MID-1 LP LAB RECORD

1.Basic Linux Commands File handling utilities, Security by file permissions, Process utilities, Disk
utilities, sed, awk, grep.

File handling Commands: : cat ,touch ,rm, mv, vi, chmod, cp, mkdir, cd, ls , find ,chown ,chgrp

Process utilities: ps , who, who am i , top

Disk Utilities: df , du

Filters: head, tail, cut, paste, sort, tr, wc, cmp

Grep command

Sed command

Awk

Basic Linux Commands Guide

1. File Handling Commands

- cat: Concatenate and display file contents.

Usage: `cat filename`

- touch: Create an empty file or update the modification timestamp.

Usage: `touch filename`

- rm: Remove files or directories.

Usage: `rm filename` or `rm -r directory`

- mv: Move or rename files.

Usage: `mv oldname newname` or `mv filename directory`

- vi: Open the Vi editor to edit text files.

Usage: `vi filename`

- chmod: Change file permissions.

Usage: `chmod 755 filename`

- cp: Copy files or directories.

Usage: `cp source destination`

- mkdir: Create a new directory.

Usage: `mkdir directory_name`

- cd: Change directory.

Usage: `cd directory_name`

- ls: List files and directories.

Usage: `ls -l` (long format)

- find: Search for files and directories.

Usage: `find /path -name filename`

- chown: Change file owner.

Usage: `chown user:group filename`

- chgrp: Change file group ownership.

Usage: `chgrp group filename`

2. Process Utilities

- ps: Display current active processes.

Usage: `ps aux`

- who: Show who is logged in.

Usage: `who`

- who am i: Show details of the current session.

Usage: `who am i`

- top: Real-time display of system processes.

Usage: `top`

3. Disk Utilities

- df: Show disk space usage.

Usage: `df -h`

- du: Estimate file or directory space usage.

Usage: `du -sh directory_name`

4. Filters

- head: Display the first lines of a file.

Usage: `head filename`

- tail: Display the last lines of a file.

Usage: `tail filename`

- cut: Extract sections of a file.

Usage: `cut -d':' -f1 filename`

- paste: Merge lines of files.

Usage: `paste file1 file2`

- sort: Sort lines in text files.

Usage: `sort filename`

- tr: Translate characters.

Usage: `tr 'a-z' 'A-Z' < filename`

- wc: Count words, lines, or bytes.

Usage: `wc filename`

- cmp: Compare two files.

Usage: `cmp file1 file2`

5. Grep Command

- grep: Search for a specific pattern in files.

Usage: `grep 'pattern' filename`

6. Sed Command

- sed: Stream editor for filtering and transforming text.

Usage: `sed 's/old/new/g' filename`

7. Awk Command

- awk: Pattern scanning and processing language.

Usage: `awk '{print $1}' filename`

2. Write a shell script that accepts a file name, starting and ending line numbers as arguments and
displays all the lines between the given line numbers.

Program

echo "enter file name"

read f
echo 'enter starting position'
read st
echo 'enter ending position'
read end
echo 'The lines between' $st 'and' $end 'from' $f
if [ $st -lt $end ]
then
n1=`expr $st + 1`
n2=`expr $end - 1`
sed -n "$n1,$n2 p" $f
elif [ $st -gt $end ]
then
n3=`expr $st - 1`
n4=`expr $end + 1`
sed -n "$n4,$n3 p" $f
fi

OUTPUT:

1.save the file with .sh extension.

2.Using chmod command give the permission to execute the file .
3. type to see the output
sh filename.sh or ./filename.sh

3.Write a shell script that deletes all lines containing a specified word in one or more files supplied
as arguments to it.
echo 'enter a word to be deleted'
read word
echo 'enter file name'
read fname
echo 'lines in' $fname 'after deleting the word' $word ':'
sed "/$word/d" $fname

(or)

if [ $# -eq 0 ]
then
echo "Please enter one or more filenames as argument"
exit
fi
echo "Enter the word to be searched in files"
read word
for file in $*
do
sed "/$word/d" $file | tee tmp
mv tmp $file
done

4.Write a shell script that displays a list of all the files in the current directory to which the user has
read, write and execute permissions.
for i in *
do
if [ -r $i -a -w $i -a -x $i ]
then
echo $i
fi
done

6.Write a shell script that receives any number of file names as arguments checks if every
argument supplied is a file or directory and reports accordingly. Whenever the argument is a file,
the number of lines on it is also reported.
for fname in $*
do
if [ -f $fname ]
then
echo $fname 'is a file'
echo 'no.of lines in' $fname ':'
wc -l $fname
elif [ -d $fname ]
then
echo $fname 'is a directory'
else
echo 'Does not exist'
fi
done

7.Write the following Shell scripts :

a.Write a shell script that accepts a file names as its arguments, counts and reports the occurrence
of each word that is present in the file argument file in other argument files.

shell.sh

if [ $# -lt 2 ]; then
echo "Usage: $0 source_file target_file1 [target_file2 ...]"
exit 1
fi
source_file=$1
shift
if [ ! -f "$source_file" ]; then
echo "Source file '$source_file' does not exist."
exit 1
fi
for word in $(tr -s '[:space:]' '\n' < "$source_file"); do
total_count=0
for target_file in "$@"; do

if [ ! -f "$target_file" ]; then
echo "Target file '$target_file' does not exist."
continue
fi
count=$(grep -oiw "$word" "$target_file" | wc -l)
total_count=$((total_count + count))
done
if [ $total_count -gt 0 ]; then
echo "Word '$word' found $total_count times in the target files."
else
echo "Word '$word' not found in any target files."
fi
done

file1.txt

apple
banana
orange

file2.txt

apple orange apple

banana orange banana

file3.txt

apple apple banana

orange orange

b.To list all of the directory files in a directory.

echo 'enter a directory name'

read dname
echo 'The list of directory files in the directory' $dname 'are'
cd $dname
ls -l | grep '^d'

c.Write a shell script to find factorial of a given number.

echo "enter n"

read n
i=1
fact=1
while [ $i -le $n ]
do
fact=`expr $fact \* $i`
i=`expr $i + 1`
done
echo 'The factorial of' $n 'is' $fact

8.a write an awk script to count number of lines in a file that does not contain vowels

file1.txt
hi
how r u
this
is
hello
bajj
dfdf
hhhh
rrrr
ttt

word.awk

!/[aeiouAEIOU]/ {
count++
}
END {
print count
}

output:

8.b write an awk script to find the no of characters ,words and lines in a file

file2.txt
hi how r u
this is hw

word2.awk
{
char_count += length($0)
word_count += NF
line_count++
}
END {
print "Lines:", line_count
print "Words:", word_count
print "Characters:", char_count
}