ON TIPS

NOTES
Note making is a skill that we use in many walks of life : at school, university and in the world of work.
However, accurate note making requires a thorough understanding of concepts. We, at Oswaal, have
tried to encapsulate all the chapters from the given syllabus into the following ON TIPS NOTES. These
notes will not only facilitate a better understanding of concepts, but will also ensure that each and every
concept is taken up and every chapter, is covered in totality. So go ahead and use these to your advantage...
go get the OSWAAL ADVANTAGE !!

Unit-I : Electrostatics
CHAPTER 1 : Electric Charges and Fields
UNITS AND DIMENSIONS
Physical Quantity Symbol Dimension Unit
→
Vector area elements ∆s [L2] m2

→
Electric field E [MLT–3A–1] V/m Or NC–1

Electric flux f [ML3T–3A–1] Vm

→
Dipole moment p [LTA] Cm

Linear Charge density l [L–1TA] Cm–1

Surface Charge density s [L–2TA] Cm–2
Volume Charge density r [L–3TA] Cm–3

IMPORTANT RESULTS AND FORMULAE

1. Charges developed on bodies, when they are rubbed against each other are called as frictional
charges.
2. The charge on a body is expressed as q = ± ne, where n is an integer (i.e., no. of electrons present
on the body) and e is the charge on the electron. Charge is additive in nature & always conserved.
The charge on electron is e– = – 1.6 × 10–19 C and charge on proton is e+ = + 1.6 × 10–19 C.
3. Total positive or negative charge on an object of mass m having mass number A and atomic
number Z, is given as :
mN

q= ×Z
A
Here, N = 6.02 × 1023, Avogadro number.

4. When two charges q and q0 separated by a distance r, the electrostatic force experienced by them
1 qq0
is given as : F = . . This is Coulomb’s law.
4 πε 0 r 2
2 OSWAAL CUET (UG) Sample Question Papers, PHYSICS

1
5. ≅ 9 × 109 Nm2 C–2, ε0 has a value of 8.85 × 10–12 C2/Nm2 and is a natural constant known as
4 πε0
permittivity of free space.
6. The electric field strength due to a point source charge q at an observation point A at a distance r
from the source charge is given by :
→ 1 .q^
E= r.
4 πε 0 r 2
The unit of electric field is NC–1.

→
7. If a test charge q0 is placed at a point where electric field is E , then force on the test charge is
→ →
F = q0 E .

8. The product of the magnitude of the either charge (q) of the dipole and the separation (l) between
the charges is called electric dipole moment (pe), i.e., pe = ql, l = distance (from – q to + q).
9. Electric field due to a short dipole at any point, making angle q with the axial line is given by :
→ →
→ 1 p pe
E= × 3e (1 + 3 cos2 θ)1 2 = 1 + 3 cos2 θ
4 πε 0 r 4 πε o r 3 →
1 2 pe
→
10. For a short dipole, we have r >> l, the electric field on the axial line is E a = . .
4 πε 0 r 3
→
→ 1 pe
11. For a short dipole, we have r >> l, the electric field on the equatorial line is E e = .
4 πε 0 r 3

12. Electric field due to circular loop of charge,

1 qx

E = .
4πε 0 (a 2 +x 2 )3/2
1 q
if x > > a then, E= . 2
4πε 0 x
→ → → → →
A dipole of moment p e in electric field E , experiences a torque given by : τ = p e × E or
13. (a)
t = peEsin q.
The torque is minimum for q = 0° or 180°. i.e, tmin = 0, when q = 0° or 180°. In this position, the
(b)
dipole is said to be in equilibrium.
(c) The equilibrium of the dipole is stable for q = 0° and it is unstable for q = 180°.
(d) The torque is maximum for q = 90°, i.e., we find tmax = peE, when q = 90°.
(e) As q increases from 0° to 180°, t first increases, becomes maximum and then decreases to
zero.
→ →
14. The electrostatic potential energy of a dipole of moment p e in uniform electric field E is :
→ →
Up = – p e . E = – peEcos q
(i) For q = 0° we have Up = – peE.

It is the minimum value of the potential energy and the dipole is in stable equilibrium.
(ii) For q = 90°, we have Up = 0.

The dipole is in unstable equilibrium.
(iii) For q = 180°, we have Up = peE. (Max)

→ →
15. The flux f of electric field E through a small area element ∆s is given by Df = E .∆ s ,
→
where D s is vector area element. S.I. unit of flux is Nm2 C–1 .

On Tips Notes 3
16. Gauss’s Theorem : The total electric flux through a closed surface enclosing a charge is equal to
1/e0 times the charge enclosed.
→ → q
Mathematically, fE =
∫ E .ds = ε 0
.
17. Applications of Gauss’s Theorem

Electric field :
→ λ ^
(a) Due to an infinitely long straight uniformly charged wire ; E = n.
2 πε0 r
→ σ ^
(b) Due to uniformly charged infinite plane sheet ; E = n.
2ε0
IMPORTANT FIGURES

Electric Field Lines :

1. In case of Isolated point charges :

2. In case of a system of two charges :

Equipotential Surfaces due to a Dipole :

CHAPTER 2 : Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance

UNITS AND DIMENSIONS

Physical quantity Symbol Dimension Unit

Electrical Potential V [ML2T–3A–1] V
Capacitance C [M–1L–2T4A2] F
Polarisation density P [L–2AT] Cm–2
Dielectric constant K [Dimensionless]
4 OSWAAL CUET (UG) Sample Question Papers, PHYSICS
IMPORTANT RESULTS AND FORMULAE
1. Electric potential due to a point source charge q at a distance r from it is given by :
1 q
V= ⋅
4 πε 0 r

Unit : 1 V = 1 JC–1

2. The electric field at a point is related to the negative potential gradient as follows :
→
dV
E = − 
 dr 
Unit : Vm–1

lectric potential due to a dipole at a point at distance r and making angle q with the dipole
(i) E
moment pe is given by :
1 p cos θ
V= ⋅ e 2
4 πε 0 r

(ii) On the axial line, the electric potential is given by :

