CHAPTER 1

OPERATING SYSTEM

Q. MCQ :-

1) C++ is not an Operating System .

2) Linux is a free Software.

3) Time require to move R/W head to particular track is called Seek Time.

4) Excited is not Process state in OS.

5) UNIX is an Operating System.

6) Context Switching is the term related to Process Management.

7) In a Memory Management,Where the part of process image is in main memory and other
part is on disk, is known as Virtual Memory Management.

8) Turning attention of CPU from one process to another is called Context Switching.

9) If the Page Size for 2MB main memory is 2KB.Then, the number of higher order bits of
address bus used to denote page number is 10.

10) Terminate a process is a system call available in Process Management.

Q. What is an Operating System ? State different types of an Operating System.

Ans :-

1. Diagram
2. An Operating System is a program which acts as an interface between user of a
computer and the computer hardware.
3. The purpose of an Operating system is to provide an environment in which user can
execute their program.
4. Thus, Primary goal of an Operating System is to make the system convenient to use.
5. A Secondary Goal is to use the computer Hardware in an efficient manner.
6. An Operating System is roughly divided into four parts :
 Hardware
 Operating System
 Application Program
 User of a Computer
7. Computer Hardware is at innermost level and User is at Outermost level.User can
interact with Compute hardware through Application Program and Operating
System.
8. Operating System works as a resource allocator.
9. An Operating System can be viewed as a control program.It controls the execution of
user program and prevent it from errors and improper use of computer.
10. Operating System makes a provision of security and confidentiality of information.It
keeps the track of all files and all sectors allocated to them.It also keeps the track of
free sector for new file.
11. Operating System eliminates the duplicate effort in development of routine.

Different OS :-

1. Microsoft Windows
2. UNIX
3. LINUX
4. Android

Q.) What are the different Services provided by Operating System ?

Ans :-

An Operating System provides three major categories of a services to programs :

i) Information Management ( IM )
ii) Process Management (PM )
iii) Memory Management ( MM )

i) Information Management :-
Information management refers to a set of services used for
storing,retrieving,modifying or removing the information. These information in
the terms of Files and Directories.
Some System Calls related to IM :-
i) Create a File
ii) Create a Directory
iii) Open a File
iv) Close a File
v) Read Data from File to Buffer
vi) Write data from Buffer to File
vii) Move the File Pointer
viii) Read and return File Status
ix) Create a link
x) Change the Working Directory.
ii) Process Management ( PM ) :-
In multi-user Operating System, number of process running at a time.But,A
Computer has only one CPU and it execute only one process ( Program )
at a time. In such a case, The Operating system keeps the track of all
process,it schedule all the processes and execute it one after the other. But
while doing so,it gives an impression to the user that he has full control of
the CPU.
Some System Calls related to PM :-
i) Create a Child process identical to parent.
ii) Wait for a process to terminate.
iii) Change the priority of process
iv) Block a process
v) Ready a process
vi) Dispatch a process
vii) Terminate a process
viii) Suspend a process
ix) Resume a process
x) Delay a process
iii) Memory Management ( MM ):-
Memory Management service of Operating System keeps the track of memory
allocated to different process. It also keeps the tracks of all free memory space
and create free list.Before a new program is load into memory,The MM Consult
this free list,and allocate the memory to process and updates free list.
Some System calls related to MM :
i) Allocate achunk of memory to process.
ii) Free Chunk of memory from process.

Q) Explain any four features of Windows-98 Operating System .

Ans :-

Windows 98 was developed by Microsoft Corp. It is the upgraded version of

Windows 95. Some features of Windows 98 Operating System are as follows :

1. Easy to Use :
Windows 98 is a single user multitasking Operating system.Navigating around
a computer is easier in Windows 98.You can open a file in Single Click.You
can use Multiple monitor with Single CPU.Installation of new hardware is easy
as it use USB system which allow you to plug in new hadware and use it
without restarting the computer.With Windows 98 you can use Web
Camera,Printer and scanner.
2. Faster :
By Using the Maintainance wizard,the computer speed and efficiency can be
improved.Windows 98 uses FAT32 file system to store files more efficiently .
3. More Entertaining :
Windows 98 supports DVD and Digital audio. You can play high quality
movies,Video and audio on computer.You can play Games and also view
television broadcast on computer.
4. True Web Integration :

The Connection of Web is simple.Web pages can be viewed in any

window.You can make your web page favourite.In Microsoft Outlook express
you can send and receive e-mails.The Conferences can be arranged.

