In accordance with the latest syllabus prescribed by the

Central Board of Secondary Education, New Delhi.

CBSE QUESTION BANK

chapterwise & categorywise
CLASS X
Science 2024
EXAMINATION
Competency Focused Questions Included
Complete Explanations to all the MCQs
Case Based Questions Included
Assertion & Reasoning Based Questions Included
Previous Years’ Board Questions Included

By
UMESH TIWARI
M.Sc., B.Ed.
St. Josephs College (School Department)
North Point, Darjeeling

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Oswal – Gurukul’s Most Likely CBSE Question Bank series is up-to-date with
the latest syllabus given by the Central Board of Secondary Education.
This material has been developed by eminent subject experts to provide the
students a comprehensive, yet concise, learning support tool. It has been prepared
incorporating all the essential components like core concepts and competency-
based questions keeping in mind the latest CBSE curriculum and question paper
design.
To implement Competency Focussed Education (as per CBSE guidelines)
variety of contexts, questions and activities which trigger and enhance students’
creative and critical thinking capacity have been included in this material.
The series is an attempt to instil confidence in students and to equip them
with all the tools and techniques to attempt their paper.
Questions from compartment paper, foreign paper and latest board paper
have also been incorporated in the chapters.
The language used is simple, to the point and questions cover all the important
topics as per the weightage given to them by the board.
We hope that this book will be a valuable asset for the students. All suggestions
towards improving the series are welcome and would be incorporated in the
future editions.
* For complete NCERT solutions refer to our website www.oswalpublishers.com
—Publisher

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SYLLABUS
COURSE STRUCTURE CLASS X
(Annual Examination)
Marks : 80

Unit No. Unit Marks

I. Chemical Substances–Nature and Behaviour 25
II. World of Living 25
III. Natural Phenomena 12
IV. Effects of Current 13
V. Natural Resources 05
Total 80
Internal Assessment 20
Grand Total 100

Theme : Materials
Unit I : Chemical Substances–Nature and Behaviour
Chemical reactions : Chemical equation, Balanced chemical equation, implications of a balanced chemical
equation, types of chemical reactions: combination, decomposition, displacement, double displacement,
precipitation, endothermic exothermic reactions, oxidation and reduction.
Acids, bases and salts : Their definitions in terms of furnishing of H+ and OH– ions, General properties, examples
and uses, neutralization, concept of pH scale (Definition relating to logarithm not required), importance of pH
in everyday life; preparation and uses of Sodium Hydroxide, Bleaching powder, Baking soda, Washing soda
and Plaster of Paris.
Metals and nonmetals : Properties of metals and non-metals; Reactivity series; Formation and properties of
ionic compounds; Basic metallurgical processes; Corrosion and its prevention.
Carbon compounds : Covalent bonding in carbon compounds. Versatile nature of carbon. Homologous series.
Nomenclature of carbon compounds containing functional groups (halogens, alcohol, ketones, aldehydes,
alkanes and alkynes), difference between saturated hydro carbons and unsaturated hydrocarbons. Chemical
properties of carbon compounds (combustion, oxidation, addition and substitution reaction). Ethanol and
Ethanoic acid (only properties and uses), soaps and detergents.

Theme : The World of the Living

Unit II : World of Living
Life processes : ‘Living Being’. Basic concept of nutrition, respiration, transport and excretion in plants and
animals.
Control and co-ordination in animals and plants : Tropic movements in plants; Introduction of plant hormones;
Control and co-ordination in animals: Nervous system; Voluntary, involuntary and reflex action; Chemical co-
ordination: animal hormones.
Reproduction : Reproduction in animals and plants (asexual and sexual) reproductive health - need and
methods of family planning. Safe sex vs HIV/AIDS. Child bearing and women’s health.
Heredity and Evolution : Heredity; Mendel’s contribution- Laws for inheritance of traits: Sex determination:
brief introduction: (topics excluded - evolution; evolution and classification and evolution should not be
equated with progress).

Theme : Natural Phenomena

Unit III : Natural Phenomena
Reflection of light by curved surfaces; Images formed by spherical mirrors, centre of curvature, principal axis,
principal focus, focal length, mirror formula (Derivation not required), magnification.
Refraction; Laws of refraction, refractive index.
Refraction of light by spherical lens; Image formed by spherical lenses; Lens formula (Derivation not required);
Magnification. Power of a lens.

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Functioning of a lens in human eye, defects of vision and their corrections, applications of spherical mirrors and
lenses.
Refraction of light through a prism, dispersion of light, scattering of light, applications in daily life (excluding
colour of the sun at sunrise and sunset).

Theme : How Things Work

Unit IV : Effects of Current
Electric current, potential difference and electric current. Ohm’s law; Resistance, Resistivity, Factors on which
the resistance of a conductor depends. Series combination of resistors, parallel combination of resistors and
its applications in daily life. Heating effect of electric current and its applications in daily life. Electric power,
Interrelation between P, V, I and R.
Magnetic effects of current : Magnetic field, field lines, field due to a current carrying conductor, field due
to current carrying coil or solenoid; Force on current carrying conductor, Fleming’s Left Hand Rule, Direct
current. Alternating current: frequency of AC. Advantage of AC over DC. Domestic electric circuits.

Theme : Natural Resources

Unit V : Natural Resources
Our environment : Eco-system, Environmental problems, Ozone depletion, waste production and their
solutions. Biodegradable and non-biodegradable substances.

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QUESTION PAPER DESIGN
CLASS X
(Code No. 086)
Maximum Marks : 80 Duration : 3 Hours
Competencies
Demonstrate Knowledge and Understanding 46%
Application of Knowledge/Concepts 22%
Formulate, Analyze, Evaluate and Create 32%
100%

Note :
• Typology of Questions: VSA including objective type questions, Assertion – Reasoning type questions; SA; LA;
Source-based/ Case-based/ Passage-based/ Integrated assessment questions.
• An internal choice of approximately 33% would be provided.

Internal Assessment (20 Marks)

• Periodic Assessment - 05 marks + 05 marks
• Subject Enrichment (Practical Work) - 05 marks
• Portfolio - 05 marks

Suggestive verbs for various competencies

• Demonstrate Knowledge and Understanding
State, name, list, identify, define, suggest, describe, outline, summarize, etc.
• Application of Knowledge/Concepts
Calculate, illustrate, show, adapt, explain, distinguish, etc.
• Formulate, Analyze, Evaluate and Create
Interpret, analyze, compare, contrast, examine, evaluate, discuss, construct, etc.

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1. Chemical Reactions and Equations 09 – 43

2. Acid, Bases and Salts 44 – 74

3. Metals and Non-metals 75 – 105

4. Carbon and its Compounds 106 – 147

6. Life Processes 148 – 183

7. Control and Coordination 184 – 209

8. How Do Organisms Reproduce ? 210 – 249

9. Heredity and Evolution 250 – 268

10. Light : Reflection and Refraction 269 – 307

11. The Human Eye and Colourful World 308 – 332

12. Electricity 333 – 371

13. Magnetic Effects of Electric Current 372 – 410

15. Our Environment 411 – 444

Sample Question Paper 445 – 456

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CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION
(An Autonomous Organisation under the Ministry of Education, Govt. of India)

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‘Shiksha Sadan’, 17, Rouse Avenue, Institutional Area, New Delhi - 110002

फ़ ोन /Telephone: 011-23212603,23233227 व े ब स ाइ ट /Website :h�p://www.cbseacademic.nic.in ई -म े ल /e-mail: mailto:[email protected].

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Chapter
Chemical Reactions
and Equations
CHAPTER-1 :
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
1
EQUATIONS
AND Summary
• A chemical equation is a symbolic representation that describes a chemical reaction in terms of symbol and
formulae.
• A chemical reaction is the transformation of chemical substance called reactants into another chemical substance
called products. In a chemical reaction, only rearrangement of atoms takes place.
• The substances which take part in a chemical reaction are called reactants. The reactants are written on the left hand
side. The new substances produced as a result of chemical reaction are called products. The products are written on
the right hand side.
• Some of the symbols used in a chemical equation are :
(a) Solids (s) (b) Liquids (l)
(c) Gases (g) (d) Aqueous solutions (aq)
(e) Gas released as a product (↑) (f) Precipitate formed in the reaction (↓)
(g) Direction of reaction (→) (h) Used to separate multiple reactants or products (+)
(i) Formula written above the arrow is used as a catalyst in the reaction (Pt)
(J)Triangle indicates that the reaction is being heated (∆)
(k)Replaces the yield sign for reversible reactions that reach equilibrium ()
• Steps to balance a chemical equation :
(a) Write word equation.
(b) Then write skeletal chemical equation.
(c) Enclose the formula in the boxes.
(d) List the number of atoms of different elements present in the unbalanced equation.
(e) Start balancing with the compound that contains the maximum number of atoms.
(f) Start balancing other atoms.
(g) Check the correctness of the balanced equation.
• Types of chemical equations :

Exothermic Reactions
CHEMICAL REACTION Endothermic Reactions
[accompanied by evolution of heat] [accompanied by absorption of heat]
Example : CH4 + O2 CO2 + H2O + Heat Example : 2Pb (NO3)2 Heat 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2

REDOX REACTION
Oxidation Reduction
[Addition of O2 or removal of H2] [Addition of H2 or removal of O2]
Example : Cu + O2 2CuO Example : 2Na + H2 2NaH

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10 | CBSE Question Bank Science – X

•CHARACTERISTICS OF A CHEMICAL EQUATION : (FLOW CHART)

CHARACTERISTICS OF A
CHEMICAL EQUATION

Change Change Evolution Change in Formation

in State in Colour of Gas Temperature of Precipitate

Example : Example : Example : Example : Example :

1. Solid wax on 1. Iron (grey colour) 1. AgNO3 + NaCl
1. Zn + dil. H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2 1. CaO+H2O Ca(OH)2+Heat
heating changes Changes to rust (brown NaNO3 + AgCl () ppt.
to gas. colour) on reaction with 2. CaCO3 CaO + CO2
2. CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O
air or moisture.
2. Petrol (liquid) Ca(HCO3)2
burns to form gas. 2. PbNO3 + KI PbI2 + KNO3
[colourless] [Yellow]

TYPES OF CHEMICAL
REACTIONS

Combination Decomposition Displacement Double Redox reaction

reaction reaction reaction displacement reaction [Oxidation and
[Single product is [Two or more products [More reactive metal [Exchange of ions reduction occurs
formed from two or are formed by a single displaces a less between the simultaneous]
more reactants] reactant] reactive metal] reactants]

Thermal decomposition Cation displacement Neutralisation Precipitation

C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g) (takes place by heat) Example : (Cation)
2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(l) Zn + CuSO4 ZnSO4 + Cu
Electrolytic Decomposition
(takes place by electricity)
Anion displacement
Photolysis Example : (Anion)
(takes place by light)
Cl2 + 2NaBr 2NaCl + Br2

•EFFECTS OF OXIDATION IN EVERYDAY LIFE

EFFECT OF OXIDATION
IN EVERYDAY LIFE
Corrosion Rancidity
Causes
Conditions [oxidation of oil and fat Example :
Example :
for Corrosion present in food when cooked Chips packet when kept
• Rusting of iron.
• Air food is left for a long time]. open becomes rancid
• Blackening of Silver articles.
• Moisture cooked oil kept for long time.

Methods of Prevention Methods of Prevention

• Oiling • Addition of antioxidants.
• Painting • Packing in air tight container.
• Galvanising • Refrigeration at low temperature.
• Electroplating • Packing food in atmosphere of nitrogen.