1 pe
Va = ⋅
4 πε 0 r 2

(iii) On the equatorial line, the electric potential is : Ve = 0

3. Electric potential due to an isolated conducting charged sphere of radius R carrying charge Q :
(a) The electric potential at the surface of the sphere and at every point inside the sphere is :
1 Q
V= ⋅
4 πε 0 R

(b) The electric potential at a point outside the sphere is

1 Q
V= ⋅
4 πε 0 r

where r > R is the distance of the point from the centre of the sphere.
1 q1 q2
4. Potential energy of system of two point charges : U = . .
4 πε o r12
5. The ratio of the charge q and potential V of a conductor is called capacitance (C).
q
C=
V

Unit : 1 Farad = 1 coulomb/volt
6. (a)
Electrostatic potential energy of a conductor carrying charge q, capacitance C and potential V,
is given by :
q q
q 1 q2

Up = ∫ Vdq = ∫
0 0
C
dq =
2C

(b) Since, q = VC,

1 2 1
\ Up =
V C ⇒ U p = qV.
2 2
7. If a number of capacitors of capacitances C1, C2, C3 ................... are connected in series, their
equivalent capacitance is given by :
1 1 1 1
= + + + ................
C C1 C 2 C 3

s
On Tips Notes 5
8. If a number of capacitors of capacitances C1, C2, C3 ................ Cn are connected in parallel, then
their equivalent capacitance is given by :

Cp = C1 + C2 + C3 + ............ + Cn
9. Let a parallel plate capacitor consists of two plates of area ‘A’, separated by distance ‘d’, having slab
of same thickness and area with dielectric constant ‘K’ between the plates. Then the capacitance
of the capacitor is given by :
Kε 0 A

C =
d

10. (i) I f we have a number of slabs of same area as the plates of the capacitor with thickness t1, t2,
t3,.... and dielectric constants K1, K2, K3 ...... inserted between the plates, the capacitance of the
capacitor is given by :
ε0 A

C =
t1 t2 t
+ + 3 + .....
K1 K 2 K 3

(ii) I f a single slab of thickness ‘t’ and dielectric constant ‘K’ is introduced between the plates
having separation ‘d’ then the capacitance of the capacitor is given by :
ε0 A Kε0 A

C = =
t (d − t ) K (d − t ) + t
+
K 1

(iii) I f a single slab of conductor of thickness ‘t’ is introduced between the plates, having separation
‘d’ then the capacitance of the capacitors is given by :
ε0 A ε A

C = = 0
t (d − t ) d − t
+
∞ 1

Unit-II : Current Electricity

CHAPTER 3 : Current Electricity
UNITS AND DIMENSIONS
Physical Quantity Symbol Dimension Unit

Electric current I [A] A

Charge Q, q [TA] C

Electric voltage V [ML2T–3A–1] V

Potential difference V [ML2T–3A–1] V

Electromotive force E [ML2T–3A–1] V

Resistance R [ML2T–3A–2] W

Resistivity r [ML3T–3A–2] Wm

Electrical conductivity s [M–1L–3T3A2] (ohm–1m–1) or, Sm–1

6 OSWAAL CUET (UG) Sample Question Papers, PHYSICS

Electric field E [MLT–3A–1] s

Drift velocity vα [LT–1] Am–2

Relaxation time t [T] m2V–1s–1

→
Current density J [L–2A] Vm–1

Mobility m [M–1T2A] ms–1

IMPORTANT RESULTS AND FORMULAE

1. Electric current : Electric current is defined as the rate of flow of charge, i.e.,

dq

I=
dt

When charge flows at a constant rate, the corresponding electric current can be written as :

q

I=
t

Unit : 1 Ampere = 1 coulomb second–1

2. When electric current is set up in a conductor, the electrons drift through the conductor with velocity
vd, which is drift velocity and is given by :

I
vd =
neA

3. Ohm’s law : Current I in a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference V applied
across the ends of the conductor provided the physical conditions such as the temperature,
mechanical strain, etc. remain unchanged.

I∝V

or V = RI

where, R is a constant called resistance of the conductor.

4. Resistance :

l

R= r
A

m
5. Resistivity : r=
ne 2 t
6. Conductivity : Reciprocal of resistivity

1

σ=
r
Unit = ohm–1, or siemens m–1

7. The temperature coefficient for conductors is positive i.e., resistance increases as the temperature
rises.

The temperature coefficient for the insulators and semiconductors is negative i.e., their resistance
decreases as the temperature increases.
On Tips Notes 7
8. The internal resistance of a cell is

E−V

r=  R
 V 
9. Electrical power :

V2

P= = I 2R
R

Unit : Watt

10. The emf and terminal potential difference of a cell : Let the emf of a cell is ‘E’ and its internal
resistance is r. If an external resistance R is connected across the cell through a key, then
IR = V = potential difference across the external resistance R. This is equal to the terminal
potential difference across the cell.

E = V + Ir

E−V
⇒
I=
r

So, V = E – Ir

\
V < E.

When current is drawn from a cell, its terminal potential difference is less than the emf.

11. Series Combination of Cells :

In n cells having internal resistance r and emf E for each.

nE

IS =
R + nr
12. Parallel Combination of Cells :

If n cells having internal resistances r1, r2, r3 ...... rn & of emf E1, E2, E3 ...... En respectively.

E1 E 2 E 3 E
+ + + ..... n
r1 r2 r3 rn

IP =
1 1 1 1
1 + R  + + + ..... 
r r
 1 2 3 r rn 

13. Mixed Combination of Cells :

Here nm cells are combined in m rows, each row having n cells such that

nE mnE

Im = =
nr mR + nr
R+
m
14. Kirchhoff’s Laws :
First law : The algebraic sum of current at a junction is zero i.e., SI = 0. This implies that the total

current entering a junction is equal to the total current leaving the junction.

Second law : In a closed loop, the algebraic sum of the emf's is equal to the algebraic sum of the
product of resistance and the respective current flowing through them i.e.,
SE = SIR.

