise text, graphics, sounds and other animated media. Features such as word art, auto
shapes etc. can also be added to the presentation. It is convenient for both school and office
level work. '.ppt' is the file extension of MS PowerPoint. The Ribbons in MS Power-point
2016 are divided into following tabs.
Home Tab
● The Home Tab includes the commands for formatting presentations. The Keys and Groups
under the Home Tab are:
● Clipboard Group (Cut, Copy, Paste, Format Painter)
● Slides Group (New slide, Layout, Reset, Section)
● Font Group (Font Style & size {Max. size is 96 in dropdown selection}, Text Shadow, Bold,
Underline, Italic, Strikethrough, Clear All Formatting, Character Spacing, Change case)
● Paragraph Group (Bulleting, Numbering, Align Text, Text direction, Convert to SmartArt)
● Drawing Group (Shapes, Arrange, Quick Styles, Shape Fill, Shape Outline, Shape Effects)
● Editing Group (Find, Replace, Select)
Insert Tab
● It is used to add features such as tables, pictures, clip art, shapes, charts, word art, or headers,
and footers into a presentation. The groups and buttons in this tab are:
● Slides Group (New Slide)
● Tables Group (Draw/Add Table)
● Images Group (Pictures, Online Pictures, Screenshot, Photo Album)
● Illustrations Group (Shapes, Icons, 3D models, Smart Art, Chart)
● Add-ins Group (Store, Add-ins) Links Group (Zoom, Link, Action)
● Comments (Add comment, Edit& Delete Comment)
● Text Group (TextBox, Header & Footer, Word Art, Date & Time, Slide number, Object)
● Symbols Group (Equation and Symbol)
● Media Group (Video, Audio, Screen Recording)
● Design Tab
● The Design tab holds commands related to the presence of slides like page setup and slide
orientation. The group and Keys under this tab are:
● Themes Group (Listed Slide Themes)
● Variants Group (Listed Variants)
● Customize Group (Slide Size, Format Background)
● Designer Group (Design Ideas)
● Transition Tab
● Transitions tab is used to add transitions to a slide and to customize transition effects. The
group and Keys of Transition Tab are:
● Preview (to view slides)
● Transition to this slide (Listed transition, Effect options)
● Timing Group (Sound in slides, Duration, Apply to all slides, Advance slide)
● Animation Tab
● It is used to add animation to text in a slide and to manage the animation order. The Groups
and Keys are:
● Preview Group (Slide's Preview)
● Animation Group (Listed Animation, Effect Options)
● Advanced Animation (Add Animation, Animation Pane, Trigger, Animation Painter)
● Timing Group (Start, Duration, Delay of slides, Reorder Animation)
● Slideshow Tab
● This tab is used to finalize the slideshow details, timings, and more. The Keys and groups
under this tab are:
● Start Slide Show Group (From Beginning, From Current Slide, Present Online, Custom
Slideshow)
● Set up Group (Set up slideshow, Hide slide, Rehearse timings, Record Slide Show)
● Monitors Group
● Review Tab
● Review tab is used to check spelling, to collaborate by adding comments, and to access editor
tools. The groups are:
● Proofing Group (Spelling, Thesaurus)
● Language Group (Translate, Language)
● Comments Group (New comment, Delete Previous/next Comment)
● Compare Group (Compare, Accept, Reject, End Review, reviewing Pane)
● Ink Group (Start inking, Hide ink)
● OneNote Group (Linked Notes)
● View Tab
● View tab is used to access the various presentation views, to show and hide the ruler and grid
lines, and more.
● Presentation Views Group (Normal, Outline view, Slide Sorter, Notes Page, Reading view)
● Masters View Group (Slide Master, Handout Master, Notes Master)
● Show Group (Ruler, Gridlines, Guides, Notes)
● Zoom Group (Zoom to , Fit to the window)
● Colour/Grayscale Group (Colour, Grayscale, Black &White)
● Window Group (New window, Arrange All, Cascade, Move Split)
Macros Group (Macros)
Other Terms
● Presentation - A Presentation is a collection of individual slides that contain information on a
topic with audio, visual features. It makes an interaction between a speaker and an audience.
● Design Template - A PowerPoint template is a pattern of a slide whose format and colour
scheme is used as the basis for other presentations. It can contain layouts, theme colours,
theme fonts, theme effects, background styles, and even content.
● Master Slide - A slide that controls the properties such as theme, layout, background, colour,
fonts, and positioning of all other slides in a presentation.
● Normal View - Normal view is used for creating, editing and viewing presentation slides. It
contains all three view panes such as Slides, Outline and Notes.
● Greyscale - Grayscale is a variety of shades of grey (Black and white combination) without
apparent colour.
● Notes Pane - It is used to add notes and graphics that apply to the current slide in the
presentation. It is also used to print the notes.
● Slides Pane - Slide Pane displays the slides thumbnails. It allows the user to view and edit the
slides. Outline Pane - Outline Pane displays the text from the slides.
● Slide Show View - It is used to display the presentation. It is the way to preview the
presentation. Slide Sorter View - It shows all the slides in a presentation as thumbnails. It is
used to reorganize, insert, delete and copy the presentation slides.
● Slide Timing - It is the time period that a slide seems on the screen.
● Task Pane - It allows to access commands like getting started, PowerPoint help, slide, new
presentation etc related to a specific task.
● AutoContent Wizard - A wizard helps to create a presentation. It helps with a general structure
and suggested topics based on the user's view regarding the presentation output.
Shortcut Keys
Keys Description Keys Description