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Chemical Reactions and Equations | 11

Word of Advice

S. Topics Found Difficult

Common Errors Suggestions
No. by Students
1. Chemical equation and Students generally get The process in which new substances with new
chemical reaction. confused with the usage of properties are formed from one or more substances
terms Chemical equation is called chemical reaction whereas representation
and chemical reactions. of chemical reaction using symbols and formulae
of the substances is called chemical equation.
2. Balancing of Chemical Students wrote the According to law of Conservation of Mass, matter
Equations. chemical equations without can neither be created nor destroyed. It remains
balancing. conserved in a chemical reaction. Thus, all the
reactions should be balanced. The reactants are
written on the Left-Hand Side (LHS) with a plus
sign (+) between them. Similarly, products are
written on the Right-Hand side (RHS) with a plus
sign (+) between them. The arrowhead points
towards the products, and shows the direction of
the reaction.
3. Writing definitions of Students wrote only the When asked to define a chemical reaction, it is
types of reactions. general definition of types better to write at least one examples in addition to
of reaction. the definition of the reaction. This makes answer
more informative and gives more clarity.
4. Formula of chemical Students usually make While writing a chemical equation, it is necessary
compounds. errors in writing the correct to write correct chemical formula of the compound.
chemical formula of the For example,
compound. Writing the formula of Copper sulphate
Valency of Copper is +2
and valency of Sulphate is –2, Thus, the formula of
copper sulphate is CuSO4.
Formula of Barium Chloride
Valency of Barium is +2
Valency of Chlorine is –1.
Therefore, formula of Barium chloride is BaCl2 not
BaCl.
5. Combination and While writing combination A reaction in which a single product is formed from
decomposition Reaction. and decomposition two or more reactants is known as a combination
reactions, students reaction.
generally make errors in C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g)
writing the reactants and In a decomposition reaction, a single reactant
products on the correct breaks down to give simpler products.
side. (LHS and RHS). CaCO3(s) → CaO(s) + CO2(g)
(Limestone) (Quick lime)
6. Exothermic and Most of the students Reactions in which energy is absorbed are known
Endothermic Reactions. write opposite definitions as endothermic reactions.
of Exothermic and Reactions in which energy is released are known
Endothermic Reactions. as exothermic reactions.
They are confused in
which reaction, heat is
released and in which heat
is absorbed.
7. Oxidation and Reduction Students mistakenly Oxidation is the gain of oxygen or loss of
write the loss of electrons hydrogen. Reduction is the loss of oxygen or gain
as reduction and gain of of hydrogen.
electrons as oxidation

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12 | CBSE Question Bank Science – X

Definitions

1. Chemical Reaction: The transformation of chemical 10. Antioxidants: These are the substance that inhibits
substance into another chemical substance is known oxidation or inhibits reactions promoted by
as chemical reaction. oxygen.
2. Reactant: A chemical substance that takes part in a 11. Catalyst: A substance that alters the rate of a
chemical reaction and undergoes change during a chemical reaction without undergoing any change
reaction. in itself during the reaction.
3. Product: A new chemical substance formed as a 12. Precipitate: The solid formed as a result of a
result of a chemical reaction. precipitation reaction.
4. Reactivity series: A new series of metals ranked in 13. Corrosion: An irreversible damage or destruction
order of decreasing reactivity to displace hydrogen of material in which metals are gradually eaten up
gas from water and acid. by the action of air, moisture due to a chemical or
5. Oxidation: The reaction in which addition of oxygen electrochemical reaction on the surface of metal.
or removal of hydrogen takes place. 14. Rancidity: It is the process of complete or incomplete
6. Reduction: The chemical reaction which involves oxidation or hydrolysis of fats and oils when
addition of hydrogen or removal of oxygen. exposed to air, light or moisture or by bacterial action
7. Oxidising agent: A substance which helps in resulting in unpleasant taste and odour.
oxidation but itself gets reduced. 15. Rusting: The slow conversion of iron into hydrated
8. Reducing agent: A substance which helps in ferric oxide, in the presence of moisture and air.
reduction but itself gets oxidised. 16. Rust: A reddish or yellowish-brown flaking coating
9. Redox reaction: A chemical reaction in which both of iron oxide that is formed on iron or steel by
oxidation and reduction takes place simultaneously. oxidation, especially in the presence of moisture.

Multiple Choice Questions

17. Which of the following reactions is an 19. Zn + HCl → ZnCl2 + __________.

endothermic reaction ?
(a) H2
(c) Zn
(a) Burning of coal.

(b) Cl2
(d) None of these
(b) Decomposition of vegetable matter into
Ans. (a) H2
compost.
(c) Process of respiration. Explanation :
(d) Decomposition of calcium carbonate to form
Zn + HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
quick lime and carbon dioxide.
Ans. (d) Decomposition of calcium carbonate to form Displacement reaction is a chemical reaction
quick lime and carbon dioxide. in which a more reactive element displaces a
less reactive element from its compound. Both
Explanation : metals and non-metals take part in displacement
Decomposition of calcium carbonate to form quick reactions.
lime and carbon dioxide is an endothermic reaction 20. Which among the following statement(s) is (are)
since this process absorbs heat from atmosphere. true? Exposure of silver chloride to sunlight for a
18. Burning of the candle is a __________ change. long duration turns grey due to :
(a) physical (c) both (a) and (b) [NCERT Exemplar]
(b) chemical (d) none of these (i) The formation of silver by decomposition of
Ans. (c) both (a) and (b) silver chloride.
Explanation :
(ii) Sublimation of silver chloride.
Burning of the candle is both physical and
(iii)
Decomposition of chlorine gas from silver
chemical change. Burning of the candle melts the chloride.
wax and hence physical state of wax has changed
(iv) Oxidation of silver chloride.
from solid to liquid. Again the wax combines with
(a) (i) only
(c) (ii) and (iii)
the atmospheric oxygen and changes to carbon

(b) (i) and (iii)
(d) (iv) only
dioxide, heat and light. Thus it is both a physical
and the chemical change. Ans. (a) (i) only

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Chemical Reactions and Equations | 13
Explanation : two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen is
present in the water molecule respectively.
Exposure of silver chloride to sunlight for a long
duration turns silver chloride grey due to the 2H2O → 2H2 +O2
photolysis reaction in which the decomposition of 24. Which of the folllowing is an example of simple
the silver chloride takes place in the presence of displacement?
sunlight leading to the formation of silver. (a) the electrolysis of water
21. The reaction which decomposes after the supply (b) the burning of methane
of heat is called . (c) the reaction of a metal with an acid
(a) Thermal decomposition (d) The reaction of two salt solutions to form a
(b) Combination reaction precipitate
(c) Redox reaction Ans. (c) the reaction of a metal with an acid
(d) Displacement reaction
Explanation :
Ans. (a) Thermal decomposition
The displacement reaction is the one wherein the
Explanation :
atom or a set of atoms is displaced by another atom
A thermal decomposition reaction occurs when in a molecule. For instance, when iron is added to
heat is applied to a compound causing it to a copper sulphate solution, it displaces the copper
decompose (break down) into multiple different metal. A + B – C → A – C + B.
chemical substances. An example is when baking
25. Which law should be kept in mind while we
soda (sodium bicarbonate) is heated.
balance chemical equations?
2NaHCO3(s) → CO2(g)+H2O(g) + Na2CO3(s) (a) Conservation of momentum
22. In a double displacement reaction such as the (b) Conservation of mass
reaction between sodium sulphate solution and
(c) Conservation of energy
barium chloride solution: [Board Question]
(d) Conservation of frequency
(i) exchange of atoms takes place.
Ans. (b) Conservation of mass
(ii) exchange of ions takes place.
(iii) a precipitate is produced. Explanation :
(iv) an insoluble salt is produced. The law of conservation of mass states that “mass
The correct option is : can neither be created nor destroyed.” So, both the
(a) (ii) and (iv) (c) only (ii) sides of the chemical reactions have to be balanced
(b) (i) and (iii) (d) (ii), (iii) and (iv) to ensure that this law is followed and thus the
Ans. (d) (ii), (iii) and (iv) number of the reactant and the product molecules
Explanation : remains same on both sides of the equation.
26. In which of the following, the identity of initial
In a double displacement reaction such as the
substance remains unchanged ? [Board Question]
reaction between sodium sulphate solution
(a) Curdling of milk
and barium chloride solution, sodium sulphate
chemically reacts with barium chloride in the form (b) Formation of crystals by process of
of their aqueous solution to form an insoluble crystallisation
white precipitate of barium sulphate and sodium (c) Fermentation of grapes
chloride. (d) Digestion of food
Na2SO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq) → BaSO4(s)↓ + 2NaCl(aq) Ans. (b) Formation of crystals by process of
(insoluble) crystallisation
Here, exchange of ions takes place. Explanation :
23. Electrolysis of water is a decomposition reaction.
Formation of crystals by process of crystallisation
The mole ratio of hydrogen and oxygen gases
is the reaction in which the original identity of the
liberated during electrolysis of water is _______.
substance remains as such since on heating the
[NCERT Exemplar]
crystals they can again be converted in the powder
(a) 1 : 1 (c) 4 : 1 form and again on cooling they can recrystallise.
(b) 2 : 1 (d) 1 : 2 27. Which one of the following processes involves a
Ans. (b) 2 : 1 chemical reaction? [NCERT Exemplar]
Explanation : (a) Liquification of air
The mole ratio of hydrogen and oxygen gases (b) Heating copper wire in presence of air at high
liberated during the electrolysis of water is 2:1. Since temperature

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Chapter
Life Processes
CHAPTER-1 :
6
PROCESSES
LIFE Summary
• Living beings are complex organisations of molecules which perform various life processes like growth, respiration, digestion,
reproduction, excretion etc., which makes them different from non-living.
• The basic processes or functions performed by living organisms to keep them alive are called life processes.

LIFE
PROCESSES
Nutrition Excretion

Respiration Transportation

• Nutrition is defined as the process of intake of nutrients and its utilisation by an organism in various biological activities.

MODES
OF NUTRITION
Autotrophic Heterotrophic
[Organisms prepare their [They depend on autotrophs for
own food. Example : their food. Example : Animals,
Plants, Algae]. Humans Beings].

Holozoic Parasitic
[The process of intake of solid or liquid food by Saprophytic
[The process of obtaining food [The process of obtaining food
ingestion process, conversion of complex food directly from the body of host
particles to simpler form by digestion, assimilation from the dead or decayed
either by living on its surface or organisms. Example : Yeast,
and finally removing the undigested food. Example : inside the body of host.
Amoeba, Human Beings]. Mucor, Mushrooms.
Example : Worms].

• In autotrophic mode of nutrition, organisms prepare their own food and they are called autotrophs. Organisms prepare food by
the process of photosynthesis.
• Photosynthesis is the process by which chlorophyll containing cells prepare glucose using carbon dioxide and water in
presence of light energy and oxygen gas is released as a by product during this process.
Sunlight
• 6CO2 + 12H2O C H O + 6O2 + 6H2O [Equation for photosynthesis]
Chlorophyll 6 12 6

PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Condition Site of this
necessary process
Carbon Dioxide [from air passes through Steps
stomata present on surface of leaves.] Light Reaction Chloroplasts [double
Dark Reaction membrane bound organelle
Water [absorbed by roots from soil] [occurs in grana] [occurs in stroma] which contains chlorophyll]
Absorption of light
Light Energy [trapped by chlorophyll] energy by chlorophyll
Chlorophyll [present in chloroplasts] Reduction of carbon
Photolysis of water to dioxide to carbohydrates
produce hydrogen and
oxygen

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Life Processes | 149

BASED ON THEIR FOOD

[EATING HABITS]
Herbivores Omnivores
[They are plant eaters] [They eat both plants
Example : Cow, goat, Carnivores and animals] Example :
sheep, etc. [They eat other animals] Man
Example : Lion, tiger

•STEPS OF NUTRITION IN HUMAN BEINGS

STEPS OF NUTRITION
IN HUMAN BEINGS

Ingestion Digestion Absorption Assimilation Egestion

[Process of taking [Conversion of large [Process of passing of [Absorbed food taken [Removal of undigested
of food by the body.] insoluble molecules into digested food through by body cells for its food from the body.]
smaller and simpler the intestinal wall into growth, repair and
forms.] bloodstream.] reproduction etc.]
In human beings we The undigested food from
take the food through small intestine passes
our mouth. Food is crushed with the The digested food is The absorbed food into large intestine water
help of teeth and enzyme absorbed by intestinal passes into blood- and salts are absorbed
ptyalin present in saliva, walls through finger like stream, through blood and undigested solid
acts upon starch present projections called villi. it reaches the cells and are removed in the form
in food to convert into is utilised by cells to of faeces.
simple sugar. obtain energy for
growth, repair etc.
The food in form of bolus is transferred to stomach by
peristaltic movement through oesophagus.

In stomach food is digested by action of gastric juice secreted by gastric glands. Mainly enzyme pepsin acts upon
proteins to convert into peptones and proteases.

Then food passes to small intestine where remaining food is digested by actions of pancreatic juice and intestinal juice.
Fats are converted into small globules by action of bile juice secreted from liver by a process called emulsification.