8 OSWAAL CUET (UG) Sample Question Papers, PHYSICS
15. Wheatstone Bridge : This is a circuit consisting of four resistances P, Q, R and S, a galvanometer
and a battery connected as follows :

K2

The Wheatstone bridge is balanced when there is no current flow through the galvanometer. It
means potential at B is equal to that at D. In such a case
P R
=
Q S
16. Slide Wire Bridge or Meter Bridge : It measures unknown resistance. It works on principle of
Wheatstone bridge.
IMPORTANT FIGURES

Meter Bridge :

E

Potentiometer Setup for Comparison of emf's of two cells :
Resistance
1 Box
E1
3

E2 2
+ A
Battery B
– N1 G

R
Variable N2
C
Resistance
K1

Potentiometer Setup for Evaluation of Internal Resistance of a cell :
K2
RB
+ –
E
Battery
+ A
B
– N1 G

R
Variable
C
Resistance
K1
On Tips Notes 9

Unit-III : Magnetic effects of current and magnetism

CHAPTER 4 : Moving Charges and Magnetism
UNITS AND DIMENSIONS
Physical Quantity Symbol Nature Dimension Units
Permeability of free space µ0 Scalar [MLT–2A–2] TmA–1
→
Magnetic field B Vector [MT–2A–1] T(tesla)
→
Magnetic moment m Vector [L2A] Am2 or J/T
Torsion constant k Scalar [ML2T–2] Nmrad–1
IMPORTANT RESULTS AND FORMULAE
→
1. Force : When a test charge q enters a magnetic field B directed along the negative Z-axis with a
0
→
velocity v making an angle f with the Z-axis, then
→ → →
F m = q 0 ( v× B )


Fmx = q0νyB, Fmy = q0νxB and Fmz = 0

→ → → →
2. Force on a current carrying conductor in a magnetic field B is Fm = I( l × B) , where I is the current,

l is the length of conductor and l is along the direction of current.
3. Force between current elements :
→ → →
→ µ I d l × (I d l × r )
d Fm12 = 0 ⋅ 2 2 13 1 12
4π r12


→ →

here, force is on I 2 d l2 due to I1 d l1 .

4. Force per unit length between infinitely long straight current carrying conductor is :
µ 0 2I1 I 2

Fm/l = .
4π r

where, Fm/l is the force per unit length.
→ → → →
5. Lorentz force : F = q( E+ v× B)
→ → → → →
6. Torque on a magnetic dipole moment pm due to a magnetic field B is τ = pm × B .

7. Magnetic field due to a straight conductor carrying current I and at a distance ‘a’ from the
conductor is
µ0 I

B= ⋅ [sin φ2 + sin φ1 ]
4π a

8. Magnetic field due to infinite straight conductor at a distance a from it,

µ0 2I

B= ×
4π a

9. Magnetic field on the axis of a current (I) carrying coil of turns n, radius R and at a distance x from
the centre of the coil is
10 OSWAAL CUET (UG) Sample Question Papers, PHYSICS

µ0 In.2 πR 2
B= ⋅ 2
4 π ( R + x 2 )3 2
µ n.2 πI
and B(centre) = 0 ⋅
4π R
µ n.2 πIR 2
B(far away) = 0 ⋅
4π x3
10. Ampere’s Circuital law : The line integral of the magnetic field around a closed path is µ0 times
the total current enclosed by the path and is given as :
→ →

∫ B .d l = µ0I.
11. The magnetic field due to a straight solenoid well within it and on the axis is given by :

B = µ0nI,

where, n = number of turns per unit length and I is the current in the coil.
12. Maximum energy by positive ions :
2 2 2

Emax = 1 . B q R
2 m

13. Biot Savart’s law : The magnetic field due to a current element is given by the following relation :
→
^
→ µ I dl× r
B= 0 ⋅ 2

4π r
→
^
(a) If q be the angle between I dl and r , then :
µ 0 Idl

B= ⋅ sin θ
4π r 2
(b) The unit of magnetic field B is called tesla (T).

(c) µ0 = 4p × 10–7 TmA–1

→
^
(d) B is perpendicular to both I dl and r .
14. (i) Voltage sensitivity :
q nBA

= (rad V–1)
V kR
(ii) Current sensitivity :
q nBA

= (rad A–1)
I k
(iii) Conversion of galvanometer into ammeter
Ig
S= ×G
( I − Ig )


(iv) Conversion of galvanometor into voltmeter
V
R= −G
Ig


On Tips Notes 11
IMPORTANT FIGURES

Moving Coil Galvanometer :

Phospher
Bronze
Stri
p

Galvanometer to Ammeter Conversion :

Galvanometer to Voltmeter Conversion :

CHAPTER 5 : Magnetism and Matter

UNITS AND DIMENSIONS
Physical quantity Symbol Nature Dimension Unit
Permeability of free space µ0 Scalar [MLT–2A–2] TmA–1, NA–2
Magnetic field, Magnetic induction, →
B Vector [MT–2A–1] T (tesla)
Magnetic flux density
→
Magnetic moment m Vector [L2A] Am2

Magnetic flux fB Scalar [ML2T–2A–1] Wb (weber)

→
Magnetization M Vector [L–1A] Am–1

→
Magnetic intensity, Magnetic field strength H Vector [L–1A] Am–1

Magnetic susceptibility χ Scalar — —

Relative magnetic permeability µr Scalar — —
Magnetic permeability µ Scalar [MLT–2A–2] TmA–1, NA–2
12 OSWAAL CUET (UG) Sample Question Papers, PHYSICS
IMPORTANT RESULTS AND FORMULAE
→ →
1. Magnetic dipole moment : M = m( 2 l )
2. (i) Angle between geographic meridian and the magnetic meridian is called Angle of declination.
(ii) Angle between horizontal component and total magnetic field of the earth is called dip Angle.
(iii) Dip is zero at the equator and 90° at the magnetic poles.
3. µ = µ0µr.

where, µ = permeability of medium, µ0 = permeability of vacuum and µr = relative permeability.
4. Magnetic induction B and magnetic intensity H are related as B = µH.
5. Curie’s law in magnetism : The intensity of magnetization I of a paramagnetic material is directly
proportional to the strength of the external magnetic field H, called the magnetising field and is
inversely proportional to the absolute temperature of the material.
H

I∝
T
CH
\
I=
T
I C
\ =
H T
C
or χ=
T
where, C is known as Curie constant.
B0
6. Magnetic intensity : H=
α0
I
7. Magnetic susceptibility : c=
H
B
8. Magnetic permeability : µ=
H
9. The force between two magnetic poles of strength qm and q’m’ separated by r is given by
µ 0 qm q 'm
F= ⋅

