printing from 0 to 9

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
.MODEL SMALL
.STACK 100H
.DATA
MSG DB 0AH, 0DH, 'The numbers from 0 to 9 are: $'
.CODE
MAIN PROC
MOV AX, @DATA
MOV DS, AX
MOV AH, 09H
LEA DX, MSG
INT 21H
MOV CX, 10
MOV AL, '0'
PRINT_LOOP:
MOV AH, 02H
MOV DL, AL
INT 21H
INC AL
LOOP PRINT_LOOP
MOV AH, 4CH
INT 21H
MAIN ENDP
END MAIN
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
Largest among 2 numbers
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
.MODEL SMALL
.STACK 100H
.DATA
MSG DB 0AH, 0DH, 'The smallest number is: '
MSG1 DB 0AH, 0DH, 'The largest number is: '

num1 db 1
num2 db 2
.CODE
MAIN PROC
mov ax, @data
mov ds, ax

mov al, num1 ; Load num1 into AL

mov bl, num2 ; Load num2 into BL

cmp al, bl ; Compare AL (num1) and BL (num2)

jl con1 ; Jump to con1 if AL < BL
jg print ; Jump to print if AL > BL

con1:
xchg al,bl
print:

add al, '0' ; Convert AL to ASCII

mov ah, 2 ; Function to print character
mov dl, al ; Move the ASCII character to DL
int 21h ; Print the character

add bl, '0' ; Convert BL to ASCII

mov dl, bl ; Move the ASCII character to DL
mov ah, 2 ; Function to print character
int 21h ; Print the character

end:
mov ah, 4ch ; Terminate program
int 21h

MAIN ENDP
END MAIN
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
///
smallest middle largest
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
.MODEL SMALL
.STACK 100H
.DATA
num1 DB 3 ; Example single-digit numbers
num2 DB 5
num3 DB 2
.CODE
MAIN PROC
mov ax, @data
mov ds, ax

mov al, num1 ; Load num1 into AL

mov bl, num2 ; Load num2 into BL
mov cl, num3 ; Load num3 into CL

; Ensure AL contains the smallest value

cmp al, bl
jle continue1
xchg al, bl ; Swap if num1 > num2
continue1:
cmp al, cl
jle continue2
xchg al, cl ; Swap if num1 > num3
continue2:
; Now AL is the smallest, compare BL and CL
cmp bl, cl
jle done_swap
xchg bl, cl ; Swap if num2 > num3

done_swap:
; AL contains smallest, BL contains middle, CL contains largest
add al, '0' ; Convert AL to ASCII
mov dl, al ; Move the ASCII character to DL
mov ah, 2 ; DOS function to print character
int 21h ; Print the character
; Print the middle number
add bl, '0' ; Convert BL to ASCII
mov dl, bl ; Move the ASCII character to DL
mov ah, 2 ; DOS function to print character
int 21h ; Print the character
; Print the largest number
add cl, '0' ; Convert CL to ASCII
mov dl, cl ; Move the ASCII character to DL
mov ah, 2 ; DOS function to print character
int 21h ; Print the character
; Exit program
mov ah, 4ch
int 21h
MAIN ENDP
END MAIN
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
integer to word
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
/
.MODEL SMALL
.STACK 100H
.DATA
msg DB 0AH, 0DH, 'Enter a single digit (0-9): $'
numbers DB
'Zero$','One$','Two$','Three$','Four$','Five$','Six$','Seven$','Eight$','Nine$'

.CODE
MAIN PROC
; Initialize data segment
mov ax, @data
mov ds, ax

; Prompt user for input

mov ah, 09h
lea dx, msg
int 21h

; Read a character from the keyboard

mov ah, 01h
int 21h
sub al, '0' ; Convert ASCII to index (0-9)

; Check if input is within the valid range

cmp al, 0
jb exit ; If less than 0, exit
cmp al, 9
ja exit ; If greater than 9, exit

; Load the address of the numbers array

mov si, offset numbers
; Multiply the index by length of each string
mov cx, 5 ; Length of each string (including '$')
mul cl ; AL = AL * CX (index * 5)
add si, ax ; SI points to the correct string

; Print the corresponding word

mov ah, 09h
lea dx, [si] ; Load the address of the string to DX
int 21h ; Print the string

exit:
; Exit program
mov ah, 4ch
int 21h

MAIN ENDP
END MAIN
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//////////
frequency of a digit
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
///////////
.model small
.stack 100h
.data
string db 'stresses$'
msg db 0ah,0dh,'The number of times ''s'' appeared is:$'
.code
main proc
mov ax,@data
mov ds,ax
mov es,ax

lea si,string
mov cx,0
count:
mov al,[si]
cmp al,'$'
je done
cmp al,'s'
jne next
inc cx
next:
inc si
jmp count
done:
mov al,cl
add al,30h
mov ah,2
mov dl,al
int 21h

mov ah,4ch
int 21h
end main
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
print the nth elemnt in a stack
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
.MODEL SMALL
.STACK 100H ; Define a stack segment with 256 bytes of space
.DATA
MSG DB 0AH, 0DH, 'The eighth element on the stack is: $'
NUMBERS DB 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 ; Define 8 single-digit numbers
.CODE
MAIN PROC
MOV AX, @DATA ; Initialize data segment
MOV DS, AX

