6. Explain the principle of phase control. What is its significance?

(2)

A.
Phase Control of SCR means having control on the phase relationship between the
start of current through the SCR and source voltage. Phase control of SCR means the
phase angle (with reference to source voltage) where it is getting turned ON by the
application of gate signal.

In the above circuit, a thyristor (or SCR) T is connected to load R and voltage source vs.
This SCR will not conduct until and unless it is forward biased and gate signal is
applied. Application of gate signal is called firing.

Significance - By having a phase control of SCR, we can have a control on output or

load voltage. Just think, if the thyristor T is fired at α = 0 degree, the average load
voltage would have been maximum as the SCR is ON for wt = 0 to π. Similarly, if the
firing angle α = π, the average load voltage would have been zero as SCR will not
conduct at all. Thus, by phase control of SCR, we can control the average load voltage.

14. Calculate the value of the Input power factor for 1 phase Full wave bridge rectifier if
the firing angle value is 45 degree. (2)

A.
The input power factor of single phase full converter = 0.9 cos α
Here α = 45degree, Ans = 0.9 cos 45 = 0.63

22. Which motor will suit best for rolling mills? (2)

A.
The rolling mill requires high power motor generally, And DC Motor is used in the rolling
mill as it has high starting torque and variable speed. Hence, DC motors serve as the
prime component in rolling mills, providing the mechanical power required to drive
various equipment and machinery.

30. Which type of motor is used for milling and grinding operations? (2)

A.
Squirrel cage Induction motor is used for milling and grinding operations.

38. What the main disadvantages are of ward leonard method? (2)

A.
Disadvantages-

• A. Larger size and weight.

• Requires more floor area and costly foundation.

• Frequent maintenance is needed.

• Lower efficiency due to higher losses.

48. A DC separately excited motor with an armature resistance of 2 ohm is powered by

a chopper from a power source of 220V DC. The chopper is working with an ON time of
15 msec and OFF time of 10 msec. The motor constant Km = 0.4 V/Rad/sec. Assuming
continuous current conduction calculate the average motor current for a speed of 1400
RPM. (5)

A.
56. What do you mean by load equalisation? (5)

A.
Load equalisation is the process of smoothing the fluctuating load. The fluctuate load
draws heavy current from the supply during the peak interval and also cause a large
voltage drop in the system due to which the equipment may get damage. In load
equalisation, the energy is stored at light load, and this energy is utilised when the peak
load occurs. Thus, the electrical power from the supply remains constant.

In the load equalization process, the energy is stored in the system during the light load
period, which is then used during the interval of peak load. Consequently, the electrical
energy demanded from the source remains constant throughout the operation.

64. What are the common methods for speed sensing? Explain. (5)

A.
69. A 200V, 875rpm , 150A separately excited dc motor has an armature resistance
0.06ohm. It is fed from a single phase fully controlled rectifier with an ac source
220V,50Hz. Assuming continuous condition, calculate

i. firing angle for rated motor torque and 750 rpm.

ii. firing angle for rated motor torque and -500 rpm. (10)

A.

76. A 220 V, 24A, 1000 RPM, DC separately excited motor has an armature resistance
of 2 ohm. The motor is controlled by a Chopper with a frequency of 500 Hz from a
supply of 230 V. Calculate the duty ratio for 1.2 times the rated Torque and 500 RPM.
(10)

A.

82. The speed of a 25 Hp, 320 V, 960 rpm separately excited D.C. motor is controlled
by a 3-phase Full Converter. The field current is also controlled by a three phase Full
Converter and is set to the maximum possible value. The A.C. input is a 3-phase,
star-connected 210 V, 50 Hz supply. The armature resistance is Ra = 0.2 ohm, the field
resistance is Rf = 130 ohm, and the motor voltage constant is Ka = 1.2 V/A Rad/s. The
armature and field current are continuous and ripple free. Determine-
(a) The firing angle of the armature converter if the field
converter is operated at the maximum field current and the
developed torque is 110 N-m at 960 rpm.
(b) The speed of the motor if the field circuit converter is set for
the maximum field current, the developed torque is 110 N-m
and the firing angle of the armature converter is 0 degree.
(10)
A.
89. Explain the operation of closed loop speed control with inner current control loop.
(10)

A.
In closed loop system, the output of the system is feedback to the input. The closed
loop system controls the electrical drive, and the system is self-adjusted. Feedback
loops in an electrical drive may be provided to satisfy the following requirements.

• Enhancement of speed of torque

• To improve steady-state accuracy.
• Protection

The main parts of the closed-loop system are the controller, converter, current limiter,
current sensor, etc. The converter converts the variable frequency into fixed frequency
and vice-versa. The current limiter limits the current to rise above the maximum set
value.
4. What are the different types of braking in DC motors? Why plugging is not
popular? How dynamic braking can be implemented by using a chopper?

During electric braking the motor works as a generator developing a torque which
opposes the rotational motion.There are three types of electrical braking.
A. Regenerative braking
B. Dynamic or Rheostatic braking and
C. Plugging or Reverse voltage braking.

Plugging is highly inefficient because in addition to the generated power

additional power from a supply source is also wasted in the Braking resistance.

In dynamic braking, the motor armature is disconnected from the source voltage
and connected across a high wattage resistance .The generated energy is
dissipated in the Braking and armature resistances.

In the case of a series motor, it can be seen that the field terminal connections
are reversed such that the field current continues to flow in the same direction so
that the field assists the residual magnetism.
5. Explain the speed control of separately excited DC motor using combined
armature voltage and flux control method. Draw and explain the torque and
power capability curves.