•ORGANS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

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150 | CBSE Question Bank Science – X

ALIMENTARY CANAL

Oesophagus Small Large

Mouth Oral Cavity or Food Pipe
Stomach Intestine Intestine

Salivary glands Teeth help in Food in form of Gastric glands Receives pancreatic No digestion only
[Secrete salivary mastication and bolus passes from secrete gastric juice from pancreas absorption of
amylase or ptyalin] chewing of food mouth to stomach juice excess water,
through oesophagus some salts and
by peristalsis finally the
Amylase Lipase Trypsin undigested
Ptyalin acts upon Tongue helps in Gastric juice
starch to convert mixing of food contains pepsin residue is left
to maltose with saliva which converts Starch Lipids Peptones, behind
proteins to to simple to fatty proteins
peptones sugars acids to peptides
and
glycerol
Intestinal juice Secretes enzymes which
completes the conversion
of proteins to amino acids,
carbohydrates to glucose,
fats to fatty acids and glycerol

Bile from liver Emulsify large fat globules to

smaller ones

•NUTRITION IN AMOEBA

•RESPIRATION
• Respiration is a biological process by which glucose is oxidized to release energy in the form of ATP which is the energy
currency of the cell.
Sunlight
• C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy [Equation for respiration]
• During aerobic respiration, 38 molecules of ATP are released whereas during anaerobic respiration only 2 molecules of ATP are
released.
• Tobacco is a plant and its leaves are smoked, chewed, or sniffed for a variety of effects. Tobacco contains nicotine, an
addictive substance. Smoked tobacco products include cigarettes, cigars, bidis, and kreteks.
• Smoking can destroy the cilia or tiny hairs in the airway that keep dirt and mucus out of lungs.

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Definitions

1. Life Processes: The processes like nutrition, organisms for food i.e., they obtain their food from
respiration, growth, excretion etc. which together autotrophs.
keep the living organisms alive and perform 9. Holozoic nutrition: It is the mode of nutrition in
the function of body maintenance are called life which an organism feeds on solid food which is a
processes. complex organic matter by the process of ingestion,
2. Autotrophic nutrition: It is the mode of nutrition in then the food is subsequently digested and absorbed
which organisms prepare their own food by utilising and finally undigested residue is removed from the
the raw materials from the surroundings and thus, body.
do not depend on others for their food. 10. Peristalsis: The contraction and expansion
3. Photosynthesis: It is a biological process in which movement of muscular wall of oesophagus when
organisms prepare their own food by using food (bolus) passes from mouth to stomach.
inorganic raw materials like water, carbon dioxide in 11. Chyme: It is the semi solid paste formed by the
presence of chlorophyll and sunlight or light energy churning of partially digested food from the
and oxygen is evolved as a byproduct during this stomach mixed with gastric juice secreted by the
process. stomach.
4. Chlorophyll: It is a green pigment found within the 12. Respiration: It is a complex process which involves
chloroplasts of green plants and some algae which gaseous exchange i.e., oxygen is taken in and carbon
traps solar energy for the process of photosynthesis. dioxide is given out as well as oxidation of glucose in
5. Light reaction: The series of reactions which cells to release chemical energy in the form of ATP.
occurs only in presence of light inside the granum 13. Transportation: It is a life process in which a
of chloroplast where there is formation of oxygen substance synthesized or absorbed in one part of the
molecule due to photolysis of water and production organism is carried to the other parts of the body.
of assimilatory powers like NADPH and ATP. 14. Excretion: It is a biological process where there
6. Dark reaction: The series of reactions in which is removal of nitrogenous wastes from our body
carbon dioxide is converted to glucose in absence of produced due to metabolism.
light utilising the assimilatory powers like NADPH 15. Osmoregulation: The process of maintaining a
and ATP in stroma of chloroplast. constant osmotic condition in the body by regulating
7. Photolysis: The reaction in which water splits to the water and solute concentration of body fluids.
produce hydrogen , protons, electrons and oxygen 16. Dialysis: It is an artificial process of removal of
by using light energy trapped by chlorophyll. metabolic wastes and excess water from the body
8. Heterotrophic nutrition: It is the mode of nutrition by using a machine in order to maintain the normal
in which the organisms depends upon other water and solute concentration in our body.

Multiple Choice Questions

17. The autotrophic mode of nutrition requires : he tested the covered portion of the leaf for the
[NCERT] presence of starch. By doing so the student was
(a) carbon dioxide and water trying to show that: [Board Question]
(b) chlorophyll (a) CO2 is given out during respiration.
(c) sunlight (b) CO2 is necessary for photosynthesis.
(d) all of the above
(c) Chlorophyll is necessary for photo­synthesis.
Ans. (d) all of the above
(d) Light is necessary for photosynthesis.
Explanation : Ans. (d) Light is necessary for photosynthesis.
In the autotropic mode of nutrition, the plants can Explanation :
prepare their own food in the presence of sunlight,
carbon dioxide, water and chlorophyll present in Only in the presence of sunlight autotrophs
the leaves of the plants. can convert carbon dioxide and water into
18. A student covered a leaf from a destarched plant carbohydrates. By covering the leaf by black paper
with a black paper strip and kept it in the garden strip the leaf does not get sunlight in the covered
outside his house in fresh air. In the evening, part and no photosynthesis takes place and no

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Life Processes | 157
starch will be present in the leaf thus light is (c) Fats breaking down into fatty acids and
necessary for photosynthesis. glycerol
19. A few drops of iodine solution were added to rice (d) Absorption of vitamins
water. The solution turned blue-black in colour. Ans. (b) Starch breaking down into sugars
This indicates that rice water contains :
Explanation :
[NCERT Exemplar]
(a) Complex proteins Amylase is a starch hydrolase enzyme that
(b) Simple proteins catalyses the conversion of starch to simple sugars.
As a result, if salivary amylase is lacking in saliva,
(c) Starch
starch digestion is hampered.
(d) Fats
23. Bile from the liver is received in which part of the
Ans. (c) Starch
alimentary canal?
Explanation : (a) Stomach (c) Large intestine
Due to the presence of starch, when iodine solution (b) Small intestine (d) Oesophagus
was added to rice water, the solution becomes Ans. (b) Small intestine
blue- black. Iodine forms Starch Iodide complex
when it comes in contact of the amylose structure Explanation :
of starch. The blue-black colour comes from the Bile is a dark green to yellowish brown fluid
starch iodide complex. produced by the liver. It is stored in the gall
20. The opening and closing of stomatal pores bladder and it helps in the digestion of fats in the
depends upon : [NCERT Exemplar] small intestine.
(a) Oxygen 24. In which part of alimentary canal food is finally
(b) Water in guard cells digested ? [NCERT Exemplar]
(c) Concentration of carbon dioxide in stomata (a) Stomach (c) Large intestine
(d) Temperature
(b) Mouth cavity
(d) Small intestine
Ans. (b) Water in guard cells Ans. (d) Small intestine
Explanation :
Explanation :
The entry of water into guard cells aids in the
Food is broken down in the small intestine by
opening of guard cells, the guard cell becomes
enzymes secreted by the pancreas and bile from
turgid as a result of this. Water going out from
the liver because it contains all of the enzymes
guard cells aids in the closing of guard cells, as a
required for the digestion of every type of food, the
result of this the guard cells become flaccid.
food is finally digested in the small intestine of the
21. In which of the following groups of organisms, alimentary canal.
food material is broken down outside the body
25. Choose the function of pancreatic juice from the
and absorbed ? [NCERT Exemplar]
following.
(a) Mushroom, green plants, amoeba
(a) Trypsin digests proteins and lipase digests
(b) Yeast, mushroom, bread mould
carbohydrates.
(c) Paramecium, amoeba, cuscuta
(b) Trypsin digests emulsified fats and lipase
(d) Cuscuta, lice, tapeworm
digests proteins.
Ans. (b) Yeast, mushroom, bread mould
(c) Trypsin and lipase digest fats.
Explanation :
(d) Trypsin digests proteins and lipase digests
Yeast, mushrooms, and bread mould all exhibit a emulsified fats.
saprophytic mode of nutrition. They use digestive Ans. (d) Trypsin digests proteins and lipase digests
enzymes secreted outside their body to break emulsified fats.
down complex organic substances and absorb
basic molecules as nutrition. Explanation :
22. If salivary amylase is lacking in the saliva, which Pancreatic juice contains the digestive enzymes
of the following events in the mouth cavity will amylases, lipases, and trypsin, which are secreted
not take place properly? by the pancreas. Amylase degrades starch, trypsin
(a) Proteins breaking down into amino acids degrades proteins, and lipase degrades emulsified
(b) Starch breaking down into sugars lipids.

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26. The pancreatic juice does not contain one of the Ans. (c) Stomach
following enzymes.
Explanation :
(a) Trypsin (c) Lipase
(b) Amylase (d) Ptyalin Proteins are first broken down in the stomach.
Pepsinogen is released by peptic cells in the
Ans. (d) Ptyalin
stomach. Pepsinogen is a proenzyme which is
Explanation : converted into active pepsin. Pepsin breaks down
proteins into smaller polypeptides.
The pancreas secretes pancreatic juice, which
contains various enzymes like trypsinogen, 31. Which is the first enzyme to mix with food in the
chymotrypsinogen, elastase, carboxypeptidase, digestive tract ? [NCERT Exemplar]
pancreatic lipase, and amylase. Pancreatic juice (a) Amylase (c) Trypsin
does not include Ptyalin. It is produced by the (b) Pepsin (d) Cellulase
gastric glands in the stomach. Ans. (a) Amylase
27. In human digestive system the enzymes pepsin
and trypsin are secreted respectively by : Explanation :
(a) Pancreas and liver Amylase is the first enzyme in the digestive tract to
(b) Pancreas and gall bladder mix with food. It is secreted in the mouth and acts
on starch to break it down into smaller molecules.
(c) Stomach and pancreas
32. Which of the following statements are correct ?
(d) Stomach and salivary glands
(i) Pyurvate can be broken down into ethanol
Ans. (c) Stomach and pancreas
and carbon dioxide by yeast.
Explanation : (ii) Fermentation takes place in aerobic bacteria.
Pepsin enzyme is secreted by the stomach that (iii) Fermentation takes place in mitochondria.
breaks down proteins into smaller amino acids. (iv) Fermentation is a form of anaerobic respiration.
Trypsin enzyme is secreted by the pancreas that (a) (i) and (iii) (c) (i) and (iv)
breaks down proteins. (b) (ii) and (iv) (d) (ii) and (iii)
28. Which of the following is the correct statement Ans. (c) (i) and (iv)
regarding bile ? Explanation :
(a) Secreted by bile duct and stored in liver
(b) Secreted by liver and stored in bile duct Fermentation is an anaerobic process in which
(c) Secreted by liver and stored in gall bladder sugar is converted to acids or alcohol in the absence
of oxygen. This process occurs in yeast, bacteria,
(d) Secreted by gall bladder and stored in liver
and oxygen-depleted muscle cells in the same way
Ans. (c) Secreted by liver and stored in gall bladder
that lactic acid fermentation does, but it takes place
Explanation : in the cytoplasm rather than in the mitochondria.
Bile juice is secreted by the liver and stored in gall 33. Choose the correct statements that describe
bladder. It helps in the breakdown of fats into fatty arteries. [NCERT Exemplar]
acids. (a) They have thick elastic walls, blood flows
29. Which of the following components of our food under high pressure, collect blood from
is digested by an enzyme which is present in different organs and bring back to heart.
saliva as well as in pancreatic juice ? (b)
T hey have thin walls with valves inside, blood
flows under low pressure, carry blood away
(a) Proteins (c) Minerals
from the heart to various organs of the body.
(b) Fats (d) Carbohydrates
(c) They have thick elastic walls, blood flows
Ans. (d) Carbohydrates
under low pressure, carry blood from the
Explanation : heart to various organs of the body.
Salivary amylase, which is present in saliva, digests (d) They have thick elastic walls without valves
carbohydrates such as starch. It is also digested in inside, blood flows under high pressure and
the pancreas by pancreatic juices. carry blood away from the heart to different
parts of the body.
30. Where are proteins first digested in the alimentary
Ans. (d) They have thick elastic walls without valves
canal ?
inside, blood flows under high pressure and
(a) Small intestine (c) Stomach carry blood away from the heart to different
(b) Oesophagus (d) Mouth parts of the body.