Q. ) Explain Features of Windows-NT Operating System .

Ans :-

i) Windows-NT is a multiuser, multitasking and multithreading Operating

system.You wil get faster response when multiple processes are running.
Process are scheduled by Operating system by giving a time slice to each
process.
ii) Windows-NT is 32-bit Operating System.
iii) Windows-NT Supports Virtual Memory Management,Symmetric
multiprocessing which allows Windows-NT to schedule various tasks at a time.
iv) Windows-NT uses NTFS ( New Technology File System ) to organize files. In
NTFS,File names can be 256 character long.NTFS Provides fault
tolerance,security and supports large files.
v) Windows-NT Supports File transfer,E-mail services and resource sharing over
network.Windows NT can interact with all networking system like Novell’s
Netware,Sun Microsystem’s NFS,etc.

Q. ) Explain Features of LINUX Operating System .

Ans :-

Features of LINUX Operating System :-

i) Linux is multiuser,multitasking Operating System with full set of UNIX

compatible tools.
ii) LINUX runs on wide variety of platform.It was developed on PC architecture.
iii) It Provides as much as functionality on limited resources.
iv) Linux is Open Source Software means user can access the source code and
have a right to modify it.
v) Linux provides standard interfaces to both programmer and user.
vi) Linux supports wide base applications.
vii) Linux is free software,You can easily download it , modify it or distribute it.
viii) The file system in Linux obeys Unix semantics.
ix) The memory management system uses page sharing and cop-on-write to
minimize duplication of data shared by different processes. Page are loaded
on demand when they are referenced first.
Q.) What is File System ? Explain types of Files System used in OS .

Ans :-

File System is a method of storing and organizing files and data in proper manner so
that it can be access very easily later.

There are two file system in OS :

i) Tape Based File System

ii) Disk Based File System

i) Tape Based File System :-

Tape Based File System are simple but inefficient.In this File system,Files are
store onto reels of. Physical tapes. Physical tapes are large but most of files are
small.So many files are stored on single tape.Each tae will have its own directory.
In Tape Based File System, Finding a file on tape is time consuming.Another
problem with this system is that if file is modify, it requires copying the entire
tape again.Tapes are used for data transfer between machines or for backup.
It can read or write block sequentially.

ii) Disk Based File System :-

The problem with Tape Based file system resolved in Disk Based File
System.In Disk Based System, Disk is used. Each disk has two surfaces. A disk
is divided into circular tracks.The number of tracks varies from one drive to
another.Each track is further divided into sectors. A sector is smallest unit of
information which can be read from disk or write into disk.To access the
information ,we must specify the surface,Tack and sector.In this File System ,
Any Block can be read or write randomly.

Q. ) Explain the following terms related to Disk Based File System.

Ans :-

i) Tracks and Sectors :-

In Disk Based System, Disk is used. Every disk is made of Concentric Circles
called Tracks.
Each track is divided further into equal size of sectors.A Sector is the smallest unit
of information .
ii) Seek Time :-
The time require for read or write heads to move to the correct track is seek
time.
iii) Rotational Delay or Latency time :
The time require to reach to the particular sector of a track is called rotational
Delay or Seek Time.
We wait for the requested sector to rotate below Read-Write head to access
the information from Particular sector of a track.That required time is called
Rotational delay.
iv) Transmission time :
The time required to activating Particular Read Write Head and read the data
from particular sector is called Transmission time.

Q.) Explain different operation related to File.

Ans :-

Creating a File :-

To Create a File ,Operating System first find the sufficient space for the file in
file system.If it is available then space allocated to that file and new entry made in
directory.The Directory made entry of name of file and location of file.

Writing a File :-
To Write a file,a system call is made for specifying both name of file and
information to be written to the file.Operating system search for the given file name
in
Directory.set the pointer to the current end of file and information write in file.The
write pointer must be updated.
Reading a File :-
To Read a data from file,System call is made for specify the name of file
and where the next block of file should be put in memory.File is searched and
read the data.