Armature Voltage Control method

The speed of the dc motor depends on the back emf which is directly
proportional to armature voltage and the flux which is inversely proportional.
Therefore, to change the speed of the dc motor, the flux is kept constant and we
change the back emf of the motor. The back emf of the motor is changed by
changing the armature voltage. This is why it is called Armature Voltage Control
of dc motor. As the armature voltage increases the speed of the motor also
increases.

Flux Control Method

The field flux is one of the methods of speed control of the dc motor. The speed of the dc
motor is directly proportional to the field flux. The static field flux at the field coil increases
then the torque over the shaft automatically increases. The emf induced across the rotor
terminal is kept constant as the field flux increases as well as rotor speed decreases
We can vary the field flux by varying the field voltage, by connecting a variable resistance
in series with the field coil creates a voltage drop across the coil. The voltage drop can
be varied by using a variac. So by varying flux, we can control the speed of the motor. As
the field current decreases, the speed of the motor will also reduce. While varying field
current the armature voltage is kept convariac

7. What are the functions of power modulator in an electric drive?

Modulated flow of power from the source to the motor in such a manner that
motor is impaired speed torque characteristic required by load. During
transient operation, stalling, braking and speed reversal, it requires source &
motor current which permissible values excessive current drawn from source
may overload it or may cause a voltage drop which converts electrical energy
of the source in the form of suitable energy for the motor selects the mode of
operation of the motor i.e. motoring/braking. Controls for power modulator
one built in control unit which usually operates at much lower voltage and
power levels in addition the power modulator it may also generate commands
for protection of power modulation and motor.

8. Block diagram of electric drive.

9. Draw the block diagram of a closed loop speed control of electric drive.

10. Advantages of electric drive

• Enough overload capacity without loss of life of machine.

• Four quadrant operation.
• Modifiable torque-speed characteristics.
• No requirement of warming up period.
• Higher efficiency.
• Easy control.
• Clean operation, no pollution.
• Wide range of speed control.
• They have flexible control characteristics.
• Electric braking can be employed
• Electric drives can be provided with automatic fault detection systems.
• Electric motors have long life lower noise, lower maintenance requirements and
cleaner operation
• Adoptable to almost an operating conditions such as explosive and radio active,
submerged in liquids etc.
• They can be started instantly and immediately can be fully loaded.

11. Illustrate four quadrant operation of electric drive considering hoist as

an example.

12. With detailed analysis explain how chopper helps to control a

separately excited DC motor drive in motoring mode.
13. Why regenerative braking is not possible in series motor?

In case of DC Series motor, as the speed of Motor increases, the armature

current and hence the field flux will decrease and therefore Back emf E can
never be greater than the supply voltage V. Therefore, Regenerative Braking
is not possible in DC Series Motor.

14. A 220V, 1500rpm, 50A separately exited motor with armature resistance
of 0.5ohm is fed from a circulating current mode dual converter with a
source voltage of 165V (line). Determine converter firing angle for the
following operating points.
(i). Motoring operation at rated motor torque and 1000rpm
(ii). Braking operation at rated motor torque and 1000rpm.
Answer:
Given data: Motor rated Voltage EaR = 220 V DC; Rated speed NR = 1500
RPM;
Rated Current IaR = 50 A ; Armature resistance Ra = 0.5 Ω
Step-1: Find out the back e.m.f. Eb at the rated speed of 1500 RPM using the
formula EbR = EaR - IaR Ra
EbR = 220 – 50x0.5 = 195 V
Step-2: To find out the firing angles corresponding to the required four
conditions we have to
(i) First find out the Required armature voltage Ea = for each of the conditions
using the formulae: (1) For Motoring: Ea = Eb + Ia Ra (2) For braking : Ea =
Eb - IaRa
(ii) And then equating these required armature voltages values to the
converter output given by Ea = [(3√3 Em) /π] cos α (where Em is the
maximum value of the input phase voltage and α is the firing angle) find out
cos α and thus finally α .
In this problem input voltage is given as 165 V line value. It is to be noted that
this value is r.m.s value. So this to be converted into maximum Phase value.
Thus Em= (165/√3) √2 = 134.7
Now we can find out α for the four cases:
It is also to be noted here that since in all the four cases we have to find out
the firing angle at the rated torque only we need to take the rated current of
50 A only ( Torque is proportional to Current )
a)Back e.m.f. Eb @ 1000 RPM = EbR (1000/1500) = 195x ( 1000/1500) =
130 V
Then Ea @ 1000 RPM= 130 + 50x0.5 = 155 V
[(3√3 x 134.7) /π] cos α = 155 from which we get cos α = 0.695 and α = 45.9°
And this is for converter A since this is forward motoring operation. Hence αA
= 45.9°
Since we know that in dual converters while working in simultaneous control
mode (Circulating current mode) αA+αB = 180° we can get directly get
αB = 180°- 45.9° = 134.1°
b) For braking Eb has to be greater than Ea and hence Ea= Eb - Ia Ra = 130
–50x0.5 = 105 V. Equating this to the Converter output we get [(3√3 x 134.7)
/π] cos α = 105 from which we get cos α = 0.470 and α = 61.9°
And this is for converter A since this is forward braking operation. Hence αA =
61.9°
And on the same logic as earlier we get
αB = 180° - 61.9°= 118.1°
15. A separately excited d.c motor is fed from a 230 V, 50 Hz supply via a
single-phase , half –controlled bridge rectifier. Armature parameters are:
inductance 0.06 H, resistance 0.3 ohm, the motor voltage constant is Ka
= 0.9 V/A rad/s and the field resistance is RF= 104 ohm. The field current
is also controlled by semi converter and is set to the maximum possible
value. The load torque is TL = 50 N-m at 800 rpm. The inductances of the
armature and field circuits are sufficient enough to make the armature
and field current continuous and ripple free.Compute : (i) The field
current (ii) The firing angle of the converter in the armature circuit