4π r 2
10. Tangent law : When a short bar magnet is suspended freely under the combined action of two
uniform magnetic fields of intensities B and BH acting at 90° to each other, the magnet comes to
rest making an angle q with the direction of the magnetic field BH.
B = BH tan q

IMPORTANT GRAPHS AND FIGURES

Angle of declination :
On Tips Notes 13

Magnetic elements of earth :
Geographical
meridian

Magnetic
meridian

where, θ = Magnetic declination, d = Magnetic inclination or Magnetic dip and H = Horizontal

component

Magnetic field lines :

Bar magnet A current carrying finite solenoid

Hysteresis loop :

Unit-IV : Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents

CHAPTER 6 Electromagnetic Induction
UNITS AND DIMENSIONS

Quantity Symbol Dimension Unit

Magnetic flux f [ML2T–2A–1] Wb (weber)
EMF E [ML2T–3A–1] V (volt)
14 OSWAAL CUET (UG) Sample Question Papers, PHYSICS

Mutual inductance M [ML2T–2A–2] H (henry)

Self inductance L [ML2T–2A–2] H (henry)

IMPORTANT RESULTS AND FORMULAE

1. The inductance of a coil depends on the following factors :

(a) area of cross-section

(b) number of turns

(c) permeability of the core.
2. Self induction

f ∝ I or f = LI
dφ dI
E=− = −L

dt dt
−E
L=

dI / dt

The inductance of a circular coil is given by :
φ BAN µ ( 2 πNI)  µ 2 πNI 
L= = = ⋅ × AN ∵ B = 4 π ⋅ r 
I
I 4π rI
µN 2 µN 2
= A= × πr 2

2r 2r

µN 2 πr

or L=
2
here, f = magnetic flux from the coil, I = current through the coil, A = area of coil, r = radius of

coil, N = total number of turns of the coil, µ = permeability of the medium.
3. The inductance of a solenoid of length l, is given by :
φ BAN  µNI  AN  µNI 
L= = =  ∵ B = l 
I I  l  I  

µN 2 A  N
or L =
= µn 2 Al = µn 2 V ∵ n = l 
l

here, n = N/l = number of turns per unit length and V = Al = volume of the solenoid.
4. The inductance in series combination is given by :

Ls = L1 + L2 + L3 + .........

The inductance in parallel combination is given by :
1 1 1 1
= + + + ......
L p L1 L 2 L 3


5. If two coils of inductance L1 and L2 are coupled together, then their mutual inductance is given by :

M = k L1 L 2

6. Mutual inductance :

f ∝ I or f = MI
dφ dI

E= − = −M
dt dt
On Tips Notes 15

M = –E/(dI/dt)
−E

M=
dI / dt

The mutual inductance of two coils is given by :
µN p N s A p µ0 N p N s A s

M = =
l l
7. Magnetic flux is number of magnetic field lines crossing a surface normally.
→ →
The magnetic flux is denoted by f. If B be the magnetic field through the area element d A .


Then, the flux through the area is given by :
→ →
df = B ⋅ d A.
8. Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction :
(a) Whenever, the magnetic flux linked with a circuit changes, an emf is induced.
(b) The induced emf lasts as long as the change in magnetic flux continues.
(c) The magnitude of induced emf (E) is directly proportional to the rate of change in magnetic
flux.
Thus, if df be the change in magnetic flux during the time dt, then :
dφ dφ
E∝ or E = k
dt dt
dφ
where, k is the constant of proportionality. In SI, k = –1, hence, E = −
dt
9. Lenz’s law :
It states that induced current produced in a circuit always flows in such a direction that it opposes
the change or the cause that produces it.
dφ
The Lenz’s law explains the negative sign in the Faraday’s flux rule, E = −

dt
10. If a rod of length l moves perpendicular to a magnetic field B with a velocity v, then the induced
emf produced across it is given by :
E = vBl
→ → →
In general, we have E = B.( v× l )
11. If a current I is set up in a coil of inductance L, then the magnetic field energy stored in it is given by
1 2

Up = LI
2
12. Instantaneous value of emf produced by AC generator, e = NBAwsin wt

CHAPTER 7 : Alternating Current

UNITS AND DIMENSIONS

Physical quantity Symbol Dimension Unit

rms voltage Vrms [ML2T–3A–1] V
rms current Irms [A] A
Inductive reactance XL [ML2T–3A–2] W
Capacitive reactance XC [ML2T–3A–2] W
Impedance Z [ML2T–3A–2] W
Resonant frequency wr or w0 [T–1] Hz
Quality factor Q Dimensionless
Power factor cos f Dimensionless
16 OSWAAL CUET (UG) Sample Question Papers, PHYSICS
IMPORTANT RESULTS AND FORMULAE
1. (a) Instantaneous value of alternating current
I = I0sin wt or I = I0cos wt


(b) Peak value of a.c. = I0
(c) Alternating emf, E = E0sin wt

or E = E0cos wt

(d) Mean or average value of a.c.
2I0
Im or Ia = = 0.636 I0.
p

(e) r.m.s. value of a.c. Irms = I0 / 2 = 0.707 I0.
2. The part of the impedance in which the phase difference between the current and emf is p/2, is
called reactance.
If the emf leads the current by p/2, the reactance is called purely inductive.

If the emf lags behind the current by p/2, the reactance is called purely capacitive.


If the emf is in phase with the current, the circuit is called purely resistive.
3. Sign for phase difference (f) between I and E for series LCR circuit :
f is positive,
when XL > XC.
f is negative, when
XL < XC.
f is zero,
when XL = XC.
4. The LCR circuit is said to be resonance when :
1
XL = XC. i.e., when ωL =

ωC
1
and ω = ω0 =
is called resonant frequency.
LC
1
5. At series resonant frequency, ω0 = , we have :
LC
(i) Z = R = minimum value of impedance.
(ii) I0 = E0/R = maximum value of peak current.
(iii) f = 0, i.e., I and E are in phase with each other.
(iv) VL is equal and opposite to VC.
(v) Potential drop across C and L together is zero.
(vi) E = VR.
6. Energy stored in an inductor :
1 2

U = LI0
2
7. Energy stored in a capacitor :
1 1 q02 1
U= CV 2 = = q0 V

2 2 C 2
8. Power in a.c. circuit : The power in LCR circuit is given by
P = EI = E0I0 sin wt sin (wt – f).