Rewind a File :-
The directory is searched for the particular file name and reset the
current file position pointer to the beginning of file.
Delete a File :-
To delete a file.The directory is searched for file name.Having found the
directory entry for the file,release all the space for that file and invalidate the entry.

Q.) Explain user is not allowed to directly interact with the hard disk.

Ans :-

Files are arranged on disk on tracks and sectors of the disk and entry for the each allocated
files is kept in First Track (i.e. Track 0 and Sector 0 )
FAT File system contains the address of track for each file.When user program writes
on disk,The file is automatically managed by Operating System.The user programs are not
allowed directly to write to the sector of disk as writing directly will not append the FAT
System,will result in corruption of file system.

Sometimes track belonging to any file may be overwritten.So user is not allowed to
write directly on disk.

Q.) What is VDU ? Explain the following types of terminal .

VDU means Visual Display Unit or Terminal is a common I/O medium.Terminal

hardware is divided into two parts : Keyboard which is used as Input medium and Video
Screen used as Output medium.

Terminal is of two types :

i) Dumb Terminal
ii) Intelligent Terminal

i) Dumb Terminal :

Dumb Terminal consists of Microprocessor and limited memory.It is responsible for

basic Input and Output.It does no processing on input characters so it is called Dumb
Terminal.

ii. Intelligent Terminal :

Intelligent terminal can carry out some processing on Input and produce Output.It
has more powerful hardware and software.

Q.) What is multiprogramming and context switching in Process Management.

Ans :-

A Single user can not keep either CPU or I/O devices busy at all
time.Multirogramming is an attempt to increase CPU utilization .

The number of process running simultaneously sompeting for CPU is called Degree of
Multiprogramming.

In Multiprogramming, multiple process running simultaneously.

Diagram

Context Switching :-

Turning attention of CPU from one process to another process is called Context
Switching.While Context switching,the memory content of old process are store
somewhere,otherwise restarting this process would be impossible.CPU register and
pointers to memory are stored in specific memory area called as Register Save Area and
then CPU executing another process.

After Sometime, the old process is scheduled again and CPU executes it from where
it had left. Time lost in Context switching should be very low.

Q.) Explain three process state of OS ?

Ans :-

Process is a Program under execution which competes for CPU time and other resources.

Operating System defines basically three process states such as :

i) Ready
ii) Running
iii) Blocked

Ready :-A process which is not waiting for any external events such as an I/O Operation and

which is not running.But it is ready to run is said to be in ready state.

Running :- CPU Can execute only one process at a time. This Process is termed as Running

Process.

Blocked :- When a process is waiting for an External event such as I/O Operation.The
process is said to be in Blocked State.

Q.) Explain the following term related to Process Scheduling :

i) Turnaround time :-

Turnaround time is elapsed time between the time when job or program is
submitted and when it is completed. It should be minimum in process scheduling.

ii. Waiting Time :-It is the time a job spends waiting in a queue to allocate a
resources to it before commencing its execution. The waiting is necessary due to
competition rom other processes.

iii. Terminal Response Time :-

Response time is the time to respond with result to an event. It depends on
degree of multiprogramming.Response time is very important for ONLINE or real
time system.

iv. CPU Utilization :-

CPU Utilization is the fraction of the time that the CPU is busy.If time slice is very
small,then CPU switching from one process to another process more
frequently.Hence CPU will be more utilized.
v. Good Throughput :-
Throughput means result or output,it refers to the total productive work done by
all the user together.

Q.) With reference to Process management,Explain following terms :

When Operating system executing number of process simultaneously at a time. Then

Concept of Priority is more important.

There are three types of Priorities in OS :

i) External Priority
ii) Internal Priority
iii) Purchased Priority
i) External Priority :
The External priority is specified by user externally at the time of initiating a
process.Even during execution it can be changed.If user does not specify
priority,then default priority of process is assigned.
ii) Internal Priority :-
The Internal priority is based on calculation of current state of process.Each
user when firing a process , can be forced to specify the expected time of
execution. Then Operating System set the priority of Process which is highest
for shortest job. Internal Priority is always set by Operating System based on
some algorithm.
iii) Purchased Priority :-
In Purchased Priority , each user pays for time used,normally higher priority
process are charged at higher rate to prevent each user from firing his job at
highest priority known as purchase priority.

Q.) Explain Non-preemptive and preemptive policy .