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178 | CBSE Question Bank Science – X
transportation of blood in human beings and
label the following parts on it. Lung capillaries,
Pulmonary artery to lungs, Aorta to body,
pulmonary veins from lungs.
Ans.

(i) Label the parts numbered 1 – 10. What does

the figure represent?
144. Draw the diagram of an excretory unit of a human
(ii) Name all the parts in a sequence through which kidney and label the following:
air from outside reaches the last part of lungs.
(i) Bowman’s capsule  
(iii) What is the structural and functional unit of
(ii) Glomerulus
lungs? What important role is played by them?
(iii) Collecting duct
Ans. (i) 1 – Nasal cavity, 2 – Pharynx, 3 – Larynx,
4 – Trachea, 5 – Lungs, 6 – Bronchus, (iv) Renal artery
7 – Bronchioles, 8 – Pleura, 9 – Diaphragm Ans. The excretory unit of kidney is nephron.
10 – Nostrils Bowmans Glomerulus
capsule
The figure represents pathway of air through Renal
human respiratory system. artery
(ii) Nostrils → Nasal cavity → Pharynx → Larynx
→ Trachea → Bronchi → Bronchioles → Alveoli.
(iii) Alveoli are the structural and functional unit
Collecting
of lungs. They are the site of exchange of gases
duct
between blood capillaries and lungs i.e., oxygen
is taken in and carbon dioxide is given out.
143. Draw a schematic representation of transport and
exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide during

Differentiate Between

145. List in tabular form three distinguishing features between autotrophic nutrition and heterotrophic nutrition?
[Board Question]
Ans. Autotrophic Nutrition Heterotrophic Nutrition
In this mode of nutrition, organisms make their In this mode of nutrition the organisms do not make
own food. their own food.
CO2 and H2O are required for the preparation of They depend on autotrophs for their food either
food as raw materials. directly or indirectly.
Chlorophyll and sunlight are essentially needed and Chlorophyll and sunlight are not needed and they store
they store the food in the form of starch. the food in form of glycogen.
146. What are the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration? Name some organisms that use the
anaerobic mode of respiration? [NCERT]
Ans. Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration
This process occurs in presence of oxygen. This process occurs in absence of oxygen.

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Life Processes | 179
During this process glucose is completely oxidised to Glucose is incompletely oxidised. In yeast the
release carbon dioxide and water. products are ethanol and carbon dioxide. In human
beings under anaerobic conditions the products are
lactic acid and carbon dioxide.
More amount of energy is released during this Less amount of energy is released during this process.
process.
It takes place in mitochondria. It takes place in cytoplasm. Mitochondria is not
involved during this process.
Some organisms that use the anaerobic mode of respiration are yeast, some bacteria, some parasitic worms, etc.
147. What are the differences between transport of materials through xylem and phloem? [NCERT]
Ans. Transport in Xylem Transport in Phloem
It transports water and mineral salts. It transports manufactured food from leaves.
Mainly the transport is unidirectional. The transport is in different directions.
Transport occurs by tracheids and vessels. Transport occurs in sieve tubes with help of companion
cells.
It does not require energy. ATP is required for this transport.
Transport by xylem mainly occurs by transpiration Transportation of phloem occurs by the process known
pull. It is also called ascent of sap. as translocation.
148. Compare the functioning of alveoli in the lungs and nephrons in the kidneys with respect to their structure
and functioning? [NCERT]
Ans. Alveoli in Lungs Nephrons in Kidneys
Alveoli are tiny sacs like structures having thin walls Nephrons are long tubules like structures present
present in lungs. in kidneys.
Alveoli are surrounded by blood capillaries. Nephrons have a knot of blood capillaries in
Bowman’s capsule called glomerulus and a network
of capillaries surround the tubule called vasa recta.
They provide large surface area for exchange of gases In nephrons urine formation occurs by three steps
inside lungs. i.e., ultrafiltration, selective reabsorption, tubular
secretion.
They are the site for gaseous exchange. They serve as filtration unit of waste materials from
the body.

Analysis and Evaluation Based Questions

149. If the teeth are not cleaned regularly, they become (iv) Dental plaque can be removed by brushing
covered with a sticky yellowish layer W of food teeth twice daily.
particles and bacteria. Since layer W covers the 150. The breakdown of complex substances into simpler
teeth the alkaline liquid X secreted by glands substances by action of enzymes released by
Y inside the mouth cannot reach the teeth surface anaerobic bacteria is called fermentation. By this
to neutralize the acid formed by the action of method we can prepare only ethanol. In this, firstly,
organisms Z on sugary food and hence tooth decay sugarcane juice and water are mixed and heated to
sets in. form sweet liquid called molasses. Then, it breaks
(i) What is W known as? into glucose and fructose and then further, glucose
and fructose break into further simpler substances.
(ii) What is X and Y?
This method is generally carried out in breweries.
(iii) What are organisms Z?
(iv) State one way of removing layer W from the
teeth.
Ans. (i) W is known as dental plaque.
(ii) X is saliva and Y is salivary glands. Yeast Carbon
Sugar Oxygen Alcohol
dioxide
(iii) Organisms Z are bacteria.

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180 | CBSE Question Bank Science – X
(i) Name the enzyme that converts sugarcane juice plays an important role in the vital processes
into glucose and fructose. of life. It acts as a connecting link between
(ii) Which enzyme is responsible for conversion of anabolism and catabolism.
glucose and fructose into ethanol and carbon (ii) The ATP is produced from two components these
dioxide? two components are Adenosine D-Phosphate
(iii) What is the condition for fermentation? (ADP) and phosphate.
(iv) Which of these statements is incorrect? (iii) T he ATP releases the energy during an
(a) Sugarcane juice and water are mixed exothermic reaction.
and heated to form sweet liquid called (iv) The functions performed by ATP are:
molasses. 1. It helps in the process of muscle contraction,
(b) Breakdown of complex substances into synthesis of proteins.
simpler substances by anaerobic bacteria 2. It is an important factor for the conduction
is called fermentation. of nerve impulses.
(c) Glucose and fructose are the final products 152. Smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. Cigar
of fermentation. smoke may contain even more toxic substances
(d) Zymase converts glucose and fructose into than cigarettes. Cigarette smoking can have major
ethanol and carbon dioxide. consequences on the lungs at all ages.
Ans. (i) An enzyme that changes cane sugar into glucose (i) What developmental defects can babies suffer
and fructose is known as invertase. if pregnant mothers smoke?
(ii) Zymase converts glucose and fructose into (ii) What is Smokers cough?
ethanol and carbon dioxide. Ans. (i) Babies whose mothers smoked during
(iii) Fermentation occurs in absence of oxygen that pregnancy may have lungs that develop
is in anaerobic conditions. abnormally.
(iv) In fermentation, glucose and fructose formed (ii) Smoking can destroy the cilia or tiny hairs in the
by molasses is further converted into ethanol airway that keep dirt and mucus out of lungs.
and carbon dioxide. Hence, the incorrect option The cilia sweep out mucus and dirt so that our
is (c), i.e.; Our glucose and fructose are the final lungs stay clear. Smoking temporarily paralyzes
products of fermentation. and even kills cilia. This makes us more at
151. Cellular respiration, the process by which risk for infection. Smokers get more colds and
organisms combine oxygen with food stuff respiratory infections than non-smokers.
molecules, diverting the chemical energy in these 153. Blood is an important fluid connective tissue. It
substances into life-sustaining activities and is mainly composed of plasma and blood cells.
discarding, as waste products, carbon dioxide and There are three types of blood cells namely red
water. blood cells, white blood cells, and blood platelets.
The RBCs have haemoglobin, an iron containing
complex protein. The WBCs are the cells that help
in fighting diseases and attack any foreign bodies
in the blood. The blood platelets are the ones
that help in clotting of blood. Blood pressure is a
serious health problem which affects nearly 40 to
50 percent of the total population. Blood is a fluid
connective tissue which is carried to all parts of
our body with the help of the blood vessels called
arteries. It plays a key factor in providing blood
(i) What is the product of cellular respiration? (thus oxygen and energy) to organs.
(ii) The production of ATP is dependent on two
components. What are these two components?
(iii) What amount of energy is released by ATP
during an exothermic reaction?
(iv) What are the functions that are performed by
ATP?
Ans. (i) Adenosine Tri-Phosphate is the major and
the key product of cellular respiration. It is
generated at the end of the respiration. ATP (a) Systolic Blood Pressure (b) Diastolic Blood Pressure

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Chapter
The Human Eye and
Colourful World
CHAPTER-2 :
THE HUMAN EYE AND
11
SummaryWORLD
COLORFUL
The Human Eye
The human eye uses light and enables us to see the colourful world, beautiful nature and natural phenomenon.

Pupil Ciliary
Iris Muscles

Cornea • A hole in the middle of the iris. • It changes the thickness of

• A coloured diaphragm between eyelens and thus, the focal
the cornea and the lens. • It appears black as no light
gets reflected from it. length of the lens by changing
• It controls the size of the pupil. its shape.
• The outermost part of the eye. • It controls the amount of
• It allows the light to enter the light entering the eye.
eye.
Eye Lens

Retina
MAIN PARTS OF THE • A fibrous, jelly like
HUMAN EYE transparent convex lens.
• It forms a real image of the
objects on the retina.
• A delicate membrane containing number of light sensitive cells.
• It acts as a screen on which the image is formed.
Optic Nerve Power of Accommodation
• The ability of the eye to focus on the distant objects as
well as on the nearby objects on the retina by changing
Rods Cones the focal length of its lens is called the power of
The rod-shaped The cone-shaped • It transports the electrical signals accommodation of eye.
cells present in the cells present in the retina from retina to the brain.
retina of an eye which of an eye which are • The minimum distance, at which Objects can be seen
are sensitive to sensitive to bright distinctly without strain, is called the least distance of
dim light. light. distinct vision or the near point of the eye. It is about
25 cm for a normal eye.
• The farthest point upto which the eye can see objects
clearly is called the far point of the eye. It is infinity for
a normal eye.

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The Human Eye and Colourful World | 309

DEFECTS OF VISION

Myopia Hypermetropia Presbyopia Cataract

• Defect of vision due to which a person • Defect of vision due to which a • Defect of vision due to which an old • The cataract defect is developed
can see nearby objects clearly but person can see distant objects person cannot see the nearby objects when the eye lens of a person
cannot see distant object distinctly. clearly but cannot see nearby objects clearly due to loss of power of becomes cloudy due to the
• It is caused by the following distinctly. accommodation of the eye. formation of a membrane over it.
two reasons: • It is caused by the following two • The causes of presbyopia are : • The defect of the cataract leads to:
» Decrease in the focal length of the reasons : » Gradual weakening of the ciliary » Decrease in the vision of the
eye-lens. » Increase in the focal length of the muscles. eye gradually.
» The size of the eyeball becomes eye lens. » Diminishing flexibility of the eye » Total loss of vision of the eye.
too long. » The size of the eyeball becomes lens. • It can be rectified after getting
• It is corrected by using spectacles too short. • It can be corrected by using bifocal surgery done on the eye in which
containing concave lenses. • It is corrected by using spectacles lens. the cloudy layer is removed and
containing convex lenses. eye lens is replaced with new
artificial lens.

(a) Far point of a myopic eye (a) Near point of a Hypermetropic eye

(b) Myopic eye

(b) Hypermetropic eye

(c) Correction for myopic eye (c) Correction for Hypermetropic eye

NATURAL PHENOMENA

Refraction of light Dispersion Atmospheric Scattering

through a glass prism of Light Refraction of Light

• A homogeneous, transparent refracting • The splitting of white light into its • The refraction of light caused by • When sunlight enters the earth’s
medium bound by atleast two non-parallel component colours on passing the earth’s atmosphere. atmosphere, the atoms and
surfaces inclined at some angle is called through a transparent medium • Some of the phenomena which molecules of different gases in
a prism. like a glass prism. occur due to atmospheric the atmosphere absorb this light
• The white light disperses into its refraction are: and re-emit it in all directions.
seven colour components in the » Twinkling of stars. • The scattering of light by particles
order VIBGYOR i.e., Violet, Indigo, » The stars seem higher than they in its path is called Tyndall effect.
Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange, Red. actually are. • Some phenomena which occur
• The red colour has the maximum » Advance sunrise and delayed due to scattering of light are :
Fig. : Refraction of light through a speed in the prism, so it deviates sunset. » The colour of the sky is blue.
triangular glass prism the least while the violet colour » The sun appears red at sunrise
PE - Incident ray has the minimum speed, so and sunset.
EF - Refracted ray it deviates the most.
FS - Emergent ray
∠A - Angle of the prism
∠i - Angle of incidence
∠r - Angle of refraction
∠e - Angle of emergence
∠D - Angle of deviation

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310 | CBSE Question Bank Science – X

Word of Advice

S. Topics Found Difficult

Common Errors Suggestions
No. by Students
1. Cornea and iris Some students confused Cornea:
to distinguish between • A thin membrane covering the surface of
cornea and iris. They eyeball through which light enters into the eye.
know both are same but it • Acts as a primary lens.
is wrong. Iris:
• A dark muscular diaphragm located just behind
the cornea.
• Control the size of the pupil.