; Push eight single-digit numbers onto the stack using a loop

MOV CX, 8 ; Set loop counter to 8 (number of elements)
LEA SI, NUMBERS ; Load address of NUMBERS array into SI
PUSH_LOOP:
MOV AL, [SI] ; Load the current number from NUMBERS array
MOV AH, 0 ; Clear AH (we're dealing with single-digit numbers)
PUSH AX ; Push the number onto the stack
INC SI ; Move to the next number in the array
LOOP PUSH_LOOP ; Decrement CX and loop until CX = 0

; Print the message

MOV AH, 9
LEA DX, MSG
INT 21H

; Pop seven values to reach the eighth element using a loop

MOV CX, 7 ; We need to pop 7 numbers to reach the 8th element
POP_LOOP:
POP AX ; Pop the value (we don't need to use it)
LOOP POP_LOOP ; Decrement CX and loop until CX = 0

; Now the 8th element (first pushed number) is on top of the stack
POP AX ; Pop the 8th element into AX
ADD AL, '0' ; Convert the number to ASCII
MOV DL, AL
MOV AH, 2
INT 21H ; Print the character

; Exit the program

MOV AH, 4CH
INT 21H
MAIN ENDP
END MAIN
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
////////////
delete nth elemnt from the stack
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
/////////////
.MODEL SMALL
.STACK 100H
.DATA
; Sample data for demonstration
values DB 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ; Values to push onto the stack
msg_before DB 0AH, 0DH, 'Stack before deletion: $'
msg_after DB 0AH, 0DH, 'Stack after deletion: $'
newline DB 0AH, 0DH, '$' ; Newline for printing

.CODE
MAIN PROC
mov ax, @data
mov ds, ax

; Push values onto the stack using a loop

mov si, 0 ; Index for values array
mov cx, 5 ; Number of elements to push
push_loop:
mov al, [values + si] ; Load the value from the array
push ax ; Push the value onto the stack
inc si ; Move to the next element
loop push_loop ; Repeat for all elements

; Print stack contents before deletion

mov ah, 9
lea dx, msg_before
int 21h

; Print each element in the stack

mov cx, 5 ; Number of elements to print
print_before:
pop ax ; Pop the top element
add al, '0' ; Convert to ASCII
mov dl, al ; Move the ASCII character to DL
mov ah, 2 ; DOS function to print character
int 21h ; Print the character
; Print newline
mov ah, 9
lea dx, newline
int 21h
loop print_before ; Repeat for all elements

; Push elements back onto the stack

mov si, 0 ; Reset index for values array
mov cx, 5 ; Number of elements to push back
push_back_loop:
mov al, [values + si] ; Load the value from the array
push ax ; Push the value back onto the stack
inc si ; Move to the next element
loop push_back_loop ; Repeat for all elements

; At this point, the stack looks like:

; 5
; 4
; 3 <- This is the 3rd element
; 2
; 1

; Now delete the third element

pop ax ; Pop 5 (top element)
pop bx ; Pop 4 (second element)
pop cx ; Pop 3 (third element, now deleted)
push bx ; Push back 4
push ax ; Push back 5

; Print stack contents after deletion

mov ah, 9
lea dx, msg_after
int 21h

; Print each element in the stack after deletion

mov cx, 4 ; Number of elements remaining to print
print_after:
pop ax ; Pop the top element
add al, '0' ; Convert to ASCII
mov dl, al ; Move the ASCII character to DL
mov ah, 2 ; DOS function to print character
int 21h ; Print the character
; Print newline
mov ah, 9
lea dx, newline
int 21h
loop print_after ; Repeat for remaining elements

; Exit program
mov ax, 4c00h
int 21h
MAIN ENDP
END MAIN
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//////////////////
dec to binary
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
/////////////////
.MODEL SMALL
.STACK 100H
.DATA
Num DB 8 ; Example decimal number to convert
binaryNum DB 8 DUP(0) ; Space for 8 bits binary result
msg DB 0AH, 0DH, 'Binary number is: $'
newline DB 0AH, 0DH, '$' ; Newline for printing

.CODE
MAIN PROC
mov ax, @data
mov ds, ax

; Load the decimal number into AL

mov al,Num
xor cx, cx ; Bit counter
xor di, di ; DI will be used to store binary digits

convert_loop:
; Check if AL is zero
test al, al
jz print_binary ; If zero, go to print

; Divide AL by 2
mov bl, 2 ; Divisor
xor ah, ah ; Clear AH
div bl ; AL = AL / 2, AH = AL % 2 (remainder)

; Store remainder as binary digit

mov binaryNum[di], ah ; Store the remainder (0 or 1)
inc di ; Move to the next position
inc cx ; Increment bit counter
jmp convert_loop ; Repeat until AL is zero

print_binary:
dec di ; Adjust DI to the last digit index
print_loop:
mov al, binaryNum[di] ; Load binary digit
add al, '0' ; Convert to ASCII
mov dl, al ; Move to DL for printing
mov ah, 2 ; DOS function to print character
int 21h ; Print character
dec di ; Move to the previous bit
loop print_loop ; Repeat until all bits printed

; Print newline
mov ah, 9
lea dx, newline
int 21h

; Exit program
mov ax, 4c00h
int 21h

MAIN ENDP
END MAIN
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//////////////////////
binary to dec
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
////////////////////