Index

 Introduction
 Principle
 Theory
 Working and Construction
 Faraday's law
 Lenz’s Law
 Application of Electromagnetic
Induction
 Experiments of Faraday and
Henry
 Observation
 Application of Electromagnetic
Induction in Real Life
 Conclusion
 Bibliography
Aim
To study the phenomenon of Electromagnetic Induction
Introduction
Electro Magnet:
An electromagnet is a type of magnet in which the magnetic
field is produced by electric current. The magnetic field
disappears when the current is turned off.
Induction:
This process of generating current in a conductor by placing
the conductor in a changing magnetic field is called induction.
Electromagnetic induction:
Electromagnetic induction is the production of a potential
difference (voltage) across a conductor when it is exposed to a
varying magnetic field. Electromagnetic induction is when an
electromagnetic field causes molecules in another object to
flow. Induction can produce electricity (in coils), heat (in
ferrous metals), or waves (in a radio transmitter).
Finally, it is referring to the phenomenon where an emf is
induced when the magnetic flux linking a conductor change.
Magnetic Flux is defined as the product of the magnetic flux
density and the area normal to the field through which the
field is passing. It is a scalar quantity and its S.I. unit is the
weber (Wb).
Principle
Electromagnetic induction (or sometimes just induction) is a
process where a conductor placed in a changing magnetic
field (or a conductor moving through a stationary magnetic
field) causes the production of a voltage across the conductor.
This process of electromagnetic induction, in turn, causes an
electrical current, it is said to induce the current.
Theory
INVENSION:
Michael Faraday is generally credited with the discovery of
induction in 1831 though it may have been anticipated by the
work of Francesco Zantedeschi in 1829. Around 1830 to
1832, Joseph Henry made a similar discovery, but did not
publish his findings until later.
Induced e.m.f:
If magnetic flux through a coil is altered then an e.m.f. will be
generated in the coil. This effect was first observed and
explained by Ampere and Faraday between 1825 and 1831.
Faraday discovered that an e.m.f. could be generated either by,
(a) moving the coil or the source of flux relative to each other
or
(b) By changing the magnitude of the source of magnetic flux.
Note that the e.m.f. is only produced while the flux is
changing.
For example, consider two coils as shown in Following
Figure.
Working and Construction
Current is produced in a conductor when it is moved through
a magnetic field because the magnetic lines of force are
applying a force on the free electrons in the conductor and
causing them to move. This process of generating current in a
conductor by placing the conductor in a changing magnetic
field is called induction. This is called induction because there
is no physical connection between the conductor and the
magnet. The current is said to be induced in the conductor by
the magnetic field. One requirement for this electromagnetic
induction to take place is that the conductor, which is often a
piece of wire, must be perpendicular to the magnetic lines of
force in order to produce the maximum force on the free
electrons. The direction that the induced current flows is
determined by the direction of the lines of force and by the
direction the wire is moving in the field. In the animation
above the ammeter (the instrument used to measure current)
indicates when there is current in the conductor.
Faraday's law :
The electromotive force around a closed path is equal to the
negative of the time rate of change of the magnetic
flux enclosed by the path.
Mathematical statement

The definition of surface integral relies on splitting the

surface Σ into small surface elements. Each element is
associated with a vector dA of magnitude equal to the area of
the element and with direction normal to the element and
pointing "outward" (with respect to the orientation of the
surface).
For a loop of wire in a magnetic field,
the magnetic flux ΦB is defined for
any surface Σ whose boundary is the
given loop. Since the wire loop may be moving,
we write Σ(t) for the surface. The magnetic flux is the surface
integral:where dA is an element of area vector of the moving
surface Σ(t), B is the magnetic field, and B · dA is a vector dot
product representing the element of flux through dA. In more
visual terms, the magnetic flux through the wire loop is
proportional to the number of magnetic field lines that pass
through the loop.
When the flux changes—because B changes, or because the
wire loop is moved or deformed, or both—Faraday's law of
induction says that the wire loop acquires an emf, defined as
the energy available from a unit charge that has traveled once
around the wire loop (Although some sources state the
definition differently, this expression was chosen for
compatibility with the equations of special relativity.)
Equivalently, it is the voltage that would be measured by
cutting the wire to create an open circuit, and attaching
a voltmeter to the leads.
Faraday's law states that the emf is also given by the rate of
change of the magnetic flux:where is the electromotive
force (emf) and ΦB is the magnetic flux.
The direction of the electromotive force is given by Lenz's
law.
The laws of induction of electric currents in
mathematical form was established by Franz
Ernst Neumann in 1845
Faraday's law contains the information about
the relationships between both the
magnitudes and the directions of its variables.
However, the relationships between the
directions are not explicit; they are hidden in the mathematical
formula.
A Left Hand Rule for Faraday's Law. The sign of ΔΦB, the
change in flux, is found based on the relationship between the
magnetic field B, the area of the loop A, and the normal n to
that area, as represented by the fingers of the left hand.
If ΔΦB is positive, the direction of the emf is the same as that
of the curved fingers (yellow arrowheads). If ΔΦB is negative,
the direction of the emf is against the arrowheads.[22]
It is possible to find out the direction of the electromotive
force (emf) directly from Faraday’s law, without invoking
Lenz's law. A left hand rule helps doing that, as follows:[22][23]
 Align the curved fingers of the left hand with the loop
(yellow line).
 Stretch your thumb. The stretched thumb indicates the
direction of n (brown), the normal to the area enclosed
by the loop.
 Find the sign of ΔΦB, the change in flux. Determine the
initial and final fluxes (whose difference is ΔΦB) with
respect to the normal n, as indicated by the stretched
thumb.
 If the change in flux, ΔΦB, is positive, the curved fingers
show the direction of the electromotive force (yellow
arrowheads).
 If ΔΦB is negative, the direction of the electromotive
force is opposite to the direction of the curved fingers
(opposite to the yellow arrowheads).
For a tightly wound coil of wire, composed of N identical
turns, each with the same ΦB, Faraday's law of induction states
that where N is the number of turns of wire and ΦB is the
magnetic flux through a single loop.
Lenz’s Law:
When an emf is generated by a change in magnetic flux
according to Faraday’s Law, the polarity of the induced emf is
such that it produces a current whose magnetic field opposes
the change which produces it. The induced magnetic field
inside any loop of wire always acts to keep the magnetic flux
in the loop constant. In the examples below, if the B field is
increasing, the induced field acts in opposition to it. If it is
decreasing, the induced field acts in the direction of the
applied field to try to keep it constant.
Application of Electromagnetic
Induction
Electrical Generator:
The EMF generated by Faraday’s law of induction due to
relative movement of a circuit and a magnetic field is the
phenomenon underlying electrical generators. When a
permanent magnet is moved relative to a conductor, or vice
versa, an electromotive force is created. If the wire is
connected through an electrical load, current will flow, and
thus electrical energy is generated, converting the mechanical
energy of motion to electrical energy.
Electrical transformer:
The EMF predicted by Faraday’s law is also responsible for
electrical transformers. When the electric current in a loop of
wire changes, the changing current creates a changing
magnetic field. A second wire in reach of this magnetic field
will experience this change in magnetic field as a change in its
coupled magnetic flux, dΦB/dt. Therefore, an electromotive
force is set up in the second loop called the induced EMF or
transformer EMF. If the two ends of this loop are connected
through an electrical load, current will flow.
Experiments of Faraday and Henry