2. Pupil Some students do not Iris controls the size of pupil.

know which part controls Pupil:
the size of pupil and what • A black opening between the aqueous humour
is pupil. of the eye lens.
• Regulates and controls the amount of light
entering the eye.

3. Ciliary muscles and retina Some students were Ciliary muscles:

confused the between • Modify the curvature and focus of the eye lens.
the difference of ciliary • Hold the eye lens in position.
muscles and retina. Retina:
• A delicate membrane having enormous number
of light sensitive cells.
• Acts like a screen.
• A real, inverted and diminished image is
formed by the eye lens on it.

4. Defects of vision Student made mistakes Near-sightedness:

between near-sightedness • cannot see distant objects distinctly.
and far-sightedness. • can see nearby objects clearly.
They confused that • the image of distant objects is formed in front of
near sightedness means the retina.
can see distant objects
Far-sightedness:
distinctly and far-
• cannot see nearby objects distinctly.
sightedness means can so
nearby objects distinctly • can see distant objects clearly.
but this is wrong. • image of nearby objects is formed behind the
retina.
5. Near sightedness and its A few students did not Causes of near-sightedness:
correction. know the cause of near- • Excessive curvature of the eye lens as decrease
sightedness and their in focal length of eye lens.
correction. • Elongation of eyeball.
Correction : using concave lens of suitable power.

6. For sightedness and its A few students did not Cause:

correction know the cause of far- • Focal length of the eye lens is too long.
sightedness and their • Eyeball becomes shoot.
correction. Correction: Using convex lens of suitable power.

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The Human Eye and Colourful World | 311
7. Presbyopia and cataract Most of the students were Presbyopia:
confused to distinguish • Near point of the eye gradually reduces away
between presbyopia and with aging.
cataract. They do not
• Power of accommodation of eye decreases.
know their causes and
correction. Cause:
• Gradual weakening of the ciliary muscles.
• Diminishing flexibility of the eye lens.
• An eye suffers from both myopia and
hypermetropia.
Correction:
• Bifocal lens upper portion consists of concave
lens where as lower portion consists of convex
lens.
Cataract:
• Eye lens becomes milky and cloudy.
• Image cannot be seen distinctly.
Cause:
• Protein layer formation over eye lens.
Correction:
• Cataract surgery for removal of extra growth on
eye lens to restore the vision.
8. Eye defects and their Many students confused Eye defects Corrective lenses
corrective lenses the eye defects and their
Myopia Concave lens
corrective lenses. A few
of them use wrong use of Hypermetropic Convex lens
lenses. Presbyopia Bifocal lens

9. Tyndall effect A few students could not The phenomenon of scattering of light by the
define Tyndall effect? particles of colloidal solution is called Tyndall effect.

10. Refraction of light Some student know the Refraction of light through a glass prism should be
through a glass prism definition of angle of practiced.
deviation but they do
not indicate the angle of
deviation through a glass
prism.

11. Dispersion and scattering Some students used the Dispersion of light : The phenomenon of splitting
of light term dispersion of light of white light into its seven constituent colours is
instead of scattering. The called dispersion of light.
size of the particles and Scattering of light : When sun light travels through
uniform scattering was earth’s atmosphere, it gets scattered. It has been
not mentioned by some found that scattering of light takes place when the
of the students. size of the scattering particle is very small compared
to the wavelength of light i.e., air molecules
(diameter about 0.2 nm). According to Rayleigh’s
law of scattering, intensity of light varies inversely
as fourth power of wavelength of incident light :
1
Is ∝
x4

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324 | CBSE Question Bank Science – X

Differentiate Between
80. Differentiate between myopia and hypermetropia.
Ans. S.No. Myopia Hypermetropia
1. In this defect of human eye, a person can see the In this defect of human eye, a person can see the
objects lying at short distances clearly but cannot objects lying at long distances clearly but cannot
see the far objects distinctly. see the nearby objects distinctly.
2. Myopia is also called short-sightedness. Hypermetropia is also called long-sightedness.
3. Myopia may arise due to decrease in focal length Hypermetropia may arise due to increase in focal
of eye lens. length of eye lens.
4. The size of eye ball becomes too long. The size of eye ball becomes too short.
5. A person suffering from myopia must wear A person suffering from hypermetropia must wear
spectacles with concave lens of suitable power. spectacles with convex lens of suitable power.
81. Differentiate between presbyopia and cataract.
Ans. S.No. Presbyopia Cataract
1. It is a defect of vision due to which an old person It is the medical condition in which the lens of
cannot see the nearby objects clearly due to loss the eye of a person becomes progressively cloudy
of power of accommodation of eye. resulting in blurred vision.
2. It can be corrected by using spectacles having It cannot be corrected by any type of spectacle
bifocal lens of suitable power. lenses.
3. Surgical operations is not required to rectify The vision of a person can be restored by getting
presbyopia. surgery done on the eye having cataract.
82. Differentiate between dispersion and scattering of light.
Ans. S.No. Dispersion of Light Scattering of Light
1. The phenomenon of splitting of white light into its The process of absorption and then re-
constituent colours by a transparent medium such as emission of light energy in different directions
a glass prism is called dispersion of light. on interaction with the particles present in
the medium is called scattering of light.
2. The dispersion of white light occurs because different Scattering of light occurs when the air
colours of white light travel at different speeds while molecules of size smaller than the wavelength
passing through the glass prism. of incident light absorb the energy of incident
light and then re-emit it in different directions
without change in its wavelength.
3. Formation of a rainbow is due to dispersion of light. Blue colour of sky is due to scattering of light.

Diagram Based Questions

83. When do we consider a person to be myopic or hypermetropic? List two causes of hypermetropia. Explain
using ray diagrams how the defect associated with hypermetropic eye can be corrected. [Board Question]
Ans. Myopia is the defect in vision in which a person cannot see the distant objects clearly whereas in hypermetropia
is the defect in which a person cannot see nearby objects clearly.

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The Human Eye and Colourful World | 325
Hypermetropia is caused due to :
1. Decrease in converging power of eye-lens.
2. Too short eye ball.
In a hypermetropic eye, the image of nearby object lying at normal near point N (at 25 cm) is formed behind
the retina.

Hypermetropia and its correction by using convex lens.

Hypermetropic eye can be corrected using convex 86. The given figure shows two identical prisms P
lenses. When a convex lens of suitable power is and Q placed with their faces parallel to each
placed in front of hypermetropic eye, then the other. A light ray of yellow colour AB is incident
diverging rays of light from the object are converged at the face of the prism P. Complete the diagram
first by the convex lens used. This form a virtual
to show the path of the ray till it emerges out of
image of the object at another near point N′.
the prism Q.
Now, the rays can be easily focused by the eye lens
to form an image on retina.
84. Name the four parts labelled as 1, 2, 3 and 4 in the
given diagram.

Ans. The completed diagram is as follows in which the
ray CD which is emerging out of the prism Q is
parallel to the ray AB which is incident on the prism
P.

Ans. 1. Retina 3. Pupil

2. Ciliary muscles 4. Crystalline lens
85. A student sitting at the back of the classroom
cannot read clearly the letters written on the 87. The figure shows a light (red + blue + green)
blackboard. What advice will a doctor give to incident on a prism P. Complete the diagram by
her? Draw a ray diagram for the correction of this drawing the refracted and the emergent rays.
defect.
Ans. Doctor will advice her to use concave lens for
suitable power.

Ans. The completed ray diagram shows the dispersion

of (Red + Blue + Green) light by the prism.

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326 | CBSE Question Bank Science – X

Ans. The diagram depicts the phenomenon of dispersion

of light. Label A indicates incident white light.
88. Draw a neat diagram to show refraction of a
Label B indicates spectrum consisting of seven
light ray through a triangular glass prism. Mark colours (VIBGYOR).
angle of incidence, angle of emergence, incident 91. What is a rainbow? Draw a labelled diagram to
ray, refracted ray, emergent ray and the angle of show the formation of a rainbow.
deviation. [Board Question] [Board Question]
Ans. The labelled diagram has been shown in figure Ans. The Rainbow is a natural phenomenon in which
the white light or sunlight splits into beautiful
given below, in which
7 colours by the water droplets which remain
PE — Incident ray ∠i — Angle of incidence suspended in air after rain.
EF — Refracted ray ∠r — Angle of refraction
FS — Emergent ray ∠e — Angle of
emergence
∠A — Angle of the prism ∠D — Angle of deviation

92. Answer the following questions:
(i) Draw a figure which show the arrangement
89. What is meant by the dispersion of white light ? for observing the phenomenon of scattering
Draw a diagram to show dispersion of white light of light in the laboratory.
by the glass prism. [Board Question] (ii) W
hat colours would you observe in the
experiment? Why?
Ans. When a beam of white light passes through a glass
Ans. (i) A
n arrangement for observing the scattering
prism it splits up into its constituent seven colours. of light in the laboratory is as shown below.
The splitting of white light into its constituent
colours when light passes through a dispersive
medium is called “dispersion of light”. The seven
colours, usually expressed as ‘VIBGYOR’ constitute
the spectrum of white light.

The ray diagram showing dispersion is given in fig.

(ii) 1. O n the screen, first orange red colour and
then bright crimson red colour patch is
observed.
2. From the other three sides of colloidal
solution of sulphur in a glass tank (T), blue
colour is observed.
This is because the very fine colloidal sulphur
particles scatter away the blue colour from the path
90. What phenomenon is depicted in the given of beam and only red colour (least scattered) of the
diagram ? Explain the phenomenon and label A beam of white light reaches the screen through the
and B in the diagram. [Board Question] solution.

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The Human Eye and Colourful World | 327

Numericals

93. The near point of a hypermetropic eye is 1 m. What 1 1 1

is the nature and power of the lens required to Substituting the values, we get =
80 f
correct this defect? [Assume that the
1 1
near point of the normal eye is 25 cm.] 0 =
f
Ans. The eye defect, hypermetropia can be corrected by 80
using a convex lens. 1 1
− =
Here, 80 f
The object distance, u = – 25 cm f = – 80 cm
The image distance, v = – 1 m = – 100 cm Thus, the focal length of the required concave lens
1 is – 80 cm or – 0.8 m. In order to calculate power,
1 1
Using lens formula, − = we need to use the formula,
v u f
1
On substituting the values, we get Power, P =
f ( in metre)
1 1 1
− = 1
−100 −25 f Substituting the value of f, we get P =
−0.8
1 1 1 10
= = −
= – 1.25 D
100 25
f 8
1 4 1 The required power of concave lens is – 1.25 D.
=
100 f 95. The far point of a myopic person is 120 cm in front
3 1 of the eye. What is the nature and power of the
= lens required to correct the problem?
100 f
Ans. The person is suffering from an eye defect called
100
f = myopia. In this defect, the image is formed in
3 front of the retina. Hence, a concave lens is used
f = 33.3 cm to correct this defect of vision.
The focal length of the convex lens required is Here,
+ 33.3 cm. In order to calculate power, we need to The object distance, u = – ∞
use the formula,
The image distance, v = – 120 cm = – 1.2 m
1
Power, P = 1 1 1
f ( in metre) Using the formula, − =
v u f
On substituting the value of f, we get
1 1 1
1 We get 1.2 =
P = f
0.33
100 1 1
P = + 0 =
33 1.2 f
P = + 3.0 D f = – 1.2 m
The power of convex lens required is + 3.0 D. In order to calculate power,
94. The far point of a myopic person is 80 cm in front 1
of the eye. What is the nature and power of the We know P =
f ( in metre)
lens required to correct the defect?
Ans. Myopia is corrected by using a concave lens. So, 1
or P = = – 0.833 D
the person requires concave lens. −1.2
The far point of the myopic person is 80 cm. So, a concave lens of power – 0·83 D is required to
Here, correct this defect.
The object distance, u = – ∞ 96. Make a diagram to show how hypermetropia is
corrected. The near point of a hypermetropic eye
The image distance, v = – 80 cm
is 0.8 m. What is the power of the lens required
1 1 1
Using the formula, − = to correct this defect? Assume that the near point
v u f of the normal eye is 25 cm.