Power in LCR circuit consists of two components :
(i) Virtual power component
On Tips Notes 17
1

= E0 I0 cos (2wt – f).
2

It has frequency twice as that of a.c. Its value over the complete cycle is zero.

1
E0 I0 cos f. It dissipates power.
(ii) Real power component =
2
cos f is called power factor.

9. Inductive reactance : XL = wL

1

Inductive susceptance : BL =
wL
1

Capacitive reactance : XC =
wC
Capacitive susceptance : BC= wC

1
Reactance : X = XL – XC = wL –

wC
1
Susceptance : B = BC – BL = wC –
wL
10. Impedance of LCR circuit :

Z= R 2 + ( X L − X C )2

2
 1 

= R 2 +  ωL − 
 ωC 
VL − VC
tan f =
VR
IX L − IX C

=
IR
X L − XC

=
R
1
ωL −

= ωC
R
R

Power, P = Erms × irms ×
Z
11. Band width = w2 – w1 = 2Dw

ωr
12. Sharpness of resonance =
2∆ω
ωr wL

or = r
2∆ω R
Voltage across L or C
13. Q factor : Q=
Applied voltage
w0 L 1 L

Q= =
R R C
18 OSWAAL CUET (UG) Sample Question Papers, PHYSICS
14. Transformer :
Es N s
(i) = = k (say) (transformer ratio)
Ep N p
Ns
(ii) = k is called transformer ratio.
Np
(iii) For step up transformer, k > 1 and for step down transformer, k < 1.

(iv) For step up transformer, Ns > Np, therefore Es > Ep. And for the step down transformer, Ns < Np
therefore Es < Ep.

(v) The efficiency of the transformer is given by :

Output power

η=
Input power

If Ip and Is be the currents in the primary and secondary circuits, then

Es Is

η=
Ep Ip
For ideal transformer η = 1 = 100%. Therefore,

EsIs = EpIp

Is N p 1
    or  = =
Ip Ns k

Hence for step-up transformer, current in the secondary is less than that in the primary (Is < Ip)
and in a step down transformer, we have Is > Ip.
IMPORTANT FIGURES
Type of circuit Phasor diagram & wave diagram
Only Resistor : V

Only Inductor : V

V
E

Only Capacitor :
V
V

E
On Tips Notes 19
LCR circuit :

VL
V
(VL – VC)
E

VC VR

Impedance triangle :

Transformer :

Illustration of Lenz’s law :

AC generator :
Axis
20 OSWAAL CUET (UG) Sample Question Papers, PHYSICS

Working of AC generator :

Unit-V : Electromagnetic Waves

CHAPTER 8: Electromagnetic Waves
IMPORTANT RESULTS AND FORMULAE
1. Characteristics of electromagnetic waves:
(a) In electromagnetic wave, electric and magnetic field vectors are perpendicular to each other in the
direction of propagation of wave which shows its transverse nature.
(b) Relation between electric and magnetic field components is:
B0 = E0/c
c = fl
1
c=
µo∈o

(c) EM waves travel in vacuum along a straight line with the velocity 3 × 108 m/s.
2. EM wave spectrum:
Type Wavelength range Production Detection
Radio > 0.1 m Rapid acceleration and de Receiver’s aerials
acceleration of electrons in aerials
Microwave 0.1 m to 1 mm Klystron valve or magnetron valve Point contact diodes
Infra-red 1 mm to 700 nm Vibration of atoms and molecules Thermopiles, Bolometer, Infra
photographic film
Visible light 700 nm to 400 nm Electrons in atoms emit light when The eye, photocells
they move from a higher energy photographic film
level to a lower energy level
Ultraviolet 400 nm to 1 nm Inner shell electrons in atoms moving Photocells, Photographic
from a higher energy level to a lower films
energy level
On Tips Notes 21

X-rays 1 nm to 10–3 nm X-ray tubes or inner shell electrons Photographic films, Geiger
tubes, Ionisation chamber
Gamma rays < 10–3 nm Radioactive decay of the nucleus Observing the effects they
have on matter

IMPORTANT GRAPH

Electric and magnetic field for EM waves

Direction of propagation of wave

Unit-VI : Optics

CHAPTER 9: Ray Optics and Optical Instruments

IMPORTANT RESULTS AND FORMULAE
1. Snell’s law:
(a) The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal all lie in the same plane.
(b) The ratio of sine of the angle of incidence to sine of the angle of refraction is constant.
sin i

i.e., = constant.
sin r
2. The refractive index is also defined as the ratio of the velocity of light in the medium of incidence
to that in the medium of refraction. For example, if v1 be the velocity of light in the medium of
incidence (1) and v2 be that in the medium of refraction (2), then
1µ = v1
2
v2

(a) The refractive index of a medium when the light is incident from vacuum is called absolute
refractive index. It is denoted by µ .
sin i c
Thus, µ= = ,
sin r v
where,
i = angle of incidence in vacuum or air,
r = angle of refraction in the medium,
c = velocity of light in vacuum and
v = velocity of light in the medium.

(b) Absolute refractive index of vacuum is 1 and that of air is very-very near to 1.
3. The conditions for total internal reflection:

(a) The light must travel from the denser medium to the rarer medium.
22 OSWAAL CUET (UG) Sample Question Papers, PHYSICS

(b) Angle of incidence should be larger than critical angle.