Answer:

(i) First point to be noted is since the units of Ka are V/A rad/sec the basic
governing equations for back emf Eb and Torque T will become : Eb = Kaf.
If.ω
and T = Kaf. If.Ia where Kaf. is to be taken as the given Ka= 0.9 V/A rad/s
(ii) For single-phase semi converter controlled d.c. drive, we can write the
expression for field supply voltage as
E =𝐸𝑚/π[(1+ cos α)]
So , the maximum field voltage and current are obtained when firing angle α
=0.
i.e. Ef =2 𝐸𝑚/π
Hence Field voltage E =2𝐸𝑚/π=2 × √2 ×230= 207.07 V.
And filed current If =𝐸𝑓/𝑅𝑓=207.07/104= 1.99 𝐴
(iii) Now, we can first find out armature current from the relation
Ia =𝑇/(𝐾𝑎. 𝐼𝑓)=50/(0.9 ×1.99)= 27.92 𝐴
And then back emf from the relation: Eb = Ka 𝜔 If = 0.9(800
×2π/60)1.99=150.04 V.
Hence finally we can find out armature voltage from the relation : Ea = Eb + Ia
Ra= 150.04 + 27.92 × 0.3 = 158.42 V.
But applied armature voltage from a single phase semi converter is given by
the equation Ea=𝐸𝑚/π(1+ cos α) and equating this to the above required
armature
voltage of 158.42 we get [(√2 ×230)/𝜋](1+ cos α) = 158.42 from which we get
α = 58°

16. A 220 V, 24A, 1000 RPM, DC separately excited motor has an armature
resistance of 2 ohm. The motor is controlled by a Chopper with a
frequency of 500 Hz from a supply of 230 V. Calculate the duty ratio for
1.2 times the rated Torque and 500 RPM.

Answer:

Given Data: Ea = 220 V, Ia = 24 A, N = 1000 RPM, Ra = 2 Ω Es = 230 V

(Note: Since the rated voltage of the motor is 220 V which is less than the
supply voltage, even for normal operation we have to work with a duty ratio δ
of 220 / 230 = 0.956 to ensure that never the applied voltage to the motor
exceeds 220 V)
First let us find out Eb for 1000 RPM using the relation Ea= Eb + Ia Ra i.e.
220 = Eb + 24 x 2
From which we get Eb = 220 – 48 = 172 V for a speed of 1000 RPM
Hence for a speed of 500 RPM
Eb = (500/1000) x 172 = 86V
Then the required voltage to be applied to the armature is given by:Ea = ( Eb
@ 500RPM + Ia @ 1.2 times rated torque x 2) = (86 + 24 x 1.2 x 2) = 143.6 V
[Here it is to be noted that the rated current of 24 A is to be multiplied by 1.2
since the motor is now working with a load torque which is 1.2 times the rated
torque ]
Required Ea for 500 RPM @ 1.2 times rated Torque = 143.6 V
Required duty ratio δ = 143.6/230 = 0.624
17. A DC separately excited motor with an armature resistance of 2 ohm is
powered by a chopper from a power source of 220V DC. The chopper is
working with an ON time of 15 ms and OFF time of 10 ms. The motor
constant Km = 0.4 V/Rad/sec. Assuming continuous current conduction
calculate the average motor current for a speed of 1400 RPM.

Answer:

Given Data: Es = 220 V, Ra = 2 Ω , Km= 0.4 V/Rad/sec, tON= 15 ms,tOFF =

10 ms
From the given units of the motor constant and the standard back EMF
relation Eb = Ka.Φ.ω we can easily see that it is normal motor constant Ka
combined with a constant flux φ resulting in a simpler relation
Eb = Km.ω where Km = Ka.Φ = 0.4 V/Rad/sec
To calculate Ia we have to use the standard DC motor relation: Ea = Eb + Ia
Ra
We know Ra . We have to find out Ea & Eb then we can find out Ia Ea = δ. Es
where Es = 220 V and δ = tON /Total Period T = tON / (tON + tOFF)
=15/(15+10)= 15/25=0.6
Thus Ea = 0.6 x 220 = 132 V
Eb = Speed in Rad/sec (Speed in RPM x 2π/60) x Km =146.5 x 0.4 = 58.6 V
From the basic DC motor relation we get Ia = (Ea- Eb)/ Ra = (132 – 58.6)/2
=73.4/2 = 36.7 A

18. A separately excited DC motor is controlled by an ideal step down

chopper with an ideal voltage source of 230 V. Motor armature
resistance Ra = 1.5 ohm, La = 1mH, motor back emf constant = 0.05
volts/rpm. The motor drives a load with constant Torque drawing an
average current of Ia = 15 A. Obtain (i)The range of speed control (ii)
Corresponding range of duty ratio.

Answer:

Minimum speed /corresponding duty ratio of motor: Here we have to start with
minimum speed as zero and find out the corresponding δ. To find out the
required δ we have to find out the required Ea taking Eb as zero
corresponding to zero speed.
i.e. Ea = Eb + Ia Ra = 0 + 15x 1.5 (Since Torque is constant and
corresponding Ia= 15 ) = 22.5 V = δ x 230 from which we have δ = 22.5 /230
= 0.097
For finding out maximum speed and the corresponding maximum duty ratio δ:
the procedure is different. Here we have to start with maximum δ as 1 and
then find out the maximum speed.
With δ as 1 we have Es = 1 x 230 = 230 V = Eb + Ia Ra = Eb+ 15 x 1.5 from
which we get : Eb = 230 – 22.5 = 207.5V
Now maximum speed can be obtained using the relation Eb = N x K (where N
is
in RPM and motor back emf constant K is = 0.05 Volts/RPM and Eb =
207.5Volts) from which we get
207.5 = Nmax x 0.05 and thus Nmax = 207.5/ 0.05 = 4150 RPM.