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Chapter
Magnetic Effects of
Electric Current CHAPTER-13 :
MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF
13
ELECTRIC CURRENT
Summary

Magnetic Effect of Electric Current

An electric current flowing in a wire produces
a magnetic field around it’’.
Magnet Magnetic Field Lines
• A substance which attracts small pieces of • A closed continuous curved path around a
iron, steel, nickel etc., and points in North-South magnet such that the tangent at any point
direction when suspended freely. on the curve gives the direction of magnetic
• Magnets come in various shapes and sizes Magnetic Field field at that point.
depending on their use. • The space surrounding a magnet in which magnetic • Properties:
• One of the most common magnets is bar force is exerted. » Outside the magnet, they are directed from
magnet which is a long, rectangular bar of • It has both magnitude and direction. the north pole towards the south pole
uniform cross-section. • The direction of magnetic field at a point is the direction whereas inside the magnet they are
of the resultant force acting on a hypothetical north pole directed from the south pole towards the
placed at that point. north pole.
» They never intersect each other.
» They are crowded near the poles of
magnet where magnetic field is strong
and are less crowded (near the centre)where
the magnetic field is weak.

MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO A

CURRENT-CARRYING CONDUCTOR

Magnetic field due to Straight Magnetic field due to a Circular Loop Magnetic field due to a Solenoid
Current-carrying Conductor • The magnetic field lines are represented by • The solenoid is a long coil containing a large
• The magnetic field lines around a straight concentric circles that appear as straight number of close turns of insulated copper wire.
conductor carrying current are concentric lines near the centre of loop. • The magnetic field produced by a current carrying
circles whose centres lie on the wire. • In this case, the magnitude of magnetic field is : solenoid is similar to the magnetic field produced
• In this case, the magnitude of magnetic field is : » Directly proportional to the current passing by a bar magnet.
» Directly proportional to the current passing in through the circular loop, • In this case, the strength of magnetic field
the wire, » Inversely proportional to the radius of circular loop. depends on :
» Inversely proportional to the distance of that » number of turns in solenoid.
point from the wire. » strength of current in the solenoid.
Direction
» the nature of ‘core material’.
• Clock Face Rule
Direction
• Right Hand Thumb Rule : Electromagnet
• A temporary magnet of soft iron which retains
magnetism only when current passes through it.
• Used in electric bell, telephone, electric motor etc.
• Factors affecting the strength of an electromagnet :
(a) The direction of current in this face of circular wire » Number of turns.
is clockwise, so this face of circular wire carrying current
will act as a South magnetic pole (S-pole)
» Current flowing in the coil.
» Length of air gap between its poles.

• Maxwell’s Corkscrew Rule :

(b) The direction of current in this face of circular wire is

anticlockwise, so this face of circular wire carrying current
will act as a North magnetic pole (N-pole)

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Magnetic Effects of Electric Current | 373

Force on Current-carrying conductor placed in a

magnetic field
•When a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, a
mechanical force is exerted on the conductor which makes it move.
•The direction of force is :
(i) perpendicular to the direction of current,
(ii)perpendicular to the direction of magnetic field.

Electric Motor
Direction of Force • A motor is a device which converts electrical energy into
• Fleming’s left hand Rule : mechanical energy.
• It works on the principle that when a rectangular coil is
placed in a magnetic field and current is passed through it,
a force acts on the coil which rotates it continuously.
• It is mainly used in electric fans, washing machines,
refrigerators, electric cars, etc.

Electromagnetic Induction
The production of induced current in a coil placed
in a region where the magnetic field changes
with time.

Application
Direction of Induced Current • Electric generator : It converts mechanical energy into
• Fleming’s right hand rule : electrical energy. It works on the basis of electromagnetic
induction.
• An A.C. generator produces alternating current, which
reverses its direction after equal intervals of time. In this
case, we use slip rings due to which the direction of
current changes.
• D.C. generator produces direct current i.e., the direction of
current remains the same. In this case, we use split rings
called commutator, which give current only in one direction.

• Colour Coding of wires in a cable :

Wire Colour
Old Convention New Convention
Live (L) Red Brown
Neutral (N) Black Light Blue
Earth (E) Green Green or Yellow

• The colour coding of wires help us to connect the switch, fuse, socket etc. through proper wire in house wiring.
• The live wire is at a higher potential of 220V whereas the neutral wire is at the ground potential of 0V.
• Overloading is the process of over heating of a wire due to excess current drawn by all the appliances than the permitted limit for that wire.
• Short-circuiting is the process of over heating which may even cause fire when the live wire and the neutral wire come in contact due to defective or
damaged wiring.
• An electric fuse is a safety device which is used to limit the current in an electric circuit. It safeguards the circuits and the appliances connected in that
circuit from being damaged.
• An alloy of lead and tin is used as the material of the fuse wire because it has a low melting point (≈ 250°C) and its specific resistance is more than that of
copper and aluminium.
• The thickness of a fuse wire depends on its current rating. Higher the current rating, thicker is the fuse wire.
• A fuse is always connected in series with the live wire before the appliance.
• The fuse provided with an electric appliance to protect it against electric faults must be of current rating slightly higher than the maximum current that can
be drawn by the appliance before being over heated.
• A switch is an on-off device for current in a circuit. It is connected in the live wire.
• To avoid the risk of electric shocks, the metal body of an electrical appliance is earthed. It is necessary to remove paint from the body part where earth
connection is to be made.
• In a three pin plug, the top pin is for earthing, the pin on the left is for live and the pin on the right is for neutral.
• In a three pin socket, the upper hole is for earth connection, while the hole on the right side is for connection to the live wire and the hole on the left side is
for connection to the neutral wire.
• All electrical appliances such as bulbs, fans, sockets, etc. are connected in parallel across the live wire and the neutral wire.

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388 | CBSE Question Bank Science – X

Assertion and Reasoning Based Questions

Directions: In the following questions, a statement of charge. As work done by magnetic field on the
assertion is followed by a statement of reason. Mark the charge is zero, so the energy of the charged particle
does not change. Thus, both assertion and reason
correct choice as:
are correct and reason is the correct explanation of
(a) Both assertion and reason are correct and reason is
assertion.
the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are correct, but reason is 67. Assertion: A current carrying conductor
experiences a force in a magnetic field.
not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) Assertion is true, but reason is false. Reason: The net charge on a current carrying

conductor is zero.
(d) Assertion is false, but reason is true.
Ans. (b) Both assertion and reason are correct, but
64. Assertion: Iron filings are kept near a magnet it reason is not the correct explanation of
gets arranged in a particular fashion. assertion.
Reason: Magnetic field is a scalar quantity. Explanation :
Ans. (c) Assertion is true, but reason is false.

When a current carrying conductor having no net
Explanation : charge is placed in a magnetic field, the free electrons

Magnetic field is not a scalar quantity rather it is of the conductor move towards the positive end
of the conductor with same drift velocity, hence a
a vector quantity which has both magnitude and
magnetic force acts on them. The positive ions of
direction. So, when iron filings are placed around
the conductor being stationary, do not experience
a magnet, they get arranged in a fashion similar to any magnetic field. Thus, both assertion and reason
that of magnetic lines. Thus, assertion is correct, are correct but reason is not the correct explanation
but reason is false. of the assertion.
65. Assertion: A current carrying rod is suspended 68. Assertion: Magnetic field lines do not intersect
between U-shaped magnet, the rod deflects. each other.
Reason: A force is exerted on the rod due to Reason: It is impossible to have two direction of
magnetic field. the magnetic field at a point.
Ans. (a) Both assertion and reason are correct and
Ans. (a) Both assertion and reason are correct and
reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
Explanation :
Explanation :
Magnetic field lines do not intersect, because it
A force is always exerted due to magnetic field
happen so then at that point two direction of
in the same way electric current flowing through
magnetic field lines exist, which is not possible.
any conductor produces magnetic field. And
Thus, both assertion and reason are correct and
in this case, Fleming’s left-hand rule is used to
reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
predict directions of the magnetic field, current
and displacement. Thus, assertion and reason both 69. Assertion: The principle of electromagnetic
are correct and reason is the correct explanation of induction was discovered by Micheal Faraday
assertion. Reason: The principle is used only in DC generators
Ans. (c) Assertion is true, but reason is false.
66. Assertion: The energy of charged particle moving
in a uniform magnetic field does not change. Explanation :
Reason: Work done by magnetic field on the charge
Not only DC generators but AC generators also
is zero. work on the principle of electromagnetic induction.
Ans. (a) Both assertion and reason are correct and Thus, assertion is true, but reason is false.
70. Assertion: Electric Motor converts electric energy
reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
into mechanical energy.
Explanation : Reason: Electric Motor is based on the principle of

The force on a charged particle moving in a Fleming's right hand rule. Thus assertion is true,
uniform magnetic field always acts in direction but reason is False.
perpendicular to the direction of motion of the Ans. (c) Assertion is true, but reason is false.

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Magnetic Effects of Electric Current | 389
Explanation : which produces deflection. Deflection is directly
proportional to current flowing through the

Electric motor is based on the principle of Fleming's
left hand rule. Thus assertion is true, but reason is galvanometer coil. Thus, both assertion and reason
false. are correct but reason is not the correct explanation
of the assertion.
71. Assertion: A compass is kept near a wire carrying
current gets deflected. 75. Assertion: Current can be induced in a coil by
changing the magnetic field around it.
Reason: Electric current is capable of producing a
magnetic effect. Reason: A Galvanometer connected to a coil can
Ans. (a) Both assertion and reason are correct and deflect either to the left or right of the zero mark.
reason is the correct explanation of assertion. Ans. (b) Both assertion and reason are correct, but
reason is not the correct explanation of
Explanation :
assertion.
Here while carrying out an experiment if a compass
Explanation :
needle is placed near a wire carrying current then
due to the effect of magnetism which is produced Current is induced in a coil due to a changing
due to electric current produced in the wire the magnetic field and this process is known as
needle gets deflected. It shows that the magnetism
electromagnetic induction.
and electricity are interlinked. Thus, both assertion
and reason are correct and reason is the correct Galvanometer is a device that detects the presence
explanation of assertion. of current by deflecting the needle to one side of
72. Assertion: Deflection of the iron filings changes the zero mark but this does not explain the current
when current in the conductor varies. induced in the coil. Thus both assertion and reason
Reason: Magnitude of the magnetic field does not are correct and reason is not the correct explanation
change with the magnitude of current. of the assertion.
Ans. (c) Assertion is true, but reason is false. 76. Assertion: Electric generator uses mechanical
Explanation : energy and converts it into electrical energy.
As the current changes in the conductor, magnitude Reason: Electric generator works on the principle
of the magnetic field produced also varies which is of electromagnetic induction.
the reason for a change in the deflection of the iron Ans. (a) Both assertion and reason are correct and
filings. Thus assertion is true, but reason is false. reason is the correct explanation of the
73. Assertion: A pump operated by electric motor assertion.
starts pumping liquid. Explanation :
Reason: Motor converts mechanical energy to
electrical energy. The axle of the generator is mechanically rotated
Ans. (c) Assertion is true, but reason is false. to rotate the coil inside the magnetic field. The
rotating coil is kept between two poles of a
Explanation :
permanent magnet. Due to the electromagnetic
An electric motor converts electrical energy to induction electricity is produced through the coils.
mechanical energy which is used for pumping Thus, both assertion and reason are correct and
liquids through the pumps. It produces a rotating reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
force when electricity is given to it. Thus, assertion
77. Assertion: A fault occurred in the domestic lines,
is true, but reason is false.
but all the equipment’s are safe.
74. Assertion: Galvanometer is used to measure Reason: Potential difference is only 220 V in our
polarity. country in domestic lines.
Reason: Galvanometer is an instrument which is Ans. (b)
Both assertion and reason are correct but
used to detect current in any circuit. reason is not the correct explanation of the
Ans. (b) Both assertion and reason are correct, but reason assertion.
is not the correct explanation of assertion. Explanation :
Explanation :
As when a fault occurs in the domestic lines there
In testing purposes galvanometer is used to is a protective device called fuse which breaks the
measure polarity. There is a torque acting on a circuit and protects all the equipments by melting
current carrying coil suspended in a magnetic field the low melting point wire wrapped to it in order