Alt + W, Q Change the Alt + N, X Insert textbox

zoom
Alt + H, F Change the font Alt + N, W Insert word art
and S size
Alt + H, S Insert a shape Alt + F10 Maximize window
and H
Alt + G, H Select a theme Ctrl + D Duplicate Slide
Alt + H, L Select a slide Ctrl + Shift Change Font Style
layout +F
Alt + N, P Insert a picture Shift + F3 Toggle cases
Alt + H Home Tab Ctrl + Shift Normal/Plain Text
+Z
Alt + N Insert Tab Shift + F6 Move anticlockwise
among pane
Alt + S, B Start Slideshow Shift + F10 Display context menu
Alt + F, X Close Ctrl + F5 Restore window to
PowerPoint previous size
Esc End the Alt + Q Search
slideshow
Alt + T Transitions Tab Alt + R Review Tab
Alt + A Animations Tab Alt + G Design Tab
F5 Slide Show Alt + W View Tab

1. Which of the following menu types is also called a drop-down menu? (RBI Asst. Mains)
(1) Fly-down
(2) Pop-down
(3) Pull-down
(4) Drag-down
(5) Push-down
2. Which of the following shortcut keys is used to 'Find and Replace' text in a word document?
(RRB Assistant)

3. Which of the following is NOT true about hyperlink in MS Word? (NABARD)

(1) Hyperlinks can only be used to create a link for an existing webpage and not to an existing
file on your computer.
(2) It can be made using the INSERT Tab in a Word Document.
(3) The shortcut command to create a hyperlink in a word document is CTRL .
(4) The option 'Place in This Document' is used to refer to a link in the current document.
(5) Apart from hyperlinks in text, one can also create links in images.
4. Which of the following is the shortcut key for paste? (RRB PO)

5. Setting fonts for the text in your document is an example of .(RBI Asst. Mains)
(1) Reviewing
(2) Designing
(3) Inserting
(4) Formatting
(5) Viewing
6. Copy and X Copy are same in the sense .(RBI Asst. Mains)
(1) Both can be used to copy file or group of files
(2) Both are external commands of windows
(3) Both are internal command of DOS
(4) Both are commands of Apple OS
(5) Both external command of DOS
7. Which of the following are valid minimum & maximum zoom sizes in MS word? (RBI Asst.
Mains)
(1) 20,600
(2) 30,300
(3) 100,400
(4) 10,500
(5) 50,800
8. Which of the following is displayed by MS Excel when the column is not big enough to
display the information? (NABARD)
Answer keys
1. (3)
2. (2)
3. (1)
4. (1)
5. (4)
6. (1)
7. (4)
8. (2)
Solutions
1. Also called as Pull-down menu, drop-down is a menu of commands or options that appears
when you select an item with a mouse. The item you select is generally at the top of the
display screen, and the menu appears just below it, as if you had pulled it down.
2. If you want to find and replace text in a Word document, use the key combo Ctrl . That will
bring up the "Find and Replace" dialog box. Then simply type in the word or words you are
looking for and what to replace it with. Then click the "Replace All" button. 3. Hyperlinks can
be used to create links for existing webpages as well as files on one's computer, to email
addresses and to specific locations to a document.
3. Ctrl is used to Paste all that we have copied. It could be text, file, image or folder. A very
useful feature to bring everything together. If we would like to paste plain simple text, without
original formatting just add Shift to it. i.e. Ctrl + Shift + V.
4. Formatting text in Microsoft Word involves tasks like bolding the text, italicising it, and
changing the font and size. The commands to perform all of these formatting tasks are found
on the Home tab in the Font group. Alternatively, we can use the keyboard shortcuts for those
commands. Bold: CTRL+B, Italic: CTRL + I, Underline: CTRL + U
5. Copy and X Copy can be used to copy file or group of files. By using COPY keyword, we can
copy the files and folder from source to destination easily. X Copy command is an advanced
version of the copy command. It is used for moving files, directories, and even entire drives
from one location to another.
6. It is in the settings menu where there is the maximum and minimum zoom level. We cannot
really shut it off but can minimize and maximize the resolution of your browser it uses.
minimum & maximum zoom sizes in MS word are 10 & 500%.
7. Excel spreadsheets display a series of number or pound signs like ##### in a cell when the
column is not big enough to display the information. It also happens if you have a cell
formatted to display something different than what you need the spreadsheet to show.
File Extension
● A file extension is a suffix at the end of a filename that specifies what type of file it is. It helps
the operating system to understand the characteristics of the file.
● Example - filename.docx is the name of the document. '.docx' is the file extension.
List of File Extension
Meaning Meaning

