Chapter 7:

IP Addressing

IPv4 and IPv6 address

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Chapter 7
7.1 IPv4 Network Addresses
7.2 IPv6 Network Addresses

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7.1 IPv4 Address

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IPV4 Addresses
▪ The Internet Protocol Address (or IP Address)
is a unique address that computing devices such as personal
computers, tablets, and smartphones use to identify itself and
communicate with other devices in the IP network.

▪ Any device connected to the IP network must have a unique

IP address within the network.
▪ Encapsulated at Network Layer (Layer 3)
▪ Layer 3 address

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▪ Each node in the network will have an IP address to identify
it.

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IPV4 Addresses

6
Each decimal ranges from 0 to 255
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IPv4 Address Structure
Binary Number System

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Revision number base conversion

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IPv4 Address Structure
Converting a Binary Address to Decimal
• What is 1011 0000 in decimal ?
• What is 1111 1111 in decimal?

Practice

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IPv4 Address Structure
Converting from Decimal to Binary

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IPv4 Address Structure
Converting from Decimal to Binary Conversions

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Subnet Mask
▪ An IP address serves two main functions:
host or network interface identification and
location addressing (network address) .

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▪ To define the network and host portions of an address,
a devices use a separate 32-bit pattern called a subnet
mask
Example

Given the following IP address and the subnet mask, find the
network and host portion

192.168.10.10
Subnet mask 255.255.255.0 or /24

10.1.1.3
Subnet mask 255.0.0.0 or /8

172.24.5.6
Subnet mask 255.255.0.0 or /16
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IPv4 Subnet Mask
Network Portion and Host Portion of an IPv4 Address

network portion host portion

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Examples of Subnet Masks
Valid Subnet Masks
In dotted decimal In binary In CIDR

255.255.255.240 1111 1111.1111 1111.1111 1111. 1111 0000 /28

255.255.192.0 1111 1111.1111 1111.1100 0000.0000 0000 /18

255.255.248.0 1111 1111.1111 1111.1111 1000. 0000 0000 /21

255.255.255.248 1111 1111.1111 1111.1111 1111. 1111 1000 /29

255.192.0.0 1111 1111.1100 0000.0000 0000.0000 0000 /10

Just count how many ‘1’s

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Which is network portion and host portion?
10.1.1.3
Subnet mask 255.0.0.0 or /8

0000 1010 . 0000 0001. 0000 0001. 0000 0011

1111 1111 . 0000 0000. 0000 0000. 0000 0000

172.24.5.6
Subnet mask 255.255.0.0 or /16

1010 1100. 0001 1000. 0000 0101. 0000 0110

1111 1111 . 1111 1111. 0000 0000. 0000 0000

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With different subnet mask …
10.1.1.3
Subnet mask 255.248.0.0 or /13

0000 1010 . 0000 0001. 0000 0001. 0000 0011

1111 1111 . 1111 1000. 0000 0000. 0000 0000

172.24.5.6
Subnet mask 255.255.252.0 or /22

1010 1100. 0001 1000. 0000 0101. 0000 0110

1111 1111 . 1111 1111. 1111 1100. 0000 0000

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Some more examples

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Another example

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Yes another example

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Take note
▪ A network address MUST specify with a subnet mask.
▪ An IP address of a host need not specify subnet mask IF the
network address and mask is already indicated.
▪ However, if the network address is not present, then an IP
address of a host NEEDS to have a subnet mask
accompanying.

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Some formula and theories…

What is a network address?

What is a broadcast address ?
How big is the network (how many total IP addresses?)

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Number of total IP addresses :dependent on the
mask length

▪ How many total IP addresses in the network ?

Formula = 2^h
(h is the number of host bits)

▪ How many usable IP addresses in the network ? (same as

how many number of hosts in the network)
Formula = 2^h – 2
(h is the number of host bits)
(minus 2 as network address and broadcast address cannot be
assigned to a host)

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Find the network addresses and stuff

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IPv4 Subnet Mask
Finding Network and Broadcast Address
When host portion/bits
Change to 0 network address
Change to 1 broadcast address

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IPv4 Subnet Mask
Finding First Host and Last Host Addresses

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example
▪ How many total IP addresses in this network?
▪ How many usable IP addresses in this network ?