19. A 80 kW, 440V, 800 rpm DC. Motor is operating at 600 rpm and
developing 75 % rated torque when controlled by a 3-Ø, six-pulse
thyristor converter. If the back emf at rated speed is 410 V, determine
the triggering angle of the converter. The input to the converter is 3-Ø,
415 V 50 Hz a.c. supply

Answer:

Given data: EbR = 410 V, NR = 800 rpm, N2 = 600 rpm. Rated Power =
80kW, Rated Voltage ER= 440 V

We know that back e.m.f. is proportional to speed. Hence using the relation:
𝐸𝑏2/𝐸𝑏𝑅=𝑁2/𝑁𝑅
We get Eb2 = 410 × (600/800)= 307.5 V
𝐸𝑏2/𝐸𝑏𝑅=𝑁2/𝑁𝑅
We also know that EbR = Ea – IaR.Ra, 410 = 440 – IaR.Ra. From which we
get Ia.Ra drop = 30 V at rated conditions.
Rated current = Rated power /Rated Voltage = IaR =
(80 ×1000)/440 = 181.82 A.
∴ Armature resistance Ra
Ia Ra drop/Ia @rated conditions =30/181.82 = 0.165 Ω.
Terminal voltage of DC. motor at 600 rpm and 75 % rated torque, = Eb2 +
0.75 IaR. Ra = 307.5 + (0.75× 181.82× 0.165) = 330V.
We know that in the case of a 3Ø, six-pulse thyristor converter the out put
voltage
is given by: Ea(α) = (3√3/π)Em cos α
Hence neglecting voltage drop in the converter system, the applied voltage to
the motor would be:
Ea(α) =(3√3/π)Em cos α = 330V
where Em = maximum value of the phase voltage = √2 Line voltage/ √3 (
since input to the converter is normally connected in star,415 V is to be taken
as line voltage )
Hence 330 =(3√3/π).(√2/√3).415 cos α
330=3√2/𝜋(415 cos α )= 1.35 ×415 × cosα
From which we have cos α = 0.589 and α = 53.91°

20. A 6 pole long shunt dc compound generator supplies 100A at a terminal

voltage of 500V and has armature, series field and shunt field
resistances of 0.02Ω, 0.04Ω and 80Ω respectively. Calculate the
generated emf.

Answer:

Vt = 500V
Ra = 0.02Ω
Rsf = 0.04Ω
Rshf = 80Ω
Vb = 1V

Since it is long shunt compound generator

Ish = Vt/Rshf =500/80= 6.25A
Ia = Ish + Ii = 6.25 + 100 = 106.25A
Eg = Vt + Ia(Ra + Rsf) + 2Vb
= 500 + 106.25(0.02+0.04)+2×1
= 508.375V

21. What do you mean by load equalization?

Load equalisation is the process of smoothing the fluctuating load. The

fluctuate load draws heavy current from the supply during the peak interval
and also cause a large voltage drop in the system due to which the
equipment may get damage. In load equalisation, the energy is stored at light
load, and this energy is utilised when the peak load occurs. Thus, the
electrical power from the supply remains constant.

22. What is the steady state stability condition of motor load system?
Explain with a diagram.
23. What do you understand by constant torque drive and constant power
drive?

Constant torque loads require the same amount of torque at low speeds as at high
speeds. Torque remains constant throughout the speed range, and the horsepower
increases and decreases in direct proportion to the speed. Constant torque loads include
most positive displacement and reciprocating pumps and compressors as well as traction
drives and conveyors. With constant torque loads, the torque is not a function of speed.
As speed is changed, the load torque will remain fairly constant and the horsepower will
change linearly with the speed.

For example, if the speed increases by 50%, then the power required to drive the
operation will increase 50% while the torque remains constant.

Constant horsepower loads require high torque at low speeds and low torque
at high speeds, which means constant horsepower at any speed. Constant
horsepower loads include grinders, winding machines and lathes. For
constant horsepower loads, the torque loading is a function of speed up to
100% operating speed. As the speed of the operation is decreased, the
torque increases so that the horsepower required remains essentially
constant.
24. Why is current sensing required in electrical drives?

Current Sensing of Electrical Drives is required for the implementation of

current limit control, inner current control loop of closed-loop speed control,
closed-loop torque control of a dc drive, for sensing fault conditions, and for
sensing speed in dc drives by back emf sensing method. In order to avoid
interaction between control circuit, carrying low voltage and current, and
power circuit involving high voltage and current and sometimes harmonics
and voltage spikes, isolation must be provided between the two circuits.

25. What are the common methods of speed sensing?

The threee common methods of speed sensing are Eddy current proximity,
hall effect and magnetic effect.

Hall Effect speed sensor uses a Hall Effect transducer element between the
magnet and the target. As in VR sensors, the induced flux due to movement
of the target is detected. But, a Hall transducer is sensitive only to the
magnitude of flux; it does not sense its rate of change.

Eddy Currents are closed loops of induced current circulating in planes

perpendicular to the magnetic flux. They normally travel parallel to the coil’s
winding and the flow is limited to the area of the inducing magnetic field.