.apk Android Package file .bin Binary file

.txt Plain text file .py Python file
.wks / .wsf Windows Script file
.wps
.ods OpenOffice Calc spreadsheet exe Executable file
file
Microsoft Works spreadsheet .com MS-DOS command
file file
. Microsoft Excel File . MP3 audio file
. MS Excel Open XML wma Windows media
spreadsheet file audio file
.pptx PowerPoint Open XML .
presentation

.ppt PowerPoint presentation MPEG Video file

Database file .avi Audio Video
Interleave file
. SQL Database file flv Adobe Flash video
file
tar Linux / Unix tarball file . MPEG-4 video file
archive
.bak Backup file . odt Open office writer
doc file
.tmp Temporary file . PDF file
HTML/Hypertext Markup .js JavaScript file
Language file
.png Portable Network Graphic .ph PHP Source file
image p code
.gif Graphical Interchange Format .ps PostScript file
image
.psd Adobe Photoshop Document . 3ds Max Scene
image File
.jpg/.jpe JPEG image .jsp Java Server Page
g file
.sys Windows system file . .fg Configuration file

Computer Network

● A computer network or data network is a telecommunications network which allows

computers to exchange data using a data link. The connections between nodes (computers on
networks called nodes) are established using either cable media or wireless media. Vint Cerf
and Bob Kahn are known as fathers of the Internet.
The five components of a computer network are:
● Sender (Device)
● Sender Equipment (Encoder)
● Communication Channel (Cables, Wireless)
● Receiver Equipment (Decoder)
● Receiver (Device)
● Sender - Sender is a device that sends a message which can consist of text, numbers, pictures
etc. It is also called source or transmitter.
● Sender Equipment - The encoder is a device that converts digital signals in a form that can
pass through a transmission medium.
● Communication Channel - It is the physical path that connects the sender and the receiver. It is
used to transmit data. It is also called Medium. The channel can be a copper wire, a fiber optic
cable, microwaves etc
● Receiving Equipment - The decoder is a device that converts the encoded signals into digital
form. The receiver can understand the digital form of message.
● Receiver - Receiver is a device that receives the message. It is also called a sink. It must be
capable of accepting the message.
Types of Computer Network
● The Network allows computers to connect and share resources with other devices through a
medium. Based on the area coverage, there are three types of computer networks.
● LAN - Local Area Network
● MAN - Metropolitan Area Network
● WAN - Wide Area Network
● Local Area Network
● LAN is a computer network covering a small geographical area and is privately owned. The
Communication medium used for LAN has twisted pair cables and coaxial cables. LAN offers
high-speed communications data rates up to . The fault tolerance of a LAN is more, and
congestion is less in this network. LAN can be used for an office building, home, hospital,
schools, etc.
● Metropolitan Area Network
● MAN covers a large geographical area than LAN. It is designed for customers who need a
high-speed connectivity and it is usually owned by large organizations to interconnect its
various branches across a city. The fault tolerance of a MAN is less and congestion in the
network is more. Modem and Wire/Cable are used as transmission devices. It may serve as an
Internet Service Provider (ISP).
● Wide Area Network
● WAN covers the large geographical area and it might be restricted within the bounds of a state
or country. It could be a connection of LAN connecting to other LAN through telephone lines
and radio waves. The technology is high speed and relatively expensive.
● The Speed of WAN ranges from few kilobits per second (Kbps) to megabits per second
(Mbps). Public packet networks, Large corporate networks, Military networks, Banking
networks, Stock brokerage networks, and Airline reservation networks are constructed by
WAN.
Other types
● Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) - WLAN is a wireless network communication over
short distances. This distribution method uses high-frequency radio waves and often include
an access point to the Internet. It is also called Local Area Wireless Network (LAWN).
● Example - A mobile user can connect to LAN via wireless connection.
● Storage Area Network (SAN) - SAN is a high-speed special-purpose network. It supports data
storage, retrieval, and sharing of data, multiple disk arrays, data migration from one storage
device to another and uses Fibre Channel interconnection technology.
● Campus Area Network (CAN) - CAN is a computer network of interconnected local area
networks. It is larger than a LAN but smaller than MAN or WAN. It can also stand for
Corporate Area Network.
● Example - Massachusetts Institute of Technology's (MIT) Project Athena has CAN network.
● Personal Area Network (PAN) - PAN refers to the interconnection of telecommunications
devices or gadgets such as a laptop, mobile phones, printers etc around an individual person. It
can cover a network range of 30 feet (approximately ). It can be constructed by using cables
or it may be wireless.
● Wireless Personal Network (WPAN) - WPAN is a type of personal area network. It uses
wireless communication to transfer data between the connected devices of the user. It is also
known as short wireless distance network.
Network Architecture