Experiment 1:

In this experiment, Faraday connected a coil to a

galvanometer, as shown in the figure above. A bar magnet was
pushed towards the coil, such that the north pole is pointing
towards the coil. As the bar magnet is shifted, the pointer in
the galvanometer gets deflected, thus indicating the presence
of current in the coil under consideration. It is observed that
when the bar magnet is stationary, the pointer shows no
deflection and the motion lasts only till the magnet is in
motion. Here, the direction of the deflection of the pointer
depends upon the direction of motion of the bar magnet. Also,
when the south pole of the bar magnet is moved towards or
away from the coil, the deflections in the galvanometer are
opposite to that observed with the north-pole for similar
movements. Apart from this, the deflection of the pointer is
larger or smaller depending upon the speed with which it is
pulled towards or away from the coil. The same effect is
observed when instead of the bar magnet, the coil is moved
and the magnet is held stationary. This shows that only the
relative motion between the magnet and the coil are
responsible for the generation of current in the coil.
Experiment 2:

In the second experiment, Faraday replaced the bar magnet by

a second current-carrying coil that was connected to a battery.
Here, the current in the coil due to the connected battery
produced a steady magnetic field, which made the system
analogous to the previous one. As we move the second coil
towards the primary coil, the pointer in the galvanometer
undergoes deflection, which indicates the presence of the
electric current in the first coil. Similar to the above case, here
too, the direction of the deflection of the pointer depends upon
the direction of motion of the secondary coil towards or away
from the primary coil. Also, the magnitude of deflection
depends upon the speed with which the coil is moved. All
these results show that the system in the second case is
analogous to the system in the first experiment.
Experiment 3:

From the above two experiments, it was concluded by

Faraday that the relative motion between the magnet and the
coil resulted in the generation of current in the primary coil.
But another experiment conducted by Faraday proved that
the relative motion between the coils was not really necessary
for the current in the primary to be generated. In this
experiment, he placed two stationary coils and connected one
of them to the galvanometer and the other to a battery, through
a push-button. As the button was pressed, the galvanometer in
the other coil showed a deflection, indicating the presence of
current in that coil. Also, the deflection in the pointer was
temporary and if pressed continuously, the pointer showed no
deflection and when the key was released, the deflection
occurred in the opposite direction.
Observation

 Magnet is moved at certain rate and certain voltage is

produced.
 Magnet is moved at faster rate and creating a greater
induced voltage.
 Magnet is moved at same speed through coil that has
greater number of turn and greater voltage is induced.
Application of Electromagnetic
Induction in Real Life
The principles of electromagnetic induction are applied in
many devices and systems, including:
 Electrical generators
 Induction motors
 Induction sealing
 Inductive charging
 Transformers
 Wireless energy transfer
 Wireless charger
Conclusion
Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction, first observed
and published by Michael Faraday in the mid-nineteenth
century, describes a very important electro-magnetic concept.
Although its mathematical representations are cryptic, the
essence of Faraday’s is not hard to grasp: it relates an induced
electric potential or voltage to a dynamic magnetic field. This
concept has many far-reaching ramifications that touch our
lives in many ways: from the shining of the sun, to the
convenience of mobile communications, to electricity to
power our homes. We can all appreciate the profound impact
Faraday’s Law has on us.
Bibliography

 Wikipedia.co
 Google search engine
 www.youtube.com/knowledgecycle
 www.knowledgecycle.in
 Physics NCERT book for class XII