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Lecture 2_Equilibrium in 2D

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35 views

Lecture 2_Equilibrium in 2D

Uploaded by

chikennturkey
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Equilibrium in Two Dimensions

Part I: Equations of Equilibrium

When a body is in
equilibrium →
Resultant of all
forces and
moments acting
on it must be zero
This is the requirement for
equilibrium in three dimensions
 In a 2D case, the forces (and moments)
applied to it are contained in the same
plane
 If the applied forces (and moments) are in
same plane, the reactions must also be in
the same plane
 If all the forces (and moments) are
contained in x and y plane, then the ΣFz = 0
leads to trivial equation
 Similarly ΣMx = 0 and ΣMy = 0 leads to
trivial equations
 If all the forces (are moments) are
contained in y and z plane, the relevant
non‐trivial equations are ΣFy = 0, ΣFz= 0
and ΣMx = 0
Sometimes instead of summation of forces in x
and y axis, it might be preferable to have
equilibrium equations in form of moment
equilibrium

Line AB must not be parallel to y‐axis


Sometimes instead of summation of
forces in x and y axis, it might be
preferable to have equilibrium equations
in the form of moment equilibrium

Points A, B and C must not lie on a single line. ABC must form a triangle
Consider a body subjected to forces
which are parallel to each other and
pass through same line

Such systems are known as collinear

While solving problems where bodies are subjected to collinear forces. It is


logical to use a coordinate system such that all the forces are parallel to x‐axis
(or y‐axis)
Consider a body subjected to forces all
of which are parallel but not necessarily
collinear

While solving problems where bodies are subjected to parallel forces. It is


logical to use a coordinate system such that all the forces are parallel to x‐
axis (or y‐axis)
ΣMB = 0, leads to trivial equation as all forces are passing through B
Therefore, we have only two equations of equilibrium
Let us consider a coordinate axis system such
that x‐axis is parallel to one of the forces

If a body is subjected to two forces, then both


the forces must be equal in magnitude,
opposite in direction and collinear
Part II: Concepts of Free Body Diagram (FBD)
 While drawing the FBD , inner details are not important; just the outline of
the vehicle is drawn. In this problem all the forces are parallel.
 Notice the reactions at wheels are 2A and 2B respectively → recall there are
two front and two rear wheels
A lever
Rpi.edu Braking Mechanism
Rpi.edu Rear portion of a truck held by 2 cables‐ when the cables are released a
ramp is formed which assists material handling
The different length and angles are important to place in FBD
From the picture it is not evident clearly but will be mentioned in the problem
statement
Three connected members
which form a mechanism.

Draw a FBD of member ABC


and CD, which is supported by
a smooth collar at A, roller at
B, and link CD.

The structure is made of two connected bodies (CD and ABC), the FBD of both
members must be drawn
The moment is applied at point B and must be considered in the FBD
Note that there are pin joints at C and D

If the y components exist, they


would produce a net moment
RECALL: If a body is subjected to two forces, then both the forces must be
equal in magnitude, opposite in direction and collinear

Presence of only
these two forces will
ensure equilibrium
of the body
 Single reaction at collar at A and roller at B but different directions
 The roller leads to no moment reaction, but moment can be applied at that
point
What are the reactions at A and D?
Notice: Horizontal movement at A and D is
constrained by the wall. Vertical
movement in A and D is NOT constrained.
 At support A, horizontal movement is constrained; at support
B vertical movement is constrained and hence the reaction
forces
 Both supports at A and B are frictionless
Part III: Problem Solving (Sample Problems and Tutorial 2
problems)
The lever BCD is hinged at C and is attached to
a control rod at B. If P = 100 N, determine the
tension in rod AB
Unknowns: Reactions at C and tension AB

Draw the FBD

Choose the coordinate axis system


Equations of Equilibrium
Two crates, each of mass 350 kg, are placed as shown in the bed of a
1400‐kg pickup truck. Determine the reactions at each of the two (a)
rear wheels A, (b) front wheels B.
Notice that all the forces are parallel, we have
2 equations: ΣFy = 0 and ΣM = 0

At which point will you take Moment?

Hint: the unknowns are at point A and B


Tutorial 2
Problem 1: Draw the Free Body Diagram (FBD) of all members (including the pulley)
assuming all contacts to be frictionless.
Problem 2:

An aircraft of weight W is climbing at a constant speed at an


angle θ under a constant thrust T against a net air drag R
(collinear with T ). Given that T is only a function of R and W,
complete the FBD keeping in view the concept of equilibrium.
Problem 3:
The 100 kg wheel rests on a rough surface and bears
against the frictionless roller A when the couple M is
applied. If M=60 Nm and the wheel does not slip, compute
the reaction on the roller A.
Problem 4:
Determine the force P required to begin rolling
the uniform cylinder of mass m over the
obstruction of height h.
Problem 5:
The spring of modulus k=3.5 kN/m is stretched 10
mm when the disk center O is in the leftmost
position x=0. Determine the tension T required to
position the disk center at x=150 mm. At that
position, what is the normal force N exerted on
the horizontal frictionless guide? The mass of the
disk is 3 kg.
Problem 6:
Three loads are applied to a light beam
supported by cables attached at B and D
knowing that the maximum allowable tension
in each cable is 12kN and neglecting the
weight of the beam, determine the range of
values of Q for which the loading is safe when
P = 5kN.
Problem 7:
Consider the truss. If the roller at B can
sustain a maximum load of 3kN,
determine the largest magnitude of each
of the three forces F that can be supported
by the truss.

Ans: F=354 N
Problem 8:
Two identical smooth tubes A and B, each of weight W, are
suspended at their ends by cords of equal length. A third
tube C of weight WC = 0.8W is placed between A and B.
Determine the greatest weight of C that can be supported
without upsetting equilibrium.
Problem 9:
A vertical load P is applied at the end B of rod BC. The
spring constant of the spring is K and the spring is
unextended when θ = 0.
(a) Neglecting the weight of the rod, express the angle θ
corresponding to the equilibrium position in terms of P,
K and l. Inextensible
(b) Determine the value of θ corresponding to the string
equilibrium if P = 2Kl.
Problem 10:
The lightweight cart of the exercise machine
shown is supported by a cable whose other
end is pulled by the athlete to raise the cart. In
the configuration shown with β=18O,
determine the pulling force P applied by the
athlete on the cable to maintain equilibrium
on the frictionless ramp. Also determine the
reaction force R on the cart from the ramp.
Take mass of the athlete as 70 kg and θ=15O.
Problem 11:
The hook wrench is used to turn shafts and collars. If
a moment of 80 Nm is required to turn the 200 mm
diameter collar about its center O, determine the
contact force R on the smooth surface at A. The
engagement of the pin at B may be considered to
occur at the periphery of the collar.
Problem 12:
A special jig consists of an 80 Mg sector mounted on a
line of rollers at A and a line of rollers at B. One of the
rollers at B is a gear which meshes with a ring of gear
teeth on the sector so as to turn the sector about its
geometric center O. When α=0, a counterclockwise
torque of 2460 Nm must be applied to the gear at B to
keep the assembly from rotating. When α=30O, a
clockwise torque of 4680 Nm is required to prevent
rotation. Locate the mass center G of the jig by
calculating ṝ and θ. Note that the mass center of the
pipe section is at O.

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