Relation between refractive index and critical angle:
1
1m =

2 sin C
4. If a slab of thickness t is placed over an object, then the image of the object is raised. The apparent
depth and real depth of the object are related as follows:
Real depth
=µ
Apparent depth
where, µ is the absolute refractive index of the slab.
5. Lens formula:
1 1 1
= −
f v u


6. Power of a lens:
1

(a) P =
f
 1 1 

(b) P = (m – 1)  − 
R
 1 R 2 

7. Lens Maker’s formula:

1 1 µ 2 − µ1  1 1  1

− =
µ1 R − R  = f
v u  1 2 

8. For refraction through prism,

i + e = A + d,

Here, i = angle of incidence,

e = angle of emergence,

A = angle of prism,

d = angle of deviation

If r1 be the angle of refraction at the first surface and r2 be the angle of incidence at the second
surface, then

A = r1 + r2

For minimum angle of deviation,

i = e and r1 = r2 = r
A + δm A

Hence, i= and r =
2 2

A + δm
sin
sin i 2
So, µ= =
sin r A
sin
2
9. The magnifying power of the simple microscope is given by:
D

M = 1+ .
f
10. (a) The magnifying power of the compound microscope is given by
 ve  vo

1 + f  M=
uo
 e 

vo  D 

Or, M= 1+ 
uo  fe 
On Tips Notes 23

Here, D is the distance of distinct vision.
vo  vo 

Also, = 1+ 
uo  fo 

 vo   D

Hence, M = 1 + 1 + 
 fo  fe 

fo  D

= 1+ 
uo + fo  fe 

When final image is formed at D.
(b) The length of compound microscope tube is:

L = vo + ue.
(c)
Generally object is placed very near to the principal focus of the objective, hence
uo » fo.

The eye-piece is also of small focal length and the image formed by the objective is also very
near to the eye piece.
So, vo » L, the length of the tube.


Hence, we can write the magnifying power,

L D

M=  1+ 
fo  fe 
11. (a) The magnifying power of the telescope is given by

fo  fe 

M=–
fe 1 + v ,
 e 
where,
fo = focal length of the objective,
fe = focal length of the eye piece,
ve = distance of the final image from the eye piece.

(b) When the final image is at infinity, we find

ve = ¥,

fo

and hence, M=
fe

This is called normal adjustment of the telescope.

(c) When the final image is at the distance of distinct vision, we have ve = D,

fo  fe 

Hence, M=– 1 +  ,
fe  D

The length of the telescope tube L = fo + fe. For normal Adjustment
24 OSWAAL CUET (UG) Sample Question Papers, PHYSICS
IMPORTANT GRAPHS AND FIGURES

Triangular glass prism:

Angle of deviation versus angle of incidence for a triangular prism:

m

Simple microscope:

Eye focused
on near point

u
f
On Tips Notes 25

Compound microscope:

Refracting telescope:

Reflecting telescope:

CHAPTER 10: Wave Optics

IMPORTANT RESULTS AND FORMULAE
1. Young’s double slit experiment:

IR = I1 + I2 + 2 I1 I 2 cos f

R= a 2 + b 2 + 2 ab cos φ

I µ R2
I µ (a2 + b2 + 2abcos f)
26 OSWAAL CUET (UG) Sample Question Papers, PHYSICS

For bright fringes:
cos f = max = + 1
f = 0, 2p, 4p .........
f = 2np
xd
Path difference = = nλ
D
where, n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ......
D

or x = nl
d

For dark fringes:

cos f = min = – 1

f = p, 3p, 5p .........

f = (2n –1)p
xd λ
Path difference = = ( 2n − 1)
D 2
λD

or x = ( 2n − 1)
2 d

2. Ratio of maximum & minimum intensities:

Imax ( a + a2 )2

= 1
Imin ( a1 − a2 )2

a1 & a2 = amplitudes of interfering waves
3. Fringe width in Young’s double slit experiment:
lD
b=
d
4. Single slit diffraction:

Angular width of central maximum:
x
q=
D

Width of central maximum:
2Dl

2x =
a
IMPORTANT GRAPHS AND FIGURES
Refraction of Light by Huygens' Principle:
(From rarer to denser medium)
On Tips Notes 27

Reflection of Light by Huygens' Principle:

Interference and diffraction:

Intensity Pattern Y
for interference Intensity I

X’ D4 B3 D3 B2 D2 B1 D1 D1 B1 D2 B2 D3 B3 D4 X
Distance from C

C is known as Central Maxima

Y Intensity I
Intensity Pattern Iθ
for diffraction

–3λ –2λ –λ 0 +λ +2λ +3λ

Path difference asinθ

Single slit diffraction:
28 OSWAAL CUET (UG) Sample Question Papers, PHYSICS

Unit-VII : Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation

Chapter 11: Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation
UNITS AND DIMENSIONS

Physical quantity Symbol Dimension Unit

Planck’s constant h [ML2T–1] Js
Stopping potential V0 |ML2T–3A–1] V

Work function f0 [ML2T–2] J; eV

Threshold frequency u0 (f0) [T–1] Hz

de-Broglie wavelength l [L] m

IMPORTANT RESULTS AND FORMULAE

1. Energy of a photon:
hc

E = hf =
l
2. Momentum of the photon:
h hf

p= =
λ c
3. Work function:
W0 = hf0 = hc/l0.

4. Cut off potential:

1

eV0 = mv2max
2

where, vmax = maximum velocity of photoelectrons
5. Einstein equation:

hf = W0 + Km.

Km = hf – W0 = hf – hf0
6. The de-Broglie’s wavelength of the particle of mass m and moving with velocity v is given by:
h

l=
mv
7. The de-Broglie wavelength of a particle of mass m and kinetic energy K is given by:
h
l=
2mK
8. If a particle of mass m carrying charge q0 is accelerated through potential V, then its de-Broglie
wavelength is given by:
h
l=
2mq0 V
On Tips Notes 29
9. The de-Broglie wavelength associated with the orbital electron in the nth orbit of hydrogen atom is
given by:
12.27
ln = Å
V
IMPORTANT GRAPHS AND FIGURES

Photoelectric effect:

Photosensitive
plate

Effect of intensity of light on photocurrent:
Photoelectric
current

Intensity of light

Effect of potential on photocurrent:
Photocurrent

Stopping Potential

Collector plate
Retarding Potential Potential
30 OSWAAL CUET (UG) Sample Question Papers, PHYSICS

Effect of frequency of incident radiation on stopping potential:

υ3 υ2 υ1

υ3 υ2 υ1

Stopping
Metal A
Potential
(V0) > 0 Metal B
> ’0
0 ’0
O Frequency of incident radiation ( )
–Wo