26. A motor of smaller rating can be selected for a short time duty. Why?
One of important criteria for selection of motor is permissible temperature
rise, which is decided by losses in the motor and type of cooling like natural
air , forced air etc. A motor operating for short duration ,even it has large loss,
total energy loss is small and hence temperature rise can be limited. Ones
used there will be sufficient time to cool before driving load again. Hence
lower rated motor can be used.
27. State and explain the disadvantages of using a motor of wrong rating.

A motor of wrong rating is not reliable. If the rating of motor is below the
required value, there is high possibility of winding damage, whereas using of
motor of rating much higher than required will result in poor efficiency. So the
use of rated motors is recommended for good & efficient performance. The
motor rating used is slightly higher than the required load value for safety
purpose,as electric motors have the capability to withstand overload
situations.
28. Explain the working of single phase fully controlled rectifier control of
dc separately excited motor with diagrams in continuous conduction
mode.

In a cycle of source voltage, thyristors T1 and T3 are given gate signals from α to
π, and thyristors T2 and T4 are given gate signals from (π + α) to 2π. In a cycle of
source voltage, thyristors T1 and T3 are given gate signals from α to π, and
thyristors T2 and T4 are given gate signals from (π + α) to 2π.
In continuous conduction mode of Single Phase Fully Controlled Rectifier Control
of DC Motor, a positive current flows through the motor, and T2 and T4 are in
conduction just before α. Application of gate pulses turns on forward biased
thyristors T1 and T3 at α. Conduction of T1 and T3 reverse biases T2 and T4 and
turns them off. A cycle of va is completed when T2 and T4 are turned-on at (π +
α) causing turn-off of T1 and T3.

Since armature current is is not perfect dc, the motor torque fluctuates. Since
torque fluctuates at a frequency of 100 Hz, motor inertia is able to filter out the
fluctuations, giving nearly a constant speed and rippleless E.

29. Explain the working three phase fully controlled rectifier control of dc
separately excited motor with diagrams in continuous conduction
mode.

Three phase Fully Controlled Rectifier Control (6 pulse) fed separately excited
dc motor drive is shown. Thyristors are fired in the sequence of their numbers
with a phase difference of 60° by gate pulses of 120°duration. Each thyristor
conducts for 120, and two thyristors conduct at a time—one from upper group
(odd numbered thyristors) and the other from lower group (even numbered
thyristors) applying respective line voltage to the motor.

Transfer of current from an outgoing to incoming thyristor can take place

when the respective line voltage is of such a polarity that not only if forward
biases the incoming thyristor, but also leads to the reverse biasing of the
outgoing when incoming turns-on. Thus, firing angle for a thyristor is
measured from the instant when the respective line voltage is zero and
increasing. For example, the transfer of current from thyristor T5to thyristor
T1 can occur as long as the line voltage vAC is positive. Hence, for thyristor T1,
firing angle α is measured from the instant vAC = 0 and increases. The
discontinuous conduction is neglected here because it occurs is a narrow
region of its operation.

When discontinuous conduction is ignored, speed-torque curves are

obtained.
2. Which of the following converter circuit operations will be unstable for a large
duty cycle ratio? 2

Ans: QUESTION INCOMPLETE.

(From Sunfoundry: Boost converter and Buck-Boost converter. The output voltage
of the buck converter and buck-boost converter are Vo=Vin ÷ (1-D) and Vo = D×Vin ÷ (1-
D) respectively. When the value of the duty cycle tends to 1 output voltage tends to
infinity.)

10. Which motor is preferred for traction work? 2

Ans: DC series motor is best suited for DC traction, cranes as it provides high starting
torque and easy speed control which is primary requirement of DC traction.

18. Find the output voltage expression for a step down chopper with Vs as the
input voltage and alpha as the duty cycle. 2

Ans: Vout = Vs * alpha

26. Why thyristors should be used as a switch for high power and high voltage
application? 2

Ans: The ability to switch large currents on and off and ability to handle larger anode
current makes the Thyristor suitable for use in medium to high-voltage AC power control
applications.

34. Draw the speed torque characteristics of constant power load. 2

Ans:
44. What is speed regulation? What is the need of speed regulation? 5

Ans:

NEED: If the load is applied to the DC motor or machine, the speed of the motor
decreases automatically. Thus to maintain the constant speed, the difference between
no-load and full-load speed (called Speed Regulation) should be maintained very less.
Speed regulators are often essential to avoid interruptions in the process. Speed
regulators detect current speed. If the revs are too low, it will be necessary to increase
the engine power. Revolutions are usually measured as frequency and signal must be
converted as standard.

52. Draw and explain the speed torque curves of a fan load and traction load.
5

Ans:

60. With detailed analysis explain how chopper helps to control a separately
excited DC motor drive in motoring mode. 5

Ans:
72. Explain the speed control of separately excited DC motor using combined
armature voltage and flux control method. Draw and explain the torque and power
capability curves. 10
Ans: In combined armature voltage & flux control method, increasing the armature
voltage or decreasing the field current increases the speed of the motor. Conversely,
decreasing the armature voltage or increasing the field current decreases the speed of
the motor.

The combined armature voltage and flux control method can be used to achieve smooth
speed transitions in both the constant torque and constant power regions. In the
constant torque region, the speed of the motor is controlled by adjusting the armature
voltage. The field current is kept constant. In the constant power region, the speed of
the motor is controlled by adjusting both the armature voltage and the field current. The
armature voltage is reduced and the field current is increased to maintain constant
power.