Ans :- Non-Preemptive :-

A process retain the control of CPU and all allocated resources until it surrenders
control to OS on its own. Even if higher priority process enters the system,running process
can’t give the control to other process.It is not suited for Real-time system.

Preemptive :

A Preemptive policy allows higher priority process to replace currently running

process even if it not requested for any I/O operation or its time slice is over.It require more
context switching.It is well suited for real time system where higher priority process
requires more attention.

Q.) Explain Multiuser and time sharing OS .

Ans :-

Multi-user operating System allows multiple users on different computers to access

same Operating system at a time. These programs are quite complicated and must be able
to properly manage the necessary task require by different user oconneceted to it,Multiuser
operating system differs from single user system on network ,in that each user accessing the
same OS at different machine.

Time Sharing :

Time sharing refers to the allocation of computer resources in time dependent

fashion to run several program simultaneously.CPU time is shared among all the user on
schedule basis is called Time Slice. Each user program is allocated short CPU time one by
one.Time sharing system increases CPU utilization.User execute their process for short time
slice. When time slice is over it switch the CPU from one process to another.

Q.) Explain three functions performed by Memory Management module of OS.

Ans :-

Functions of Memory Management :

i. Memory Management keeps the track of memory allocate and deallocate to

various processes.
ii. To keep the track of all the memory locations,which is free and which is allocated.
iii. To decide memory allocation policy i.e, which process should get how much
memory.
iv. To use various techniques and algorithm to allocate and deallocate memory
locations.

Q.) Draw a memory map of Single user computer.

Ans :-

Diagram

The memory map of Single User Computer consists of Kernel , Command Interpreter ,
Process and free memory.

Kernel of an Operating System provides basic Operating System services .The

Command Interpreter such as Operating System is invoked when the computer is
started.The Operating system program loads into memory and assigns as much memory
as possible.It then sets the instruction pointer and executes the program. The Running
program is known as Process. If the program is terminated then it is removed from
memory. Command Interpreter interprets the Operating System commands.

Q.) What is Partitioning ? State different types of partitioning ?

Ans :-

Partitioning means dividing a main memory into various sections. These sections are
called partitions.Operating System uses Partitioned memory management method to
allow multiprogramming.

Partitioning is of two types :

i) Fixed Partition
ii) Variable Partition

i) Fixed Partition :-
In Fixed Partition, Partitions could be of different sizes . Once decided the size of
partition at the run time it can not be changed.These Partition can be allocated to
the process by Operating System.
For Example, a memory of 32K divided into 4 regions.
Diagram
As job enters the system, they are put in job queue. The job scheduler take into
account the memory requirement for each job and allocated suitable partition to
each job.When job is allocated space,then it competes for CPU time.When a job
terminates,it releases memory and it is available to another job in job queue.
The Fixed partition suffers from the problem of Internal Fragmentation ( i.e,
Wastange of memory space within partition ). It also limits the degree of
multiprogramming and CPU Utilization.
ii) Variable Partition :-
In Variable Partitions, The Number and size of Partition are variable.They are not
defined at the time of System generation.Variable Partition Overcomes the
problem of Fixed Partition.
At any given time,any partition can be free or allocated to some process. Variable
Partition, The Starting address of Partitions are not fixed.Variable partition suffers
from external fragmentation.

Q.) What is Paging ? Explain using example and diagram of page table of logical

memory and Physical memory.

Ans :-
Paging is a Non-Contiguous memory management technique in which Process (
Logical Memory ) is divided into block of the same size called Pages .Similarly, Main
Memory ( Physical Memory ) is also divided into equal sized blocks called Frame. The Size
of the Frame is similar to Page Size so as Page is exactly loaded into Frame and avoid
external fragmentation.Page address is called Logical address and Frame address is called
Physical address.A Data structure called Page Map Table ( PMT ) is used to Keep the track of
the relation between page of process with frame.

The Page size is defined by Hardware. It is typically power of 2. When the program is
executed. Pages of the process is loaded into any available frame.