Unit-VII : Atoms
CHAPTER 12: Atoms
IMPORTANT RESULTS AND FORMULAE
1. Distance of closest approach is given by,

1 2 Ze 2

r0 = .
4 πε 0 K
2. The orbital radius of the electron is given by,
n2 h 2

rn = 4 πε 0 .
4 π2 me 2
3. The orbital velocity of electron in nth orbit is given by,
1 2 πe 2

vn =
4 πε 0 nh
4. Orbital frequency is given by,
1 v me 4

f= = n = 2 3 3
T 2 πr 4 ε0 n h
5. The total energy of the orbital electron is given by,
2
 1   2 π me   1 
2 4

E = −    2 
 4 πε 0   h
2
 n 

me 4

K.E. =
8n 2 h 2 ε 02
me 4

P.E. = –
4 n 2 h 2 ε02
On Tips Notes 31
6. The kinetic, potential and total energies of the electron with r as the radius of the orbit are as
follows:
1  1 Ze 2  1 Ze 2

K.E. =  .  ; P.E. = − .
2  4 πε 0 r  4 πε0 r

1  1 Ze 2 

and E= −  . 
2  4 πε 0 r 
Therefore they are related to each other as:
K.E. = –E and P.E. = 2E.
7. The energy of orbital electron in the nth orbit is given by,
13.6

En = −
eV
n2

So, energy associated with the different orbits is as follows:


13.6
E1 = − 2 eV = –l3.6 eV
1
13.6

E2 = − eV = –3.4 eV
22

E3 = – 13.6 eV = –l.51 eV
32
13.6

and E∞ = − =0
∞2
8. (i) For the Lyman series ni = 1 and n0 = 2, 3, 4 ......
The wavelength of the radiations is given by,

1 1 1
= RH  2 − 2 
λ  1 n0 

They lie in the ultraviolet region.

(ii) The Balmer series of the radiations corresponds to ni = 2 and n0 = 3, 4, 5 ......

The wavelength of the radiations is given by,

1 1 1
= RH  2 − 2 
λ  2 n 0 

They lie in the visible region.
(iii) For Paschen series ni = 3 and n0 = 4, 5, 6 ......
The wavelength of the radiations is given by,
1 1 1
= RH  2 − 2 
λ  3 n0 

They lie in the infrared region.
(iv) For Brackett series ni = 4 and n0 = 5, 6, 7 ............
The wavelength of the radiations is given by,

1 1 1
= RH  2 − 2 
λ 4 n0 


They lie in the far infrared region.
(v) Pfund series of radiation corresponds to ni = 5 and n0 = 6, 7, 8, 9..........
The wavelength of the radiations, is given by,
32 OSWAAL CUET (UG) Sample Question Papers, PHYSICS

1 1 1
= RH  2 − 2 
λ  5 n0 

They lie in infrared region.
9. Angular momentum of the electron in the nth orbit of hydrogen atom is given by,
h
L=n .
2π
IMPORTANT GRAPHS AND FIGURES
Energy level diagram (Line spectra):
Energy (in eV)

CHAPTER 13: Nuclei

UNITS AND DIMENSIONS

Physical Quantity Symbol Dimension Unit

Atomic mass unit u [M] u

IMPORTANT RESULTS AND FORMULAE

1. The volume of the nucleus is proportional to the mass number (A). Therefore, radius (R) of the
nucleus is proportional to A1/3.

i.e., R µ A1/3

or R = R0A1/3

where, R0 @ 1.2 × l0–15 m.
2. The difference in the sum of the masses of the neutrons and protons in the nucleus and the actual
mass of the nucleus is called mass defect.
Consider nucleus ZXA. It has Z protons and (A – Z) neutrons. Suppose its mass is M. Let the mass

of the neutron be mn, and that of proton be mp, then mass defect is given by,

Dm = [Zmp + (A – Z)mn] – M
On Tips Notes 33

3. If Dm be the mass defect of a nucleus, then its binding energy is given by Dmc2.

where, c = speed of light.

4. Isotopes:

(a) 1H1, 1H2, 1H3

(b) 8O16, 8O17, 8O18

(c) 17Cl35, 17Cl37 (d) 235, 238
92U 92U

5. Isobars:

(a) 1H3, 2He3

(b) 3Li7, 4Be7

(c) 18Ar40, 20Ca40 (d) 76 76
32Ge , 34Se

6. Isotones:

(a) 1H3, 2He4

(b) 7N17, 8O18, 9F19

7. 1 amu @ l.66 × l0–27 kg = 931 MeV.

8. The process of splitting the heavy nucleus by bombarding it with neutron is called fission. The
most commonly discussed fission is that of 92U235. The process occurs as follows:

1 235 ® [ U236] ® Ba141 + Kr92 + 3 n1 + 200 MeV

0n + 92U 92 56 36 0

9. The combination of lighter nuclei to form a heavy nucleus with the release of energy is called
fusion.

Simplest example is the fusion of hydrogen atom to helium:
4 1H 1 ® 2He
4 + 2 +1e0 + Q
4 Hydrogen ® Helium + 2 positron + energy

Similarly, 1H
2 + 1H2 ® 2He3 + 0n1 + Q

1H
2 + 1H3 ® 2He4 + 0n1 + Q

IMPORTANT GRAPHS AND FIGURES

Relation between BE/A and Stability of elements:
Binding energy per nucleon (MeV)

10 100 Mo
16 32 S 56 Fe 127 I
O 184 W
12 197An 238 U
8 C
4 He 18 O
14 N
6
6 Li

4
3H
2
2H
0
0 50 100 150 200 250
Mass number (A)
34 OSWAAL CUET (UG) Sample Question Papers, PHYSICS

Effect of separation on nuclear force:

r(fm)

Unit-IX : Electronic Devices

CHAPTER 14 : Electronic Devices
ÇÇ Important Results and Formulae
1.
The majority (charge) carriers in the n-type semiconductor are electrons and that in p-type
semiconductor are holes.
2. For intrinsic semiconductor : ne = nh = ni
For doped semiconductor : ne × nh = ni
For n-type semiconductor : ne >> nh
For p-type semiconductor : ne << nh
3. Efficiency of a diode rectifier :
Output d.c. power
η= ×100
Input a.c. power
Pd .c.
= × 100
Pa.c.