The combined armature voltage and flux control method is a versatile and efficient way
to control the speed of a separately excited DC motor. It allows for a wide speed range,
precise speed control, and high efficiency.
86. Design a current controller of DC Motor Drive? 10

(Research Paper Based Question)

Ans: The current control loop of DC motor drive is shown in the figure 2. The DC
machine contains an inner loop due to the induced emf. It is not physically seen; it is
magnetically coupled. The inner current loop will cross this back-emf loop, creating a
complexity in the development of the model. The inner current loop assures a fast
current response and also limits the current to a safer level. The inner current loop
makes the converter a linear current amplifier. The outer speed loop ensures that the
actual speed is always equal to the commanded speed and that any transient is
overcome with in the shortest feasible time without exceeding the motor and converter
capability.

The overall closed-loop system of DC motor drive is shown in fig.3. The design of
control loops starts from the innermost (fastest) loop to the outer (slowest) loop. The
reason to proceed from the inner to the outer loop in the design process is that the gain
and time constants of only one controller at a time are solved, instead of solving for the
gain and time constants of all controllers simultaneously.
1. Type-A chopper is used for obtaining which type of mode? 2

Ans: Only motoring mode is available in case of step-down chopper (Type-A

chopper). Value of output voltage (Vo) is less than the input voltage (Vin) in case of
step-down chopper.

9. Why regenerative braking is not possible in a series motor. 2

Ans: To generate electrical power during regenerative braking, a magnetic field

must be present in the motor. However, DC series motors do not have a
permanent magnet, which means they cannot generate a magnetic field when
the motor is used as a generator. This makes regenerative braking impossible in
DC series motors.

17. What is the duty cycle of a chopper ? 2

Ans: It is the time during which the chopper is on (Ton) relative to the whole period
(T = Ton+Toff). The output voltage can be changed by changing the duty cycle
(Ton/T). The duty cycle is between 0 and 1.

25. Why DC series motor can be referred as a universal motor? 2

Ans: The field and armature winding on a series DC motor are connected to the
power supply in a series. The same current flows in the field and armature windings.
A series wound motor can work with AC and DC voltage supply, which makes it a
universal motor.

33. Draw the speed torque characteristics of fan type load. 2

Ans:

43. A 80 kW, 440V, 800 rpm DC. Motor is operating at 600 rpm and developing
75 percent rated torque when controlled by a 3 phase, six-pulse thyristor
converter. If the back emf at rated speed is 410 V, determine the triggering
angle of the converter. The input to the converter is 3 phase, 415 V 50 Hz a.c.
supply. 5

Ans:

EbR = 410 V
NR = 800 rpm
N2 = 600 rpm
Rated Power =80kW
Rated Voltage ER= 440 V
51. A 6 pole long shunt dc compound generator supplies 100A at a terminal
voltage of 500V and has armature, series field and shunt field resistances of
0.02ohm, 0.04ohm and 80ohm respectively. Calculate the generated emf. 5

Ans:
59. What do you understand by constant torque drive ?Explain? 5
Ans: Constant torque drive, also known as constant-torque motor drive, is a type of
motor control that maintains a consistent torque output over a wide range of speeds.
This type of drive is often used in applications that require a constant load, such as
conveyor belts, cranes, and winches.

In contrast to variable torque drives, which produce torque that varies with speed,
constant torque drives provide a steady torque output regardless of speed. This is
achieved by using a feedback loop to monitor the motor's speed and adjust the current
accordingly.

Advantages of constant torque drives:

• Consistent output: Constant torque drives provide a consistent torque output over a
wide range of speeds, making them ideal for applications that require a steady load.
• Improved efficiency: By maintaining a constant torque output, constant torque drives
can improve the efficiency of the motor and reduce energy consumption.
• Reduced wear and tear: Constant torque drives can help to reduce wear and tear on the
motor and other components by reducing the need for sudden changes in speed.

Disadvantages of constant torque drives:

• Increased cost: Constant torque drives are typically more expensive than variable
torque drives.
• More complex control system: Constant torque drives require a more complex control
system than variable torque drives.

Applications of constant torque drives:

• Conveyor belts: Constant torque drives are often used to drive conveyor belts, as they
provide a consistent torque output that is necessary to move the load smoothly.
• Cranes: Constant torque drives are also used to drive cranes, as they provide the
consistent torque that is necessary to lift and lower heavy loads.
• Winches: Constant torque drives are used to drive winches, as they provide the
consistent torque that is necessary to pull heavy loads.

Overall, constant torque drives are a valuable tool for applications that require a
consistent torque output over a wide range of speeds. They can improve the efficiency,
reduce wear and tear, and extend the lifespan of the motor and other components.

66. A 230V, 960 rpm and 200A separately excited DC motor has an armature
resistance of 0.02ohm. The motor is fed from a chopper which provides both
motoring and braking operations. The source has a voltage of 230V. Assuming
continuous conduction find.
i. Duty ratio of chopper for motoring operation at rated torque and
350rpm.
ii. Duty ratio of chopper for braking operation at rated torque and
350rpm.
iii. If the maximum duty ratio of the chopper is limited to 0.95 and
maximum permissible motor current is twice the rated, calculate
maximum possible motor speed obtainable without field
weakening and power fed to source.
iv. If motor field is so controlled in (iii), calculate the field current as
a fraction of its rated value for a speed of 1200rpm. 10
Ans:

71. A 200V, 875rpm , 150A separately excited dc motor has an armature

resistance 0.06ohm and inductance 2.85mH. It is fed from a single phase fully
controlled rectifier with an ac source 220V,50Hz. Calculate the motor speed
for firing angle 120 degree and T=1200Nm. 10
Ans:
79. A separately excited d.c motor is fed from a 230 V, 50 Hz supply via a
single-phase , half –controlled bridge rectifier. Armature parameters are:
inductance 0.06 H, resistance 0.3 ohm, the motor voltage constant is Ka = 0.9
V/A rad/s and the field resistance is Rf = 104 ohm. The field current is also
controlled by semi converter and is set to the maximum possible value. The
load torque is TL = 50 N-m at 800 rpm. The inductances of the armature and
field circuits are sufficient enough to make the armature and field current
continuous and ripple free. Compute : (i) The field current (ii) The firing angle
of the converter in the armature circuit. 10

Ans:
85. Derive an equivalent circuit and torque expression for a delta connected
induction motor when one supply phase is disconnected. 10
Ans:
8. What do you mean by back emf in dc motor? Explain its significance. 2
Back emf in a Dc motor is the voltage generated when the motor rotates. It
opposes the applied voltage, affecting motor speed regulation and efficiency.