10.1.1.3/24
How large your network is
192.168.2.200/28
172.16.5.24/17
Is depending on the size/length
of subnet mask

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For maths lovers : Logical AND operation

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IPv4 Subnet Mask
Bitwise AND Operation

Logical AND truth table

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How to assign IP address to device
▪ Two methods
• Static (Manually set)
• Automatically using DHCP

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IPv4 Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast
Assigning a Static IPv4 Address to a Host

LAN Interface Properties Configuring a Static IPv4 Address

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IPv4 Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast
Assigning a Dynamic IPv4 Address to a Host

Verification

DHCP - preferred method of “leasing” IPv4 addresses to hosts on large

networks, reduces the burden on network support staff and virtually
eliminates entry errors

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Unicast, multicast, broadcast
In an IPv4 network, the hosts can communicate one of three different
ways:
▪ Unicast –one host to another host
▪ Multicast – one host send to a few selected host
▪ Broadcast – one host send to all the host

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IPv4 Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast
Unicast Transmission
1. Unicast - the process of sending a packet from one host to an
individual host.

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IPv4 Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast
Broadcast Transmission
2. Broadcast - the process of sending a packet from one host
to all hosts in the network

Routers do not Directed broadcast

forward a • Destination
limited 172.16.4.255
broadcast! • Hosts within the
172.16.4.0/24
network

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IPv4 Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast
Multicast Transmission
• Multicast - the process of sending a packet from one host to
a selected group of hosts, possibly in different networks
• Reduces traffic
• Reserved for addressing multicast groups - 224.0.0.0 to
239.255.255.255.
• Link local - 224.0.0.0 to 224.0.0.255 (Example: routing
information exchanged by routing protocols)
• Globally scoped addresses - 224.0.1.0 to 238.255.255.255
(Example: 224.0.1.1 has been reserved for Network Time
Protocol)

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Private and Public IP address
▪ Public IP address – are those available for internet use
▪ Private IP addresses are those on private networks and are
not revealed to the internet

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NAT – Network Address Translation
- translate address from one address space to another

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Types of IPv4 Address
Special Use IPv4 Addresses
▪ Network and Broadcast addresses - within each network
the first and last addresses cannot be assigned to hosts
▪ Loopback address - 127.0.0.1 a special address that hosts
use to direct traffic to themselves (addresses 127.0.0.0 to
127.255.255.255 are reserved)
▪ Link-Local address - 169.254.0.0 to 169.254.255.255
(169.254.0.0/16) addresses can be automatically assigned to
the local host
▪ TEST-NET addresses - 192.0.2.0 to 192.0.2.255
(192.0.2.0/24) set aside for teaching and learning purposes,
used in documentation and network examples
▪ Experimental addresses - 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.254
are listed as reserved
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Legacy Classful address

IP addresses are categorized into classed

depending on the first octet

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Types of IPv4 Address
New Classless Addressing

Classless Addressing
• Formal name is Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR,
pronounced “cider
• Created a new set of standards that allowed service
providers to allocate IPv4 addresses on any prefix length
• Do not adhere to class A, B, or C address class nor default
subnet masks

Example

192.168.2.3 /16
10.1.1.12/24
10.1.1.12/7
172.25.6.7/21
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Types of IPv4 Address
Assignment of IP Addresses
Regional Internet Registries (RIRs)
The major registries are:

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Types of IPv4 Address
Assignment of IP Addresses

ISPs are large national

or international ISPs that
are directly connected to
the Internet backbone.

Tier 2 ISPs generally

focus on business
customers.

Tier 3 ISPs often bundle Tier 3 ISPs purchase

Internet connectivity as a part of their Internet service
network and computer service
contracts for their customers. from Tier 2 ISPs.

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For these networks

1. What is the network address

2. Find the broadcast address
3. What are the IP range for host?
4. How many hosts are there in the network ?
5. How many total IPs are there in this network (network size)

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Assigning IP addresses
Given

192.168.1.2/24

Assign IP addresses to
the devices shown

Hint:
Find the range of IP for
hosts for this network.