● It is the physical and logical design which denotes to the software, hardware, protocols and the
media of transmission of data. Peer-to-Peer (P2P) and Client/Server or tiered are the two types
of widely used network architecture.
● Peer-to-Peer Architecture - Tasks are allocated to all the devices of the network. There is no
hierarchy among the computers and all of them are considered equal. All computer can able to
use resources available on this network. This is also known as a distributed architecture. It
doesn't use a server that controls network activity. Peer-to-peer is mostly used for file sharing.
● Client/Server Architecture - The server acts as a hub in which other computers (clients) are
connected. The server manages and provides resources to any client that requests them.
Other Terms used in networks
● Protocol - Protocol is a set of guidelines for exchanging data over a computer network, such as
local area network, Internet, Intranet, etc.
● Ethernet - Ethernet is the most widely used LAN technology that defines wiring and signalling
standards for the physical layer of TCP/IP. Ethernet was standardized as IEEE 802.3.
● Token Ring - It is a local area network topology where nodes are arranged in a ring topology.
The data passes between nodes on the network until it returns to the source station. A token
ring topology uses a token to ensure that only one node on the line is used at a time to prevent
congestion and collision. The token ring LAN system was standardized as IEEE 802.5.
● Fiber distributed data interface (FDDI) - FDDI is an optical data communication standard used
for long distance networks provides communication with fiber optic lines. This protocol is
based on the token ring protocol.
Network Topology
● A network topology is the arrangement of a network, nodes and connecting lines. The physical
topology and the logical (or signal) topology are the types of network topology.
Physical Topology
● The physical topology refers to the geometric layout of the connected network. Bus Topology,
Ring Topology, Tree Topology, Mesh Topology, Star Topology, and Hybrid Topology are
several forms of Physical Topology.
Bus Topology
● In the Bus topology system, every computer and network are connected by using a single
cable. The cable is known as Bus. It transmits the data from one end to another end only in a
single direction. When it has exactly two endpoints, then it is called Linear Bus topology. A
network that uses a bus topology is referred to as a bus network. Bus networks were the
original form of an Ethernet network. Ring Topology
● In ring Topology, network nodes are connected in a closed loop configuration. Each node has
directly connected with its adjacent node on both sides. The Others are indirectly connected
and the data passing through one or more intermediate nodes.
● Dual Ring Topology - When the transmission is bidirectional by having two connections
between each network node, it is called Dual Ring Topology. It is a network redundant
topology where nodes are connected using two concentric rings with four branches. If one ring
fails, the second ring can act as a backup, to keep the network up. Tree Topology
● In Tree Topology network, two or more-star networks connected with a root node and all other
nodes are connected to it forming a hierarchy. It is also called hierarchical topology. It should
at least have three levels to the hierarchy. This type of topology used in Wide Area Network.
Tree topology is valued for its scalability and accessibility for troubleshooting.
Star Topology
● In a star topology, all the nodes are connected to a single hub through a cable. This hub is the
central node. The data can send from one node to another through the hub. Hub acts as a
repeater for data flow. It can be used with twisted pair, Optical Fibre or coaxial cable.
Mesh Topology
● In Mesh Topology, every node carries traffic only between the two nodes it connects
(point-to-point connection). Mesh has physical channels to link devices.
● Example - Each telephone regional office needs to be connected to every other regional office.
● There are two techniques to transmit data over the Mesh topology. They are Routing,
Flooding.
● Routing - The nodes have a routing logic to direct the data to reach the designation using the
shortest distance.
● Flooding - The data is transmitted to all the nodes in the network, hence no routing is
required.
● Types of Mesh Topology
● Partial Mesh Topology - In this topology, some of the nodes are connected to all nodes and
some nodes are connected only to some nodes.
● Full Mesh Topology - Every node is connected to each other.
● Hybrid Topology
● It is a group of two or more topologies. It is a scalable topology and it can be expanded easily.
It is reliable.
Logical/Signal Topology
● Logical Topology denotes how the signals transmitted from node to node across the system.
Broadcast and Token Passing are the two types of Logical topology.
● In Broadcast, there is no need for instructions. Ethernet is working in Broadcast transmission.
● In Token Passing, electronic token is passed to each node. When a token is received by the
node, the node can send data on the network. Token Ring and Fibre Distributed Data Interface
(FDDI) are using Token Passing. Arc net is token passing on a bus topology.

1. Bluetooth is an example of which of the following Networks? (NABARD)

(1) MAN
(2) PAN
(3) WPAN
(4) Both (1) & (2)
(5) Both (1) & (3)