16. Why DC series motors are used where the high starting torque is required.
2
DC series motors provide high starting torque due to their construction, where
the field winding and armature are in series, resulting in increased torque at low
speeds for heavy load applications.

24. Why DC series motor has the poorest speed control? 2

DC series motors have poor speed control because their speed varies
significantly with changes in load, as the speed is inversely proportional to the torque
due to the inherent characteristics for their design.

32. Draw the speed torque characteristics of viscous friction load. 2

40. What do you mean by active load torque? 2

Active load torque refers to the torque required to perform useful work in a
system contributing to the mechanical output and affecting the motor’s performance
and power requirements.

41. What do you mean by passive load torque? 2

Passive load torque is the resistance or opposing force encountered by a motor
without contributing to useful work, leading to energy losses and affecting the
motor’s performance.

50. Explain the working principle of two quadrant chopper. 5

A two-quadrant chopper is a power electronics device that controls the speed and
direction of a DC motor by varying the voltage applied to it. In the first quadrant, it
regulates forward motoring by adjusting the duty cycle of the chopper, altering the
average voltage and controlling motor speed. In the fourth quadrant, it enables
dynamic braking by reversing the polarity of the voltage, allowing controlled braking
of the motor. This bidirectional control over voltage and current flow allows the motor
to operate in both forward and braking modes, offering precise speed and direction
control.

58. State and explain the disadvantages of using a motor of wrong rating. 5
Using a motor of incorrect rating leads to various drawbacks. Underrated motors can
result in insufficient power, leading to overheating, frequent breakdowns, and
reduced efficiency due to overload. Conversely, an oversized motor for a given
application leads to higher initial costs, inefficiency at lower loads, and increased
energy consumption, impacting overall operational expenses. Both scenarios can
compromise the motor's lifespan, cause mechanical stress, and result in poor
performance or premature failure, emphasizing the importance of choosing the right
motor size for optimal functionality and longevity in specific applications.

78. A 220 V, 900 rpm, 100 A separately excited DC motor has an armature
resistance of 0.05 Ohm. It is braked by plugging from an initial speed of 1000
rpm. Calculate (i) Resistance to be placed in the armature circuit to limit
braking current to 1.5 times the full load torque. (ii) Braking torque and (iii)
Torque when the speed has fallen to zero. 10
84. With net sketch explain the working of single phase half controlled
rectifier control of dc separately excited motor with diagrams in continuous
conduction mode
https://www.eeeguide.com/single-phase-half-controlled-rectifier-control/
3. Why BJT is NOT suitable for parallel operation? 2

Ans: BJT has a negative temperature coefficient of resistance. If it is operated in

parallel operation thermal run-away will take place and the device will damage.

1. In Half-wave uncontrolled rectifier calculate the average value of the

voltage if the supply is 23sin(50t). 2

Ans: In Half-wave uncontrolled rectifier, the average value of the voltage is

Vm÷π=23÷π=7.32 V.

19. What is the firing angle when the average output voltage is maximum? 2
Ans: The sooner the conduction starts higher the average power. So, the firing angle
to get maximum average output voltage is 0 degree.

27. Why type-A chopper is used for motoring mode? 2

Ans: During motoring mode, power flows from source to motor i.e. output voltage at
motor terminals is less than input voltage at source terminals. Also, Value of output
voltage (Vo) is less than the input voltage (Vin) in case of step-down chopper
or Type-A chopper. This is the reason why type-A chopper is used for motoring
mode.

35. Why a starter is necessary for a Dc motor?

Ans: Starters are used to protect DC motors from damage that can be caused
by very high current and torque during startup, which is done by providing
external resistance to the motor connected in series to the motor's armature winding
and restricts the current to an acceptable level.

53. Describe dynamic braking operation of chopper fed separately excited DC

motor drive. Draw speed-torque curves in motoring and braking mode. 5

Ans:
61. What do you understand by constant power drive? Explain.
Ans: Constant Power Drives maintain the power constant by an appropriate change
in speed or torque with respect to other. We know,
Power = Speed * Torque
So, if speed increases, torque will decrease appropriately to maintain constant
power. Therefore, this type of drive can be used only in ‘Low speed High Torque’ or
‘High speed Low torque’ applications e.g., grinders, winders, lathe etc.

Advantages of Constant Power Drives -

• Improved efficiency: Constant power drives can improve the efficiency of a system by
reducing energy consumption. This is because they only apply the amount of power that
is needed to meet the load requirements.
• Reduced wear and tear: Constant power drives can help to reduce wear and tear on the
motor and other components in the system. This is because they operate at the most
efficient speed for the given load.
• Increased productivity: Constant power drives can help to increase productivity by
providing the motor with the torque it needs to operate at its peak performance.