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7.2 IPv6 Address

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IPv4 Issues
The Need for IPv6
▪ Depletion of IPv4 addresses
❑ Projections show that all five RIRs will run out of IPv4 addresses between 2015 and
2020

▪ IPv6 is designed to be the successor to IPv4

❑ increasing Internet population,
❑ a limited IPv4 address space, 4.2 + billion address not enough
❑ issues with NAT and
❑ an Internet of things
❑ IPv6 fixes the limitations of IPv4 and include additional enhancements such as
ICMPv6

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IPv6 Addressing
▪ Composed of 128 bits
▪ 3.4×1038 (340
undecillion) addresses

▪ Eight 16-bit fields

▪ Typically represented in
hexadecimal numbers
Separated by a colon

Example:
FE22:00FF:002D:0000:0000:0000:3012:CCE3
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IPv6 Addressing
Hexadecimal Number System

▪ Hexadecimal is a
base sixteen system
▪ Base 16 numbering
system uses the
numbers 0 to 9 and
the letters A to F
▪ Four bits (half of a
byte) can be
represented with a
single hexadecimal
value

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IPv6 Addressing
IPv6 Address Representation
▪ 128 bits in length and written as a string of hexadecimal
values
▪ In IPv6, 4 bits represents a single hexadecimal digit, 32
hexadecimal values = IPv6 address

2001:0DB8:0000:1111:0000:0000:0000:0200
FE80:0000:0000:0000:0123:4567:89AB:CDEF

▪ Hextet used to refer to a segment of 16 bits or four

hexadecimals
▪ Can be written in either lowercase or uppercase
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IPv6 Addressing
Rule 1- Omitting Leading 0s
▪ The first rule to help reduce the notation of IPv6 addresses is
any leading 0s (zeros) in any 16-bit section or hextet can be
omitted
▪ 01AB can be represented as 1AB
▪ 09F0 can be represented as 9F0
▪ 0A00 can be represented as A00
▪ 00AB can be represented as AB

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IPv6 Addressing
Rule 2- Omitting All 0 Segments
▪ A double colon (::) can replace any single, contiguous string
of one or more 16-bit segments (hextets) consisting of all 0’s
▪ Double colon (::) can only be used once within an address
otherwise the address will be ambiguous
▪ Known as the compressed format
▪ Incorrect address - 2001:0DB8::ABCD::1234

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IPv6 Addressing
Rule 2- Omitting All 0 Segments
▪ Examples

#1

#2

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Types of IPv6 Addresses
IPv6 Address Types
There are three types of IPv6 addresses:

• Unicast
❑ Global address
Can be routed on the internet
❑ Link local address
Used for communicating with nodes in the same link

• Multicast
❑ Delivers to all nodes in the targeted , multicast group

• Anycast.
❑ Identify multiple destinations, with the packets delivered to the
closest destination.

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IPv4 Issues
IPv4 and IPv6 Coexistence
The migration techniques can be divided into three
categories:

#1

Dual-stack: Allows IPv4 and IPv6 to

coexist on the same network. Devices run
both IPv4 and IPv6 protocol stacks
simultaneously.
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IPv4 Issues
IPv4 and IPv6 Coexistence
The migration techniques can be divided into three
categories:

#2

Tunnelling: A method of transporting an IPv6

packet over an IPv4 network. The IPv6 packet
is encapsulated inside an IPv4 packet.

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IPv4 Issues
IPv4 and IPv6 Coexistence
The migration techniques can be divided into three
categories:

#3

Translation: Network Address Translation 64 (NAT64)

allows IPv6-enabled devices to communicate with IPv4-
enabled devices using a translation technique similar to
NAT for IPv4. An IPv6 packet is translated to an IPv4
packet, and vice versa. 72
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PING and Traceroute

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PING (Packet Internet Groper)

▪ Ping is a computer network administration software utility

used to test the reachability of a host on an Internet Protocol
(IP) network
▪ Send echo request and echo reply message
▪ Ping measures the round-trip time for messages sent from
the originating host to a destination computer that are echoed
back to the source
▪ Command : Ping IP address or host name
▪ Example
ping 192.168.1.1 or ping www.google.com

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▪ Ping operates by sending Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
echo request packets to the target host and waiting for an ICMP echo
reply.
▪ It reports errors, packet loss, and a statistical summary of the results,
typically including the minimum, maximum, the mean round-trip times,
and standard deviation of the mean.

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Testing and Verification
Ping - Testing the Local Stack

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Testing and Verification
Ping – Testing Connectivity to the Local LAN

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Testing and Verification
Ping – Testing Connectivity to Remote

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Testing and Verification
Traceroute – Testing the Path
Traceroute (tracert)
• Generates a list of hops that were successfully reached
along the path
• Provides important verification and troubleshooting
information
• If the data reaches the destination, then the trace lists the
interface of every router in the path between the hosts
• If the data fails at some hop along the way, the address of
the last router that responded to the trace can provide an
indication of where the problem or security restrictions are
found
• Provides round trip time for each hop along the path and
indicates if a hop fails to respond

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