2. Each telephone regional office needs to be connected to every other regional office. This is an
example of which of the following topology? (RRB PO)
(1) Bus Topology
(2) Tree Topology
(3) Star Topology
(4) Ring Topology
(5) Mesh Topology
Answer keys
1. (2)
2. (5)
Solutions
1. A Personal Area Network or PAN is a computer Network that enables communication
between computer devices near a person. PANs can be wired, such as USB or FireWire or they
can be wireless such as Infrared, ZigBee, Bluetooth and Ultrawideband or UWB. The range of
a PAN typically is a few metres.
2. Examples of Wireless PAN or WPAN devices include cell phones, wireless keyboards,
wireless mice, printers, bar code scanners and game consoles.
3. In Mesh Topology, every node has carries traffic only between the two nodes it connects
(point-topoint connection). Mesh has physical channels to link devices.
4. There are two techniques to transmit data over the Mesh topology. They are Routing,
Flooding. Example of Mesh Topology - Each telephone regional office needs to be connected
to every other regional office.
Open System Interconnection Model (OSI Model)
● The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model is an intangible and logical arrangement that
describes network communication between two systems by using different layer protocols.
The OSI model developed by the International Standards Organization (ISO). It has seven
layers to transmit data from one to another.
Layers in The OSI Model
Physical Layer (Layer 1)
● It is the lowest layer in the OSI model. It deals with the bit-level transmission between the
devices. It supports mechanical and electrical specifications of the interface and transmission
medium. Hub, Repeater, Modem, Cables are Physical Layer devices. The data unit of this
layer is Bit. It converts the signal into 0 s and and sends them to the next layer. Simplex,
half-duplex and full-duplex are the transmission modes for this layer.
● Protocols used - ATM, RS232, and Ethernet.
Data Link Layer
● It is used for the encoding, decoding and logical organization of data bits. It makes the
physical layer appear error-free. It converts the bits into the frames depending on the frame
size of Network Interface Card (NIC). Switch and Bridge is Data Link Layer devices. HDLC,
LSL, and ATM are the implemented protocols on this layer. It has two sub-layers. Media
Access Control (MAC) - It is responsible to the physical address of the sender and/or receiver
in the header of each frame. CSMA/CD, Ethernet are used as protocol.
● Logical Link Control (LLC) - It is responsible for frame management, error checking, and
flow control of data.
Network Layer
● This network provides the shortest path for transmitting data for network communication to
avoid congestion. Data is transmitted in the form of packets through the logical network path.
The IP address of the sender/receiver is placed in the header. Routers are used as networking
devices. The IPX and TCP/IP are the implemented protocols on this layer. Routing and
Logical Addressing are the functions of this layer.
● Routing - Finding the shortest path for data transmission.
● Logical Addressing - Placing the IP address of the sender/receiver in the header.
● Physical Layer, Data Link Layer, and Network Layer are also known as Hardware Layer.
Transport Layer
● This layer is called as Heart of OSI model. It is responsible for end-to-end network
communication, flow control of data, error recovery and reliability and quality of data. The
data in the transport layer is referred to as Segments. It is operated by the Operating System.
SPX, TCP/IP's, DNS are examples of implemented protocols on this layer.
Session Layer
● This layer is responsible for the establishment of the connection, maintenance of sessions,
synchronization and ensures security. It allows adding checkpoints (synchronization points)
into the data to identify the error. This layer is the network dialog controller which allows two
systems into the dialog in either half duplex or full duplex mode. RPC, PPTP, SCP, SDP are
some protocols of this layer.
Presentation Layer
● This layer performs encryption and decryption of data. It gives the data in a readable format
from an application layer perspective. It reduces the number of bits that need to be transmitted
on the network. It offers liberty from compatibility troubles. It is called the Translation layer
and Syntax layer.
● Example - ASCII code to EBCDIC coded text file.
Application Layer
● This layer focuses on process-to-process communication across an IP network and provides a
firm communication interface and end-user services. It supports services such as electronic
mail, remote file access, and transfer, shared database management, Web chat and surfing,
Directory services and Network Virtual Terminal. HTTP, FTP, Telnet, SMTP, and DNS have
used protocols of this layer. It is also called as Desktop Layer.
● Session Layer, Presentation Layer, and Application layer are also known as Upper Layers or
Software Layers.
● OSI Model
● TCP/IP Model
TCP/IP Model
● TCP model is a tangible, client-server model. It is one of the most used protocols in digital
network communications. It has only four layers in a data communication network.
● Host-to-Network Layer - In this layer, the host has connected to the network using the
protocol to send IP packets. Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, X.25, Frame Relay are used.
● Internet Layer - It transfers the Internet Protocol packets (IP datagrams) to the destination. IP,
ICMP, ARP, RARP, and IGMP have used protocols. Transport Layer - It is like as transport
layer in the OSI model. Two end-to-end transport protocols are used. Transmission Control
Protocol (TCP) and Use Datagram Protocol (UDP).
● Application Layer - It contains high-level protocols. TELNET, FTP, SMTP, DNS, HTTP,
NNTP, DHCP are used.
Data Transmission Modes
● Data Transmission modes refer to the way of transferring the information or data between two
connected devices. Three types of transmission modes are:
Simplex Mode
Half Duplex Mode
Full Duplex Mode