Constant power drives are used in a variety of applications, including:

• Machine tools: Constant power drives are commonly used in machine tools, such as
grinders, winders, and lathes. These machines require high torque at low speeds and
low torque at high speeds.
• Textile machinery: Constant power drives are also used in textile machinery, such as
spinning frames and looms. These machines require a constant power output to
maintain the desired production rate.
• Printing presses: Constant power drives are also used in printing presses. Printing
presses require a constant power output to maintain the desired print quality.
73. What are the different types of braking in DC motors? Why plugging is not
popular? How the dynamic braking can be implemented by using a chopper.
10

Ans: Three types of braking is there in case of DC motors –

1. Regenerative Braking: Regenerative braking is used when the driven

load causes the DC motor to run at speeds higher than its no-load speed.
This results in the reversing of the motor current and turns it into an
electric generator.
2. Dynamic Braking: It is also known as Rheostatic braking. In this type of
braking, the DC motor is disconnected from the supply and a braking
resistor is immediately connected across the armature. The motor will now
work as a generator and produces the braking torque.
3. Plugging Braking: It is also known as reverse current braking. The
armature terminals or supply polarity of a separately excited DC motor or
shunt DC motor when running are reversed. Therefore, the supply voltage
V and the induced voltage Eb i.e. back emf will act in the same direction.
The effective voltage across the armature will be V + Eb which is almost
twice the supply voltage. Thus, the armature current is reversed and a
high braking torque is produced.

Reasons of Plugging being non-popular:

• It can be difficult to brake the motor at exactly zero speed (especially

when the braking time is short).
• It can induce high mechanical shock loads on the motor and connected
equipment, due to the abrupt stop that it causes.
• Generates significant heat.

Implementation of Dynamic Braking by using a chopper –

Let’s implement dynamic braking in a chopper fed separately excited DC motor.

87. Explain the Principles of DC motor speed control. 10

Ans:

REQUIRED EQUATIONS TO UNDERSTAND -

Methods for speed control of DC shunt motor which are discussed below –
Methods for speed control of DC Series motor which are discussed below –
45. Explain how following speed transitions are carried out?
i. Increase the speed in the same direction.
ii. Decrease in the speed.

Increase in Speed in the Same Direction:

Voltage and Frequency Control:

In electric drives, the speed of an AC motor is often controlled by adjusting the

voltage and frequency applied to the motor.

To increase speed, the controller increases both the voltage and frequency
supplied to the motor.

Field Weakening:

In some cases, particularly with induction motors, a technique called "field

weakening" may be used.

Field weakening involves reducing the magnetic field strength in the motor,
allowing it to spin faster at higher speeds.

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM):

PWM is a common method for controlling the speed of electric motors.

By adjusting the duty cycle of the PWM signal, the effective voltage applied to the
motor can be controlled, thus affecting the motor speed.

Feedback Control:

Closed-loop control systems are often used in electric drives to maintain precise
speed control.

Feedback from sensors, such as encoders or tachometers, is used to

continuously adjust the motor output to achieve the desired speed.

ii. Decrease in Speed:

Regenerative Braking:

Electric drives often incorporate regenerative braking systems, especially in

electric vehicles.

During braking, the electric motor operates as a generator, converting kinetic

energy back into electrical energy. This energy can be fed back into the power
supply or stored in a battery.
Voltage and Frequency Reduction:

To decrease speed, the controller reduces the applied voltage and frequency to
the motor.

This reduction in electrical power results in a decrease in motor speed.

Dynamic Braking:

Dynamic braking involves dissipating excess energy as heat in resistors or other

braking elements.

It's particularly useful for rapidly slowing down a motor.

Feedback Control:

As with increasing speed, closed-loop control systems with feedback from

sensors are used to ensure accurate and smooth speed reduction.
4. Which braking method is the best method for obtaining high braking torque? 2
Plugging is the best braking method among all braking techniques. In plugging the value of the armature
current reverses and the mechanical energy is extracted. A very high braking torque is produced in case
of plugging.

12. In Half-wave controlled rectifier calculate the average value of the voltage if the supply is 10sin(50t) and firing angle
is 30 degree. 2
In Half-wave controlled rectifier, the average value of the voltage is
Vm(1+cos(∝))÷2π=10(1+cos(30°)÷6.28=2.97 V. The thyristor will conduct from ∝ to π.

20. What is the the maximum value of the load current in a single phase half-wave thyristor circuit with R load and
V_s=V_msin omega t ? 2
Vm/2, Vm is the peak value of the load as well as supply voltage. I = Vm/R.

28.. What is Power Modulator in electrical drives? 2

Power modulators are the devices which alters the nature or frequency as well as changes the intensity
of power to control electrical drives.

36. What are the different types of starters available for DC motor? 2
46. Explain the working principle of single phase full converter drive connected to a DC separately excited motor.5
54. Give one application of dual converter for speed control of DC motor 5
62. State explain different methods for speed sensing? 5

67.i. Explain why a dc series motor is more suited to deal with torque over loads than other dc motors.
ii. State and explain the varius fuctions of converters in electrical drives. 10
74. A separately excited DC motor fed from a converter can be worked as generator when the firing angle is increased
towards 90 degree and by reversing the armature terminal mechanically. Draw the circuit diagram. Can you realize the
same by using a dual converter and without using a mechanical switch? Draw the circuit diagram for the implementation
and explain its working. 10
80. The speed of a 10 HP, 210 V, 1000 rpm separately excited D.C. motor is controlled by a single-phase full-converter.
The rated motor armature current is 30 A, and the armature resistance is Ra = 0.25 ohm. The a.c. supply voltage is 230 V.
The motor voltage constant is 0.172 V/rpm. Assume that sufficient inductance is present in the armature circuit to make
the motor current continuous and ripple free. For a firing angle 45 degree , and rated motor armature current, determine:
1) The motor torque 2) Speed of the motor at Rated armature current. 10

88. What is steady state stability of electric drives and explain it briefly. 10