(a) For half wave rectifier :
40.6
η = %
 rf 
1 + 
 RL 
where, rf is the forward bias resistance.
For rf = RL, η = 20.3%.
and for rf << RL, η = 40.6%.
(b) For full wave rectifier :
81.2
η = %
 rf 
1 + 
 RL 
For rf = RL, η = 40.6%.
and for rf << RL, η = 81.2%.
4. Ripple factor :
1
I a.c.  I  2  2
g = =   rms  − 1
I d .c.   I d .c.  
r.m.s. value of fluctuating current
=
average d.c. value of cuurrent
The ripple factor for half wave rectifier is 121% and that of the full wave rectifier is 48.2%.
On Tips Notes 35
5. The root mean square current of rectifier :
I
(a) For half wave rectifier : Irms = 0
2
I0
(b) For full wave rectifier : Irms =
2
6. (i) Metals : They possess very low resistivity (or high conductivity).
r ~ 10–2 – 10–8 W-m
s ~ 102 – 108 W-m–1
(ii) Semiconductors : They have resistivity or conductivity intermediate to metals and insulators.
r ~ 10–5 – 106 W–m
s ~ 105 – 10–6 W–m–1
(iii) Insulators : They have high resistivity (or low conductivity).
r ~ 1011 – 1019 W – m
s ~ 10–11 – 10–19 W – m–1
7. For the common emitter transistor amplifiers :
(i) Current gain : It is of two types :
(a) The d.c. gain (b) : It is defined as the ratio of the collector current (IC) to the base current (IB).
IC
b =
i.e.,
IB

(b) The a.c. gain (ba.c.) : It is defined as the ratio of change in collector current (DIC) to the change
in base current (DIB) at constant collector emitter voltage.
 ∆IC 

i.e., ba.c. =  
 ∆I E  VCE = constant
(ii) Voltage gain (AV) : It is defined as the ratio of the change in output voltage (DV0) to that of the
input voltage (DVi ) .
DV0
i.e., AV =
DVi

here, V0 = collector emitter voltage and Vi = base emitter voltage.

(iii) Resistance gain ( AR) : It is defined as the ratio of output resistance (Ro) to the input resistance (Ri).
Ro
i.e., AR = .
Ri

(iv) Power gain (AP) : It is defined as the ratio of the change in output power (DP0) to that in the input
power (DPi).
DPo
i.e., AP =
DPi
.

8. For the common base transistor amplifiers :

(i) Current gain : It is of two types :
(a) The d.c. gain (a) : It is defined as the ratio of collector current (IC) to the emitter current. (IE)
IC

i.e., a= I
E

(b) The a.c. gain (aa.c. ) : It is defined as the ratio of change in collector current (DIC) to the change
in emitter current (DIE) at constant collector base voltage.
36 OSWAAL CUET (UG) Sample Question Papers, PHYSICS

 ∆I 

i.e., aa.c. =  C 
 ∆I E  VCE = constant
(ii) Voltage gain (AV) : It is defined as the ratio of the change in output voltage (DVo) to that in the
input voltage (DVi).
DV0
i.e., AV =
DVi

here, Vo = collector base voltage and

Vi = emitter base voltage.
(iii) Resistance gain (AR) : It is defined as the ratio of the output resistance (Ro) to the input resistance
(Ri)
Ro
i.e., AR = .
Ri

(iv) Power gain (AP) : It is defined as the ratio of the change in output power (DPo) to that in the input
power (DPi)
DPo
i.e., AP = .
DPi

9. a and b are related as follows :

β α
a= and b =
1+ β 1− α

10. Boolean algebra or digital gates :

(i) OR gate → y=A+B
(ii) AND gate → y=A.B
(iii) NOT gate → y= A

(iv) NAND gate → y = A.B

(v) NOR gate → y = A+B

(vi) XOR gate → y = A.B + A . B

ÇÇ Important Graphs and Figures
Band theory :
On Tips Notes 37
p-n Junction diode :

Biasing and V-I characteristics :

Photodiode :
hν

Half wave rectifier :

i (A)
38 OSWAAL CUET (UG) Sample Question Papers, PHYSICS
Full wave rectifier :

AC
Supply

Filter Circuit :

Output

CE configuration and its Characteristics :

n-p-n Transistor as amplifier in CE mode :

On Tips Notes 39
Transistor as an oscillator :

Unit-X : Communication Systems

CHAPTER 15 : Communication Systems
ÇÇ Important Results and Formulae
1. The various frequency ranges used in radio waves or micro waves communication system are as
follows :
(a) Medium frequency band (M.F.) —
300 to 3000 kHz.
(b) High frequency band (H.F.) —
3 to 30 MHz.
(c) Very high frequency band (V.H.F.) —
30 to 300 MHz.
(d) Ultra high frequency band (U.H.F.) —
300 to 3000 MHz.
(e) Super high frequency band (S.H.F.) —
3000 to 30,000 MHz.
(f) Extra high frequency band (E.H.F.) —
30 to 300 GHz.
2. The radius of the region covered by the T.V. broadcast is

d = 2hR ,

where, R is the radius of the earth and h is the height of the tower.
Population covered
= pd2 × population density.
3. For AM, modulation index :
Em
(a) ma =
Ec

E max − E min
=
E max + E min

40 OSWAAL CUET (UG) Sample Question Papers, PHYSICS
(b) Band width :
2 × Frequency of modulating signal
4. For FM, modulation index :
d f − fc
mf = = max
fm fm

f c − f min
=
fm

ÇÇ Important Graphs and Figures

Block diagram of a generalised communication system :
Communication system

Information Message Transmitted Received Message User of

source signal signal signal signal information

Various propagation modes for EM waves :

Types of modulation :
On Tips Notes 41

(a) Sinusoidal carrier wave

(b) Modulating signal
(c) Amplitude modulation
(d) Frequency modulation
(e) Phase modulation
Production of amplitude modulated wave :
(a) Block diagram of simple modulator for getting AM signal.

(b) Block diagram of transmitter.

Detection of amplitude modulated wave :
(i) Block diagram of receiver.

(ii) Block diagram of detector for AM signal.