● Simplex Mode - In this type, the data can be transferred in only one direction. The only one
can transmit and the other can receive the data.
● Example - Keyboard (Input) and Monitor (output), Loud Speaker, Television, Fire alarm
system etc. Half Duplex Mode - In this type, the data can be transferred in both directions, but
not at the same time. Example - Walkie-talkie
● Full Duplex Mode - In this type, the data can be transferred in both direction on the same
transmission path. Two lines are used for sending and receiving the data.
● Example - Telephone network
Data Transmission Media
● Data or information is transferred to one place from another through the physical/wireless
media which is known as Transmission Media. Guided Media and Unguided Media are two
types of Transmission Media.
Guided Media/Bounded Media
● The signals are transmitted through the narrow path which made by physical links. Twisted
Pair cable, Coaxial Cable and Fibre-Optic Cable are the types of Bounded Media.
Twisted-pair and coaxial cable accept signals in the form of electric current. Optical fibre
accepts signals in the form of light.
Unguided/Unbounded Media
● The signals are transmitted without using any cables. This type of transmission is known as
wireless communication. Radio waves, Infrared, Micro waves are some popular type of
unbound transmission media.
● Microwave - Mobile phone, Satellite networks, Wireless LANs.
● Radio Wave - Radio, Television and Paging system
● Infrared - Short range communication (TV remote control, IRD port etc)
Network Devices
● Hub - Hub is a networking device which connects multiple network hosts. It is used to transfer
data. The hub sends data packets (frames) to all devices on a network. Active Hub (Repeaters)
and Passive Hub are two categories of Hub.
● Switch - Switch is a small hardware device that works at the layer of LAN (Local Area
Network). It receives incoming data packets, filters the packet and sends only to the interface
of the intended receiver. It maintains a CAM (Content Addressable Memory) table and has
own system configuration and memory. CAM table is also known as forwarding table or
forwarding information base (FIB).
● Modem (Modulator-Demodulator) - It is a hardware component that allows a computer to
connect to the Internet. It converts analog signal to digital signal.
● Router - It is a hardware device which is responsible for routing traffic from one to another
network. It is designed to receive, convert and move packets to another network.
● Bridge - Bridge is a network device that connects a local area network to another local area
network that uses the same protocol.
● Gateway - A gateway is a network node that connects two dissimilar networks using different
protocols together.
● Repeater - It is an electronic device that magnifies the signal it receives. It is implemented in
computer networks to expand the coverage area of the network. It is also known as signal
boosters.
● Firewall - A firewall is a network security system that monitors and controls overall incoming
and outgoing network traffic based on advanced and a defined set of security rules.
Internet
● It is the global computer network providing a variety of information and communication
facilities, consisting of interconnected networks using standardized communication protocols
(TCP/ IP).
● ARPANET was the world's first fully operational packet switching computer network,
developed by the Advanced Research Projects Agency of the U.S. Department of Defense in
1969. It connected with only four computers. ARPANET adopted TCP/IP in 1983 and the
"network of networks" became the modern Internet.
● World Wide Web - WWW is one of the services interconnected over the internet. It is a
collection of all information, resources, pictures, sounds, multimedia on the internet which is
formatted in HTML and accessed through HTTP.
● Web Server - A web server stores, processes and delivers web pages to the users. The
intercommunication between users and servers is done using Hypertext Transfer Protocol
(HTTP).
● Web Page - It is a document was written in HTML that can be accessed through the internet
by using the web browser. It is identified by Uniform Resource Locator.
● Web Browser - It is a software application that allows users to access the websites. Internet
Explorer, Google Chrome, Opera, Mozilla Firefox, UC Browser, Apple Safari are some
examples of a web browser. Home Page - Homepage is the default page of the website.
● Hypertext Mark-up Language (HTML) - HTML is used to create web pages that are displayed
on the Internet.
● Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) - This protocol is used to transfer data over the web. It
runs on top of the TCP/IP set of protocols. It uses a server-client model.
● Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) - It is a set of communication
protocols which is used to access the internet. TCP/IP was developed by Bob Kahn and Vint
Cerf in 1978.
● Internet Host - Host is a computer or application which is used to transfer the data on the
internet. Each host has a unique IP address called Hostname.
● Internet Protocol Address (IP Address) - It is a logical numeric address that is used to identify
the host over the internet network.
● The stable version of IP - IPV4 (32 bits). It is written in decimal and separated by periods.
● Latest Version of IP - IPv6 (128 bits). It is written in Hexadecimal and separated by colons.
● Uniform Resource Locator (URL) - A uniform resource locator (URL) is used to locate the
address of a resource and protocol.
● Domain Name - A domain name serves as an address which is used to access the website. It
can be universally understood by Web servers and online organizations.
● Top Level Domains are following.
Domain Name Description
.co Commercial
m
.net Network-oriented
.org Non-Profit
Organization
.edu Education
.gov Government
.mil Military
.int International
Treaties

● Domain Name System (DNS) - DNS translates domain names into IP addresses. It has a large
database of domain names and its IP addresses.
● Uploading - It refers to the transmission of data or files from the computer to the internet
server.
● Uploaded file can be retrieved by anyone.
● Downloading - It is the process of copying files from the internet to the user's computer.
● Email - Electronic mail is the transmission of messages over the internet. In an email, the user
can attach documents, pictures, videos etc.
● Carbon copy (CC) - It is used to share e-mail with one or more recipients. Both the main
recipients and other (CC) recipients can see all the mail addresses. Blind Carbon Copy (BCC)
- In this, the recipients of the message and other recipients cannot see the persons who all
receive the e-mail.

