CHAPTER 2 LETERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Battery Management System

The definition of a Battery Management System (BMS) varies depending on the
application. Generally, a BMS refers to a management framework designed to
monitor, control, and optimize the performance of either individual batteries or
multiple battery modules within an energy storage system. It can disconnect
battery modules from the system if abnormal conditions are detected, enhancing
performance while ensuring safety. In power systems, BMS is implemented to
monitor and manage the battery's power delivery at peak efficiency, also
considering battery life. In automotive applications, BMS manages energy
across various system interfaces while safeguarding the system from potential
hazards. A BMS comprises several functional blocks, which are connected to
the batteries and other related units, such as controllers, the grid, or other
distributed resources, as shown in Figure 1. Proper architecture, functional
blocks, and advanced circuitry can significantly extend battery life. Various
commercial BMS solutions are available in the market.

A BMS cannot function as a standalone component within a system

infrastructure. It is integrated with other system modules to achieve overall
system objectives. For instance, an intelligent energy automation system
incorporates a battery management module (BMM), a battery interface module
(BIM), battery units, and battery supervisory control. This system safeguards
the battery pack, extends its lifespan, manages power demand, and connects
with different networks [1].

There are three main BMS implementation topologies available in the market:
centralized, distributed, and modular. In a centralized topology, a single control
unit is connected to all battery cells through multiple wires. In a distributed
topology, each control unit is dedicated to an individual battery cell, with a
single communication cable connecting them. Lastly, in a modular topology,
multiple control units manage specific battery cells, with these control units
interconnected [2]. The centralized BMS is the most affordable but offers the
least scalability. The distributed BMS is the most expensive but the easiest to
install, providing a cleaner setup. The modular BMS requires more hardware

1
and programming effort, balancing the strengths and weaknesses of the other
two topologies. Figure 2.1 illustrates these BMS implementation topologies.

Figure 2.1: BMS implementation topology.

2.2 Related Works

In [1], the authors discussed battery management systems (BMS) in electric and
hybrid vehicles, addressing concerns and challenges associated with current
BMSs. A key focus of the paper is the evaluation of a battery's state, including
state of charge (SOC), state of health (SOH), and state of life, which are critical
tasks for a BMS. By reviewing the latest methodologies for battery state
evaluation, the paper outlines future challenges for BMSs and proposes
potential solutions.

In [2], the authors focus on the hardware aspects of battery management

systems (BMS) for electric vehicle and stationary applications. The goal is to
provide an overview of existing concepts in state-of-the-art systems and help
readers understand the key considerations when designing a BMS for a specific
application. After a brief analysis of general requirements, the authors explore
various battery pack topologies and their impact on the complexity of the BMS.
Four battery packs from commercially available electric vehicles are presented
as examples. Additionally, the paper discusses implementation aspects related

2
to measuring essential physical variables (such as voltage, current, and
temperature) as well as balancing strategies and challenges.

In [3], the authors propose an improved MC2MC equalizer based on a novel

bipolar-resonant LC converter (BRLCC), which enables flexible and efficient
operation modes with stable balancing power. This design significantly
enhances balancing speed without greatly compromising efficiency.
Mathematical analysis and comparisons with typical equalizers are provided to
demonstrate its high balancing speed and good efficiency. An experimental
prototype for 8 cells was developed, showing balancing power ranging from
1.426 W to 12.559 W across different modes, with balancing efficiencies
between 84.84% and 91.68%.

In [4], the paper addressed the susceptibility of battery management systems

(BMSs) for Li-ion and lithium-polymer (LiPo) battery packs used in emerging
electric and hybrid electric vehicles to electromagnetic interference (EMI). A
specific test board was developed to experimentally evaluate the EMI
susceptibility of a BMS front-end integrated circuit using direct power injection
(DPI) and radiated susceptibility measurements in an anechoic chamber.

In [5], a novel method for accurate hysteresis modeling was proposed, which
significantly improves SOC estimation accuracy compared to conventional
methods. SOC estimation was performed using an extended Kalman filter
(EKF), while battery parameters were estimated with an auto-regressive
exogenous (ARX) model and the recursive least squares (RLS) filter.