The Paging model of memory is shown in below fig. :-

Diagram

Every address is generated by CPU is divided into two parts : Page Number ( P ) and Offset (
d)

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Diagram
Q. ) Difference between Paging and Segmentation :

Paging Segmentation
1.Pages are Physical in nature. 1. Segments are logical division of program.
2. Pages are of Equal and fixed Sizes. 2. Segments are of variable Size.
3. Page Map Table translate from user pages 3. The Segment table has a separate entry for
to memory frame. each segment in physical memory and length
of that segment.
4.In Paging,logical memory is divided into 4.In Segmetation,Main Memory is divided
Physical memory into segments.

Q. ) Explain the terms related to Virtual Memory Management.

Ans :-

Virtual Memory is a technique which allows the execution of process which is more than the
amount of memory installed on the System.In this technique, Process may not be completely
in main memory.Some part of it can be in Disk.

Locality of reference :

This is basic principle of Virtual Memory. Locality of reference is a prediction / forecast

whether a page is likely to be reference in near future and hence it can be removed from
memory

Page Fault :

In Many system, When a process is executing with only some pages of process and when an
instruction is encountered which refers to some other page which is outside the memory
then Page fault occurs.When Page Fault occurs , Operating system must bring that required
page into main memory.

Working Set :

At any time, a process has a number of pages in Physical memory. Not all of these actively
referred.

The set of the pages in physical memory actively referred to any moment is called Working
Set.
Page Replacement Policy :-

As the number of Pages get increases, all the page frame may get occupied.At this time, if a
new is to be bought in, the operating System has to overwrite some existing some page in
memory.The Page which is to be replace is chosen by using some Page replacement policy.

Dirty Page / Dirty Bit :-

The Page which is modified after it is loaded into main memory from disk is called as Dirty
Page

The Operating System maintains one bit for each Physical page frame to denote whether a
page has become dirty or not. This bit is referred as Dirty bit.

Demand Paging :-

In Demand Paging, Page is brought in only when it is demanded.When Page fault

occurs,Page has to be loaded in main memory.

Q. )What is GUI ? State the advantages of GUI.

Ans :-

 The interface which replace cryptic command by their graphical representation is

called as Graphical User Interface ( GUI ).
 Windows Operating System is GUI based System.
 To perform an operation , user need to type command.Users were expected to
remember command and its meaning for every operation.
 But in GUI system , Command are replaced by Graphics.So no need to remember
command for the use of system.
 Title Bar , Contro Box , Minimize button,Maximize button,Close Button , Menu bar ,
Scroll bar , Dragging Window and Resizing window are the components of GUI.

Advantages of GUI :-

 With GUI , Commands are replaced by graphics and therefore it is not necessary to
remember command and its meaning.
 With GUI,it is convenient to use the system.
 With GUI, User can run several program simultaneously.
 User can communicate and exchange data between programs without transferring or
copying files.
 By moving a pointer on ICON of application and click on icon,one can open an
application directly.
 GUI applications provide HELP about various features of an Application.If user get
confused at any point, a HELP is readily available to user.
Q.) Explain the following components of GUI.

i) Title Bar :Title Bar is the horizontal ine on the top of an application. It helps to identify the
each windows separately. It displays the name of program.

ii) Menu Bar :- Menu bar consists of different main menus which can be used in program.
The main menus consist of different submenus. A menu can be selected by just Clicking on
it.

iii) Scroll Bar :-Scroll Bar consists of Horizontal as well as Vertical Scroll bar with
slider box and arrow at the end of each box.This allows user to move horizontally
or vertically.
iv) Contro Box : Without using Mouse when we want to change the size of window ,
then contro box is used.Control box can be opened by Pressing ALT key with
Right arrow key.
v) Minimize Button : This Button is used to minimize the program window without
closing it. After clicking Minimize button, the program goes to bottom line and
can resized again.
vi) Maximize / Restore button : The window can be view in full screen by clicking
this square Maximize Button. Now this button is converted into restore
button.When we clickon restore button, Window get restore to its previous size.
vii) Close Button :- When we click on Close Button. Window of that application gets
closed.
viii) Dragging the Window : The Position of window can be changed by dragging it.To
drag a window, Select window by keep pressing the left button of Mouse at any
point on window and move the mouse pointer to new position on screen and now
release left button of mouse.You will find,Window is shifted to new position.
ix) Resizing the Window : Making change in size of window is called resizing the
window.To resize the window,Move the mouse pointer to any side of window and
now Mouse pointer is changed to right left shape arrow. Now press the left button
of mouse and now you can resize the window.