1. Which of the following is NOT an Internet Browser? (RRB Assistant)

(1) Safari
(2) Opera
(3) Chromium
(4) Ruby
(5) Brave
2. The Internet is a system of .(RBI Asst. Mains)
(1) Computer Networks
(2) Data Buses
(3) Servers
(4) WAN wires
(5) None of these
3. What is Window Explorer? (RBI Asst. Mains)
(1) Web Browser
(2) File Manager
(4) Operating System
(5) Computer Instruction
Answer keys
1. (4)
2. (1)
3. (2)
Solutions
1. Alternatively referred to as a web browser or Internet browser, a browser is a software
program to present and explore content on the World Wide Web. These pieces of content,
including pictures, videos, and web pages, are connected using hyperlinks and classified with
URIs (Uniform Resource Identifiers). Ruby is an interpreted, high-level, general-purpose
programming language. It was designed and developed in the mid-1990s by Yukihiro "Matz"
Matsumoto in Japan.
2. The Internet, sometimes called simply "the Net," is a worldwide system of computer
networks- a network of networks in which users at any one computer can, if they have
permission, get information from any other computer.
It was conceived by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the U.S. government in
1969 and was first known as the ARPAnet. The original aim was to create a network that would
allow users of a research computer at one university to "talk to" research computers at other
universities.
3. Windows Explorer is the file manager used by Windows 95 and later versions. It allows users
to manage files, folders and network connections, as well as search for files and related
components. Windows Explorer has also grown to support new features unrelated to file
management such as playing audio and videos and launching programs, etc. The desktop and
the taskbar also form part of Windows Explorer.
Computer Hacking
● Hacking is an attempt to exploit a computer system or a private network inside a computer. It
is the unauthorized access to or control over computer network security systems for some
illicit purpose. Viruses, Keyloggers, Rootkit, Spoofing attack, Packet Sniffer, Trojan horse,
Password cracking are various of techniques for hacking.
● Computer Virus - A computer virus is a malicious software program loaded onto a user's
computer without the user's knowledge and performs malicious actions. Stuxnet, Petya,
Wanna cry, Code red, Melissa, Sasser, Zeus, Mydoom, Crypto Locker, Flashback are some
example of Viruses.
● The Elk Cloner virus was the first self-replicating computer program to spread on a large
scale. It was created by a 15-year-old Rich Skrenta in 1982. Ryuk, Troldesh are ransomware
family of newly discovered viruses.
● Computer Worm - A computer worm is a malicious, self-replicating software program
(malware) which affects the functions of software and hardware programs. Stuxnet is the most
famous computer worm. Ransomware - Ransomware is a type of malware program that
infects and takes control of a system. It infects a computer with the intention of extorting
money from its owner.
● Botnet - Botnet is a set of networks connected computers/devices that are used for malicious
purposes. Each computer in a botnet is called Bot. It is also known as Zombie.
● Trojan horse - It is a type of malware that presents itself as legitimate software. It may
perform actions on a computer that is genuine but will install malware actions.
● Keylogger - A keylogger is a type of malware that stores all keystrokes of a computer. It can
record all sorts of personal information, such as usernames, passwords, credit card numbers,
and personal documents such as emails and reports.
● Rootkit - A rootkit is a secret computer program designed to provide continued access to a
computer while actively hiding its presence. Rootkits are associated with malware such as
Trojans, worms, viruses.
● Spyware - Spyware is a software that is installed on a computing device without the end user's
knowledge. It steals internet usage data and sensitive information such as usernames and
passwords, activating the microphone or camera on a computer to record physical activity.
● Adware - Adware is unwanted software designed to display advertisements on the computer
screen to generate income. This type of ads cannot be removed easily.
● Phishing - Phishing is a cyber-attack that used to steal user data, including login credentials
and credit card numbers. They use email as a weapon and trick the email recipient into
believing that the message is received from real companies such as banks, Amazon etc to
harvest the recipient's details. Email Phishing, Spear Phishing (targets special
person/organization) are techniques of Phishing.
● Smurfing - It is a type of denial-of-service attack that relies on flooding a network with a large
volume of traffic through the manipulation of IP addresses in that network. This type of attack
can result in a high volume of excess activity, which can overwhelm a server or IT setup.