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Magnetic Effects of Electric Current | 397

Short Answer Type Questions

127. Answer the following questions: (ii) According to this rule, stretch the thumb,
(i) What do you mean by ‘magnetic field’ of a forefinger and middle finger of your left hand
magnet? such that they are mutually perpendicular
(ii) What are magnetic field lines? List two to each other. If the first finger points in the
characteristic properties of these lines. direction of magnetic field and the second
Ans. (i) The space or region around a magnet in which finger in the direction of current, then the
the force of attraction or repulsion due to the thumb will point in the direction of motion or
magnet can be detected is called the magnetic the force acting on the conductor.
field.
(ii) The lines drawn in a magnetic field along
which north magnetic pole moves, are called
magnetic field lines.
The characteristic properties of magnetic
field lines are :
1. The magnetic lines originate from North
pole and ends at South pole.
2. The magnetic lines do not intersect each
Fig. Fleming’s left hand rule
other.
130. Answer the following questions:
128. Answer the following questions:
(i) State Ampere’s swimming rule. (i) What is the principle of an electric motor?
(ii) Name and state the rule to determine the [NCERT]
direction of magnetic field produced by a (ii) What is the role of a split ring in an electric
straight wire carrying current. motor? [NCERT]
Ans. (i) If a swimmer swims in the direction of current, (iii) Define magnetism.
facing the magnetic needle, then the North Ans. (i) Electric motor works on the principle that
pole of the magnetic needle deflects towards ‘when a rectangular coil is placed in a magnetic
his left hand i.e., West and the South pole field and current is passed through it, a force
towards his right hand i.e., East. acts on the coil which rotates it continuously.
(ii) Maxwell’s right hand thumb rule is used to Thus, when the coil rotates, the shaft attached
determine the direction. According to this rule, to it also rotates converting the electrical
when you hold a current carrying conductor in energy supplied to the motor to the mechanical
your right hand in such a way that your thumb energy of rotation.
points in the direction of the current then the (ii) In an electric motor, after every half rotation
direction in which your fingers encircle the the direction of coil gets reversed due to
conductor will give the direction of magnetic change in orientation of the magnetic field.
field around it. To ensure a continuous rotation; a split ring
129. Answer the following questions: is attached to the coil so that the polarity of
(i) Name and state the rule to determine the the coil changes after every half rotation. This
polarity of the two faces of a current carrying changes the direction of current and thus the
circular loop. armature keeps on rotating continuously.
(ii) State Fleming’s Left Hand Rule. [NCERT] (iii) The property by virtue of which a magnet
Ans. (i) Clock face rule is used to determine the attracts certain metals such as iron, cobalt,
polarity of the two faces of a current carrying nickel etc., is termed as magnetism.
circular loop. 131. State the rule to determine the direction of a :
According to this rule, “If the current around (i) Magnetic field produced around a straight
the face of circular wire flows in the clockwise current carrying conductor.
direction, then that face of the circular wire (ii) Force experienced by a current-carrying
will be South pole (S-Pole) and if the current straight conductor placed in a magnetic field
around the face of circular wire flows in the which is perpendicular to it.
anticlockwise direction, then that face of the (iii) Current induced in a coil due to its rotation in
circular wire will be North pole (N-Pole).” a magnetic field.

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398 | CBSE Question Bank Science – X
Ans. (i) Right hand thumb rule or Maxwell’s Corkscrew current is given by the direction of the central
rule. finger.”
(ii) Fleming’s left hand rule. This rule is also called dynamo rule.
(iii) Fleming’s right hand rule.
132. Answer the following questions:
(i) What do you mean by Overloading?
(ii) Define an electromagnet.
(iii) What is a galvanometer?
Ans. (i) Overloading is the process of overheating of
a wire due to excess current drawn by all the
appliances than the permitted limit for that Fig. Fleming’s right hand rule.
wire. 135. (i) Why is an alternating current (A.C.) considered
(ii) An electromagnet is a magnet consisting of a to be advantageous over direct current (D.C.)
long coil of insulated copper wire wrapped for the long distance transmission of electric
around a soft iron core that is magnetized only power? [Board Question]
when electric current is passed through the (ii) How is the type of current used in household
coil. supply different from the one given by a
(iii) A galvanometer is an instrument which can battery of dry cells?
detect the presence of electric current in a (iii)
How does an electric fuse prevent the
circuit. electric circuit and the appliances from a
possible damage due to short circuiting or
133. Answer the following questions:
overloading.
(i) Define electromagnetic induction.
Ans. (i) Alternating current can be transmitted to long
(ii) What is a permanent magnet? Give one use of
distances without much loss of electric energy.
it.
Hence, it is advantageous over direct current
(iii) Define a compass.
for long-range transmission of electric energy.
Ans. (i) The production of electricity from magnetism (ii) A dry cell (or battery of any type) supplies
is called electromagnetic induction. Direct Current or DC. Household outlets
(ii) A permanent magnet is a magnet made from supply Alternating Current or AC.
steel such that once magnetized, it does not (iii) A common application of Joule’s heating is
lose its magnetism easily. the fuse used in electric circuits. It protects
(iii) A compass is a device used to show magnetic circuits and appliances by stopping the flow
field direction at a point. It consists of a tiny of any unduly high electric current. The fuse
pivoted magnet usually in the form of a is placed in series with the device. It consists
pointer which can turn freely in the horizontal of a piece of wire made of a metal or an alloy
plane. of appropriate melting point, for example
134. State Fleming’s right hand rule. aluminium, copper, iron, lead etc. If a current
Ans. It states that, “Stretch your right hand in such a way higher than the specified value flows through
that the first finger, the central finger and the thumb the circuit, the temperature of the fuse wire
are mutually perpendicular to each other. If the first increases. This melts the fuse wire and breaks
finger points along the direction of magnetic field the circuit. The fuse wire is usually encased
and the thumb points along the direction of motion in a cartridge of porcelain or similar material
of the conductor, then the direction of induced with metal ends.

Differentiate Between

136. State five differences between an electromagnet and a permanent magnet.

Ans.
S. No. Electromagnet Permanent Magnet
1. It is made up of soft iron. It is made up of steel.

2. The magnetic field strength can be changed. The magnetic field strength can not be changed.

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Magnetic Effects of Electric Current | 399
3. The magnetic field can be very strong. The magnetic field is not so strong.
4. The polarity of an electromagnet can be The polarity of a permanent magnet cannot be
reversed. reversed.
5. It can be easily demagnetized by switching It cannot be easily demagnetized.
off the current.
137. Give the difference between AC and DC Generators.
Ans.
S. No. AC Generators DC Generators
1. AC generator is a mechanical device which DC generator is a mechanical device which converts
converts mechanical energy into AC electrical mechanical energy into DC electrical power.
power.
2. In an AC generator, the electrical reverses In a DC generator, the electrical current flows only in
direction periodically. one direction.
3. AC generator does not have commutators. DC generators have commutators to make the current
flow in one direction only.
4. AC generators have slip-rings. DC generators have split-ring commutators.

Diagram Based Questions

138. What is a solenoid ? Draw the pattern of magnetic Draw three magnetic lines of force on the board
field lines of (i) a current carrying solenoid and and mark the direction of magnetic field in your
(ii) a bar magnet. List two distinguishing features diagram. State two factors on which magnitude of
between the two fields. [Board Question] magnetic field at a point, depends.
Ans. Solenoid is a long cylindrical coil of wire consisting of
a large number of turns bound together very tightly.

(i)

Ans. The magnetic lines of force due to current in the

straight conductor XY are shown in figure given
alongside. The arrows on the magnetic lines of force
show the direction of magnetic field.
(ii)
The magnitude of magnetic field at a point depends
on :
1. The strength of current in the conductor, and
2. The distance of point from the conductor.

Distinguishing features are as follows :

1. Magnetic field outside the solenoid is negligible
as compared to the bar magnet.
2. Magnetic field of solenoid can be varied as per
our requirement just by changing current or 140. Given below are three diagrams showing entry of
core of solenoid but in bar magnet it is fixed. an electron in a magnetic field. Identify the case
139. In the diagram XY is a straight conductor in which the force on electron will be maximum
carrying current in the direction marked by and minimum respectively. Give reason for your
the arrow. The conductor is held vertically by answer. Find the direction of maximum force
passing it through a horizontal cardboard sheet. acting on electron. [Board Question]

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Sample Question Paper
Science—[Subject Code (086)]

Time : 3 hours Max. Marks : 80

General Instructions :
1. This question paper consists of 39 questions in 5 sections.
2. All questions are compulsory. However, an internal choice is provided in some questions. A student is
expected to attempt only one of these questions.
3. Section A consists of 20 objective type questions carrying 1 mark each.
4. Section B consists of 6 Very Short questions carrying 02 marks each. Answers to these questions
should be in the range of 30 to 50 words.
5. Section C consists of 7 Short Answer type questions carrying 03 marks each. Answers to these questions
should be in the range of 50 to 80 words.
6. Section D consists of 3 Long Answer type questions carrying 05 marks each. Answer to these questions
should be in the range of 80 to 120 words.
7. Section E consists of 3 source-based/case-based units of assessment of 04 marks each with sub-
parts.

Section - A
Select and write the most appropriate option out of the four options given
for each of the questions 1 - 20. There is no negative mark for incorrect response.
1. Identify the product which represents the solid state in the above reaction. [1]

Test tube containing solution of

solution sulphate

Test tube containing

solution of barium chloride

(a) Barium chloride (c) Sodium chloride

(b) Barium sulphate (d) Sodium sulphate
2. The colour of the solution observed after 30 minutes of placing zinc metal to copper sulphate solution
is [1]
(a) Blue (c) Dirty green
(b) Colourless (d) Reddish Brown
3. Mild non-corrosive basic salt is [1]
(a) Ca (OH)2 (b) NaCl (c) NaOH (d) NaHCO3

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446 | CBSE Question Bank Science – X
4. On adding dilute sulphuric acid to a test tube containing a metal ‘X’, a colourless gas is produced when
a burning match stick is brought near it. Which of the following correctly represents metal ‘X’? [1]
(a) Sodium (b) Zinc (c) Copper (d) Silver
5. Which one of the following correctly represents Sodium oxide? [1]
2 1
XX XX
(a) Na+2 2 XX O XX (c) 2Na+ 2 XX O XX
XX XX
2 2
XX XX
(b) 2Na+ XX O XX (d) Na+1 XX O XX
XX XX
6. An element with atomic number _________ will form a basic oxide. [1]
(a) 7 (2, 5) (b) 17 (2, 8, 7) (c) 14 (2, 8, 4) (d) 11 (2, 8, 1)
rd nd
7. An element ‘M’ has 50% of the electrons filled in the 3 shell as in the 2 shell. The atomic number of
‘M’ is: [1]
(a) 10 (b) 12 (c) 14 (d) 18
8. Generally food is broken and absorbed within the body of organisms. In which of the following organisms
is it done outside the body? [1]
(a) Amoeba (c) Paramoecium
(b) Mushroom (d) Lice
9. Receptors are usually located in sense organs. Gustatory receptors are present in [1]
(a) tongue (b) nose (c) eye (d) ear
10. A farmer wants to grow banana plants genetically similar enough to the plants already available in his
field. Which one of the following methods would you suggest for this purpose? [1]
(a) Regeneration (c) Vegetative propagation
(b) Budding (d) Sexual reproduction
11. Height of a plant is regulated by: [1]
(a) DNA which is directly influenced by growth hormone.
(b) Genes which regulate the proteins directly.
(c) Growth hormones under the influence of the enzymes coded by a gene.
(d) Growth hormones directly under the influence a gene.
12. A sportsman, after a long break of his routine exercise, suffered muscular cramps during a heavy exercise
session. This happened due to: [1]
(a) lack of carbon dioxide and formation of pyruvate.
(b) presence of oxygen and formation of ethanol.
(c) lack of oxygen and formation of lactic acid.
(d) lack of oxygen and formation of carbon dioxide.
13. An object is placed in front of a convex mirror. Its image is formed : [1]
(a) at a distance equal to the object distance in front of the mirror.
(b) at twice the distance of the object in front of the mirror.
(c) half the distance of the object in front of the mirror.
(d) behind the mirror and it’s position varies according to the object distance.
14. When light enters the atmosphere it strikes on extremely fine particles, which deflect the rays of light in
all possible directions, This is due to - [1]
(a) reflection of light (c) scattering of light
(b) atmospheric refraction (d) dispersion of light
15. In 1987, an agreement was formulated by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) to freeze
the production of “X” to prevent depletion of “Y”. “X” and “Y” respectively referred here are: [1]
(a) Ozone; CFCs (c) CFCs; Ozone
(b) CFCs; rays UV (d) UV rays; Diatomic oxygen
16. Which of the following features relates to biodegradable substances? [1]
(a) Broken down by biological processes (c) Persist in environment for long time
(b) Remain inert (d) May harm the ecosystem