Q.) Explain in brief the following programs of MS-Windows .

Ans :-

Program Manager :-

 The Program Manager starts executing along with MS-Windows.

 This Provides an user interface to start and stop application.
 It is used to organize different applications into different group.
 It also used group contents are controlled and displayed on screen.
 It is also used to end MS-Windows section.
File Manager :-

 This program helps to organize user files and directories.

 Application can be started directly from file Manager.

Control Panel :-

 It is used to control all applications of computer.

 It is used to install or uninstall any application.
 It is used to change background , change display setting ,etc
 Fonts also managed by using Control Panel.
 We can easily configure any Hardware such as Printer,Scanner,etc on computer.

Q.) Define “Security” with respect to OS . Explain different elements of Security.

The term security is defined as :

Secure system will control and access to information that only authorized individual or
process on their behalf will have access to read,write,create or delete.

The elements of Security are :

i. Confidentiality :- Ensuring that information can not be accessed in any

unauthorized manner. i.e., by controlling read operation.
ii. Integrity : Ensuring that information can not be amended or deleted in any
unauthorized manner. i.e., by controlling write operation.
iii. Availability :- Ensuring that information to be available to authorize user at right
time.i.e, by controlling read and delete operations and ensuring fault recovery.

Q. ) Explain in brief any three ways the secure system can be attacked or
penetrated ?

Ans :-

1. Authentication :-
It means Verification of access to system resources by Guessing or stealing
somebody else’s password and then use it or by using vendor supplied password
which can be used only by system administrator,Finding password by trial and error
method or by writing dummy login program to fool user and use that password later
on.
2. Browsing :-
In some system,there exists a files which access controls which are very permissive.
One can browse through system files.Confidential information could be read or even
modified.
3. Trap Doors :-
Sometimes software developer leave some secret entry point to modify their
program. These entry points are called Trap doors. It can be misused by others.

4. Line Tapping :-
A Special terminal is used to tap communication line and It causes access to
confidential data .

Q. ) What is Computer Worms ?

Ans :-

 Computer worm is a complete program by itself.

 It is written in a such a way that it spreads to other computers over network
and it consumes all resource of network.
 A Worm installed typically by opening an E-mail attachment or message that
contain executable script.
 The intention of Computer worm not to harm the system but to engage the
computer resources.
 The worm can be protected by strong security antivirus.

Q.) What is Computer Virus ? List Various types of Viruses.

Ans :-

 The Computer Virus is a program segment written with a clear intention of infecting
other programmer data or files.
 Virus can cause direct harm to system. It can corrupt data and code.

There are several types of Viruses which are as follows :

i. Boot Sector Virus : Virus can enter into system memory if the machine is booted
with an infected floppy or hard disk.
ii. Memory resident Virus : It loads upon the execution of an infected
file.Subsequently, whenever non infected file is executed, Virus infect it.
iii. File Specific Virus : Infection occurs when an infected file is executed. The Virus
then loads its Viral code into memory .In addition to infection, Virus can reboot
the system.
iv. General Purpose Virus : General Purpose virus can infect the exe files.

Q.) What are different methods by which virus can infect the others ?

Ans :-

There are different methods by which Virus can infect other programs :

i. Append : The Viral code append itself to the unaffected program and infect it.
ii. Replace : The Viral Code replaces the original executable program completely or
partially.
iii. Insert : The Viral Code is inserted into body of executable file and carry out
some funny actions.
iv. Delete : Viral code directly deletes some code of infected files.
v. Redirect :The normal control of flow of program is changed to execute some other
code.

Q.) Explain the terms Virus Detection , Virus Removal and Virus Prevention ?

Ans :-

Modes of Operation :-

Virus Detection :-

Virus Detection programs checks for integrity of files. The Program maintains the checksum
for each file. A Mismatch in it indicates Virus.Some program reside in memory and
continuously monitor memory and I/O Operation to detect the Virus.

Virus Removal :

Virus Removal Program scans disk for pattern of known Viruses.On detection it removes
them.Data Recovery is impossible .

Virus Prevention :-

Prevention is best measure. Some safeguard measures to be taken to prevent system from
Viruses such as buy official and legal copies of software from reliable
sources.Free,Unreliable software can not be used , Frequent backup and run monitoring
program also helps prevention.