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DBMS

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10 views4 pages

DBMS

Nice notes

Uploaded by

Subham Garain
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ESP (OS)

What is an Operating System (OS)?

• An Operating System (OS) is system software that manages hardware and software
resources on a computer.

• It acts as an interface between the user and the computer hardware.

Functions of an Operating System

1. Process Management:

o Manages processes (programs in execution) by scheduling them for CPU time.

o Handles creation, termination, and synchronization of processes.

2. Memory Management:

o Allocates and deallocates memory to processes.

o Uses techniques like paging, segmentation, and virtual memory.

3. File System Management:

o Manages data storage and retrieval in files.

o Ensures efficient storage, retrieval, and protection of data.

4. Device Management:

o Manages input/output devices like printers, keyboards, and hard drives.

o Uses device drivers to communicate with hardware.

5. Security and Access Control:

o Protects data and resources from unauthorized access.

o Implements authentication and permissions.

6. Job Scheduling:

o Determines the order in which processes are executed to maximize CPU utilization.
Types of Operating Systems

1. Batch OS:

o Executes jobs in batches without user interaction.

o Example: Early IBM systems.

2. Time-Sharing OS:

o Provides multiple users access to the system by allocating small time slots.

o Example: UNIX.

3. Distributed OS:

o Distributes computation across multiple machines.

o Example: Google File System (GFS).

4. Real-Time OS:

o Processes tasks within a strict time limit.

o Example: Embedded systems like aircraft controls.

5. Network OS:

o Manages network resources and communication.

o Example: Novell NetWare.

6. Mobile OS:

o Designed for mobile devices.

o Example: Android, iOS.


Key Concepts in Operating Systems

1. Process vs. Thread

• Process:

o An independent program in execution.

o Requires its own memory space.

• Thread:

o A lightweight sub-process.

o Shares the process's memory but can run independently.

2. Process Scheduling

• Determines which process gets to use the CPU.

• Scheduling Types:

o FCFS (First Come First Serve): Executes processes in arrival order.

o SJF (Shortest Job First): Executes the shortest process next.

o Round Robin (RR): Assigns time slices to processes in a cyclic order.

o Priority Scheduling: Executes the process with the highest priority.

3. Deadlocks

• A situation where two or more processes are waiting for resources held by each other, and
none can proceed.

• Deadlock Conditions (Coffman Conditions):

1. Mutual Exclusion: At least one resource is non-shareable.

2. Hold and Wait: A process is holding one resource and waiting for another.

3. No Preemption: Resources cannot be forcibly taken.

4. Circular Wait: Processes are waiting in a circular chain.

• Deadlock Prevention: Remove one of the Coffman conditions.

4. Memory Management

• Paging:

o Divides memory into fixed-size blocks called pages.

o Pages are mapped to physical memory using a page table.

• Segmentation:

o Divides memory into logical segments based on functionality.

o Example: Code segment, data segment, stack segment.


5. Virtual Memory

• Extends the apparent memory capacity using disk storage.

• Allows programs to run even if they exceed the physical memory size.

• Uses techniques like demand paging and page replacement algorithms.

6. File Systems

• A file system organizes and stores files on storage devices.

• Common File System Operations:

o Create, read, write, delete, and update files.

• Directory Structures:

o Single-Level: All files in one directory.

o Two-Level: Each user has their own directory.

o Hierarchical: Tree-like structure.

7. I/O Management

• Manages the communication between hardware devices and the system.

• Implements techniques like spooling (e.g., for printers).

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