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Sample Question Paper | 447
DIRECTION: In the question number 17 to 20 consist of two statements – Assertion (A) and Reason (R).
Answer these questions selecting the appropriate option given below:
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
17. Assertion: Rusting of Iron is endothermic in nature.
Reason: As the reaction is slow, the release of heat is barely evident. [1]
18. Assertion: Probability of survival of an organism produced through sexual reproduction is more than
that of organism produced through asexual mode.
Reason: Variations provide advantages to individuals for survival. [1]
19. Assertion : A compass needle is placed near a current carrying wire. The deflection of the compass
needle decreases when the magnitude of the current in the wire is increased.
Reason : The strength of a magnetic field at a point near the conductor increases on increasing the
current. [1]
20. Assertion: Biodegradable substances result in the formation of compost and natural replenishment.
Reason: It is due to breakdown of complex inorganic substances into simple organic substances. [1]

Section - B
Question No. 21 to 26 are Very Short Answer Questions
21. Dil. HCl is added to Zn granules.” How will you prove that chemical change has taken place here?
Support your response with two arguments. [2]
22. State the post-fertilisation changes that lead to fruit formation in plants. [2]
23. What is the purpose of making urine in the human body? Name the organs that stores and releases the
urine.
OR
Why do arteries have thick and elastic walls whereas veins have valves? [2]
24. The refractive indices of three media are given below:

Medium Refractive Index

A 1.6
B 1.8
C 1.5
A ray of light is travelling from A to B and another ray is travelling from B to C.
(a) In which of the two cases the refracted ray bends towards the normal?
(b) In which case does the speed of light increase in the second medium?

Give reasons for your answer. [2]
25. A piece of wire of resistance R is cut into three equal parts. These parts are then connected in parallel.
If the equivalent resistance of this parallel combination is R1, what is the value of the ratio R1 : R?
OR

Refer to the image below and state how the magnetic field pattern indicates regions where the magnetic
field is stronger outside the magnet? What happens to the magnetic field when the current in the
circuit is reversed?

solenoid

magnetic field line

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448 | CBSE Question Bank Science – X
26. Study the food chain given below and answer the questions that follow:

(a) I f the amount of energy available at the third trophic level is 100 joules, then how much energy will
be available at the producer level? Justify your answer.
(b) Is it possible to have 2 more trophic levels in this food chain just before the fourth trophic level?
Justify your answer. [2]

Section - C
Question No. 27 to 33 are short answer questions
27. The given reaction shows one of the processes to extract the metals like Iron and Manganese.
MnO2 (s) + Al(s) Mn(l) + Al2 O3 (s) + Heat
(a) Give reason why the above reaction is known as a thermite reaction.
(b) Identify the substance oxidised and reduced in the above reaction.
(c) Give a reason why Aluminium is preferably used in thermite reactions. [3]
– –2
28. An element ‘M’ with electronic configuration 2 8 3 combines separately with Cl , SO4 anions. Write the
chemical formulae of the compounds formed. Predict with the suitable reason the nature of the bond
formed by element ‘M’ in general. How will the electrical conductivity of the compounds formed vary
with respect to ‘M’?
OR

A reddish-brown metal ‘X’, when heated in air, gives a black compound ‘Y’, which when heated in
presence of H2 gas gives ‘X’ back. ‘X’ is refined by the process of electrolysis; this refined form of ‘X’ is
used in electrical wiring.

Identify ‘X’ and ‘Y’. Draw a well-labeled diagram to represent the process of refining ‘X’. [3]
29. We are advised to take iodised salt in our diet by doctors. Justify it’s importance in our body. [3]
30. What is the probability of a girl or a boy being born in a family? Justify your answer. [3]
31. (i) Explain why the refractive index of any material with respect to air is always greater [1+1+1]

(ii) In the figure below a light ray travels from air into the semi-circular plastic block. Give a reason
why the ray does not deviate at the semi-circular boundary of the plastic block.
plastic block
normal

40°
light ray

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Sample Question Paper | 451

On the basis of above data answer the following questions.
(a) Which of the two characteristics - ‘free ear lobe’ or ‘attached ear lobe’ appears to be dominant in
this case? Why?
(b) Is the inheritance of the free ear lobe linked with sex of the individual? Give reason for your
answer.
(c) What type of ear lobe is present in father, mother, Rahul and his sister Nisha? Write the genetic
constitution of each of these family members which explains the inheritance of this character in
this family?
(Gene for Free ear lobe is represented by F and gene for attached ear lobe is represented by f for writing
the genetic constitution).
OR
Suresh’s parents have attached earl obes. What type of ear lobe can be seen in Suresh and his sister
Siya? Explain by giving the genetic composition of all.
A 1
39.
2
3
12 V 4.0 Ω 4.0 Ω 12 Ω 12 Ω

Vinita and Ahmed demonstrated a circuit that operates the two headlights and the two sidelights of a
car, in their school exhibition. Based on their demonstrated circuit, answer the following questions.
(i) State what happens when switch A is connected to
(a) Position 2 (b) Position 3
(ii) Find the potential difference across each lamp when lit.
(iii) Calculate the current
(a) in each 12 Ω lamp when lit.
(b) In each 4 Ω lamp when lit.
OR
(iv) Show, with calculations, which type of lamp, 4.0 Ω or 12 Ω, has the higher power.

MARKING SCHEME

Section - A
1. (b) Barium sulphate [1]
2. (b) Colourless [1]
3. (d) NaHCO3 [1]
4. (a) Sodium [1]
2
XX
5. (b) 2Na+ XX O XX [1]
XX
6. (d) 11 (2, 8, 1) [1]
7. (c) 14 [1]
8. (b) Mushroom [1]
9. (a) tongue [1]
10. (c) Vegetative propagation [1]
11. (c) Growth hormones under the influence of the enzymes coded by a gene. [1]
12. (c) lack of oxygen and formation of lactic acid. [1]
13. (d) behind the mirror and it’s position varies according to the object distance. [1]
14. (c) scattering of light [1]
15. (c) CFCs; Ozone [1]
16. (a) Broken down by biological processes [1]
17. (d) Assertion is false but Reason is true. [1]

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452 | CBSE Question Bank Science – X
18. (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A. [1]
19. (a) Assertion is false but Reason is true. [1]
20. (c) A is true but R is false. [1]

Section - B
21. Response with any of the given two arguments. [1+1]
• Bubbles of gas/ Evolution of gas
• Change in colour (Zn – silvery grey to black)
• Change in temperature
22. • After fertilisation, the zygote divides several times to form an embryo within the ovule.
• The ovule develops a tough coat and is gradually converted into a seed.
• The ovary grows rapidly and ripens to form a fruit.
• The petals, sepals, stamens, style and stigma may shrivel and fall off. [0.5 × 4 = 2]
23. To filter out nitrogenous waste products like urea and uric acid [0.5] from the blood [0.5] in humans.
Organ for storage: Urinary Bladder [0.5]
Organ for release: Urethra [0.5]
OR
The blood emerges from the heart under high pressure and flows through arteries. Hence, to bear this
pressure the arteries have thick and elastic walls. [1]
-Veins have valves to ensure that the blood flows in one direction only. [1]
24. (a) When light travels from an optically rarer medium to an optically denser medium it moves
towards the normal. Since nB > nA hence the light ray will bend towards the normal on passing
from medium A to B. [0.5 + 0.5]
(b) The speed of the light will increase when the light travels from B to C, Since nc<nB and v = (c/n),
the speed of light ray will increase in the second medium. [0.5 + 0.5]
R
25. Resistance of each part is Ω (as resistance is proportional to the length of the wire.) [0.5]
3
1 3 3 3 9
R1 = + + =
R R R R
R R1 1
.·. R1 = ∴ =
9 R 9
OR
The magnetic field strength is more in the region where the field lines are crowded. This means the
field strength is maximum near the poles and it reduces as we go away from the poles. [0.5 + 0.5]
The direction of the magnetic field is also reversed. [1]
26. (a) 10000J because only 10 % of energy is available for the next trophic level.
(b) No, since the loss of energy at each step is so great that very little usable energy will remain after 4
trophic levels.
27. (a) The above reaction is known as a thermite reaction as the reaction is highly exothermic reaction.
OR
the metal (Mn/Fe) obtained will be in molten/ liquid state. [1]
(b) Substance oxidised - Al(s) [0.5]
Substance reduced – MnO2 (s) [0.5]
(c) Aluminium is preferably used in thermite reactions as it is placed above Fe and Mn in reactivity
series of metals. [1]
OR
Al is more reactive than Fe/ Mn
28. MCl3; M2(SO4)3 [1]
M in general forms Ionic bond. It can acquire a stable electronic configuration of neon (2, 8) by losing
its three valence electrons to form M3+ cation. [1]
Compounds formed will conduct electricity in liquid / molten state but not in solid state in contrast to
‘M’ [1]

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Sample Question Paper | 453
OR
(a) ‘X’ - Copper/ Cu and ‘Y’ - CuO [1]
(b) Diagram to represent the process of refining of ‘X [2]
Key e–
e–
Cathode Anode
Impure copper
Pure copper
Acidified
copper
Cu2+ sulphate
Cu2+ solution

Tank

Impurities
(anode mud)
29. • Iodine is essential for the synthesis of thyroxin hormone.
• Thyroxin regulates carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism in the body.
• Thyroxin provide best balance for growth in the body.
30. There are 50% chances that a girl may be born and 50% chances that a boy may be born. It can be
explained as follows:
Most human chromosomes have a maternal copy and a paternal copy. We have 22 such chromosomes.
One pair of chromosomes called sex chromosomes is odd in not always being a perfect pair. Women
have a perfect pair of sex chromosomes, both called X. (XX) [0.5]
But men have a mismatched pair of sex chromosomes in which one is normal sized – X chromosome
while the other is a short one called Y chromosome. (XY) [0.5]
A child receives one chromosome from mother which is essentially X chromosome. [0.5]
A child who inherits an X chromosome from her father will be a girl, and one who inherits a Y
chromosome from him will be a boy. [0.5].
speed of light in air
31. i. The refractive index of a medium with respect to air is given by . Since
speed of light in the medium
speed of light in the medium is always less than the speed of light in air, hence the above ratio is
always greater than 1. [0.5 + 0.5]
ii. The ray of light is undergoing normal incidence at the air-plastic block interface. And for normal
incidence there is no deviation. [1]
iii. [0.5 + 0.5]
normal
plastic block

40°

incident ray
(Credit arrows, refracted ray moving away from normal)
32. i. Joules law of heating states that the heat dissipated across a resistor is directly proportional to [0.5
for naming only]
(a) the square of the current flowing through it
(b) The resistance of the conductor
(c) duration of flow of current. [1.5]
H = 12Rt (alternative answer).
ii. Resistance of a conductor depends on
(a) the length of the conductor (c) nature of material
(b) the area of the cross section (d) temperature of the conductor.
(Any two should fetch full marks). [0.5 + 0.5]
33. (i) Anannya’s answer is wrong. Electrical appliances with metallic bodies need an earth
wire which provides a low resistance conducting path to the flow of current, in case there is an
accidental leakage of current through the conducting body of the appliances. [1 + 1]

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