1. __ is a type of denial-of-service attack that relies on flooding a network with a large volume of
traffic through the manipulation of IP addresses in that network. (RRB PO)
(1) Phishing
(2) Hacking
(3) Smurfing
(4) Churning
(5) Twisting
Answer key
Solution
1. In an IT context, smurfing is a type of denial-of-service attack that relies on flooding a
network with a large volume of traffic through the manipulation of IP addresses in that
network. This type of attack can result in a high volume of excess activity, which can
overwhelm a server or IT setup.
List of Abbreviations
Abbreviation Full Form
ASCII American Standard Code For Information
Interchange
ALU Arithmetic Logic Unit
ALGO Algorithmic Language
L
ARP Address Resolution Protocol
API Application Program Interface
ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode
AI Artificial intelligence
BASIC Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction
Code
BIOS Basic Input Output System
Bit Binary Digit
Blind Carbon Copy
BIU Bus Interface Unit
BIS Business Information System
BPS Bits Per Second
BCR Bar Code Reader
BIPS Billion Instruction Per Second
BRD Blu-Ray Disc
CAD Computer Aided Design
CAM Computer Aided Manufacturing
CADD Computer Aided Design and Drafting
CAN Campus Area Network
Carbon Copy
Compact Disk
CDRO Compact Disk Read Only Memory
M
Compact Disk - Recordable
Compact Disk Rewritable
Compact Disk - Write Once
COBO Common Business Oriented Language
L
CPI Clock / Cycle Per Instruction
CPU Central Processing Unit
CRT Cathode Ray Tube
CASE Computer-Aided Software Engineering
CPS Characters Per Second.
CROM Control Read-Only Memory
DVD Digital Versatile Disk
DVI Digital Visual Interface
DVDR Digital Versatile Disk Recordable

DVDRW Digital Versatile Disk Rewritable

DRAM Dynamic Random-Access Memory

DBMS Data Base Management System
DNS Domain Name System
DHTML Dynamics Hyper Text Mark-up Language
DPI Dots Per Inch
DVR Digital Video Recorder
DOS Disk Operating System
DTP Desk-Top Publishing
EDP Electronic Data Processing
EDSAC Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator
EEPRO Electronically Erasable Programmable Read Only
M Memory
EFS Encrypted File System
ENIAC Electronics Numerical Integrator And Calculator
EPROM Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
EROM Erasable Read Only Memory
ESDI Enhanced Small Device Interface
FORTR Formula Translation
AN
FTP File Transfer Protocol
FDD Floppy Disk Drive
FDC Floppy Disk Controller
FPS Frames Per Second
FLOPS Floating Point Operations Per Second
FAT File Allocation Table
FAX Far Away Xerox/ facsimile
GDI Graphical Device Interface
GIF Graphic Interchangeable Format
GIS Geographic Information System
GML Geography Mark-up Language
GPRS General Packet Radio Service
GUI Graphical User Interface
GSM Global System for Mobile Communication
HTTP Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
HTTPS Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure
HTML Hyper Text Mark-up Language
HVD Holographic Versatile Disc
HD Hard Disk
HDD Hard Disk Drive

PCB Printed Circuit Board

PIN Personal Identification Number

POS Point Of Sale
PPP Point-to-Point Protocol
PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network
POST Power On Self Test
PING Packet Internet Gopher
PSU Power Supply Unit
RAM Random Access Memory
ROM Read Only Memory
RIP Routing Information Protocol
RPM Revolutions Per Minute
RDMS Relational Data Base Management
System
RARP Reverse Address Resolution Protocol
SAN Storage Area Network
SDRA Synchronous Dynamic Random Access
M Memory
SIM Subscriber Identity Module
SIMM Single In-line Memory Module
SIU Serial Interface Unit
SMPS Switch Mode Power Supply
SMS Short Message Service
SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
SNAP Sub Network Access Protocol
SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol
SQL Structured Query Language
SRAM Static Random Access Memory
TCP Transmission Control Protocol
TBPS Tera Bytes Per Second
TIPS Trillion Instruction Per Second
UNIA Universal Automatic Computer
C
UPS Uninterruptible Power Supply
URL Uniform Resource Locator
USB Universal Serial Bus
ULSI Ultra Large-Scale Integration
VAN Value Added Network
VGA Video Graphics Array
VDU Visual Display Unit
VIRU Vital Information Resource Under Seized
S
VCD Video Compact Disk

VGA Video Graphics Array

VOIP Voice Over Internet Protocol
VPN Virtual Private Network
WAN Wide Area Network
WAP Wireless Application Protocol
WIFI Wireless fidelity
WMV Windows Media Video
WPM Words Per Minute
WOR Write Once Read Many
M
XML Extensible Mark-up Language
XMF Extensible Music File
XHTM Extensible Hyper Text Mark-up
L Language

1. What is the Full form of SMTP in Computer aspects? (RRB Assistant)

(1) Switched Mail Transmitting Protocol
(2) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
(3) Standard Message Transfer Protocol
(4) Simple Message Telegramming Protocol
(5) Switched Mode Technology Protocol
2. What does JAR stand for? (RBI Asst. Mains)
(1) Jumper
(2) Java Application Resource
(3) Java Arsenal
(4) Java Virtual Machine
(5) Java Archive
Answer keys
1. (2) 2. (5)
135. Solutions
1. SMTP stands for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. SMTP is a set of communication guidelines
that allow software to transmit an electronic mail over the internet is called Simple Mail
Transfer Protocol. It is a program used for sending messages to other computer users based on
e-mail addresses.
2. JAR stands for "Java ARchive". A JAR file is a zip-file which contains a couple of class files
and a text file containing some meta information. JAR files can be used to bundle a Java
library containing many classes into a single file or to bundle a Java application into a
so-called executable JAR file.