In [6], the design of a BMS demonstrator board using electromagnetic

compatibility (EMC) system simulation was presented, demonstrating how
EMC simulation helps identify root causes and optimize board designs quickly.
In [7], the authors developed a specific test board to experimentally assess the
EMI susceptibility of a BMS front-end integrated circuit using DPI and radiated
susceptibility measurements. The paper discussed the experimental results,
highlighting various EMI-induced failure mechanisms.

Kang et al. [8] studied the thermal behavior of a battery pack under power
demand, proposing a thermal prediction model based on Joule heating with

3
equivalent resistance, reversible heat, and heat dissipation. The model controls
equivalent resistances by SOC intervals using hybrid pulse power
characterization. In [9], the authors explored high-power charging impacts and
limitations on batteries through optimization techniques, presenting optimal
power distribution operations from power sources.

Arnieri et al. [10] proposed an efficient management strategy to maximize the

overall energy efficiency of grid-connected storage systems, considering the
relationship between efficiency and charging/discharging power. Lee et al. [11]
developed a method for estimating pulse power performance based on pulse
duration, which is applied in energy storage systems and transportation
electrification.

Uno et al. [12] introduced a novel cell voltage equalizer using a selective
voltage multiplier, which embeds selection switches into the equalizer. This
design reduces the number of switches compared to conventional topologies,
simplifying the circuit. A prototype for twelve cells was built, and an
equalization test using Li-ion batteries was performed.

Lee et al. [13] conducted a regression analysis of the peak point in the
incremental capacity (IC) curve from the new state to a 100-cycle aging state.
They estimated the SOH of a retired series/parallel battery pack using a
regression analysis model, achieving an SOH estimation error within 1%,
ensuring suitable accuracy.

A multicell-to-multicell (MC2MC) topology was introduced in [14], which

allows energy to be directly transferred from consecutive high-voltage cells to
the target group Bn (see Figure 1e). This eliminates the need for B1, B2, and B3
to wait in sequence, significantly increasing the balancing speed and preventing
unexpected energy loss. However, the performance of the MC2MC topology is
largely dependent on the specific converter used to build the equalizer. First,
once the energy loss caused by the topology is removed, the converter's power
and efficiency are crucial for maximizing the battery pack's capacity and
minimizing heat generation. Second, the converter must support both step-up
and step-down conversion to provide flexible operation modes that
accommodate a wide range of situations.

4
2.3 Project Contribution

This final year project focusing on battery management systems (BMS) with an
IoT-based approach, the contributions include the following:

 Real-time Monitoring: Implementing an IoT system that enables real-

time monitoring of battery parameters such as voltage, current,
temperature, and state of charge (SoC) from remote locations. This can
enhance the visibility and control over battery performance.
 Data Collection and Analysis: Developing a system that collects and
analyzes battery data to predict performance, detect faults, and assess
battery health. This data-driven approach can help optimize the lifespan
and efficiency of battery systems.
 Alerts and Notifications: Integrating IoT features that send alerts or
notifications in case of abnormal battery conditions, such as
overcharging, overheating, or significant performance degradation,
enabling proactive maintenance.
 Energy Optimization: Using IoT to create an intelligent management
system that balances energy use and storage, optimizing the overall
efficiency of the battery system based on usage patterns.
 Remote Configuration and Control: Allowing users to adjust settings or
control the BMS remotely, providing flexibility for applications like
electric vehicles or stationary energy storage systems.

These contributions would combine the benefits of IoT with advanced battery
management to improve system reliability, efficiency, and safety.

5
REFERENCES

[1] Abbas, M.; Cho, I.; Kim, J. Analysis of High-Power Charging Limitations of a Battery in
a Hybrid Railway System. Electronics 2020, 9, 212.
[2] Arnieri, E.; Boccia, L.; Amoroso, F.; Amendola, G.; Cappuccino, G. Improved Efficiency
Management Strategy for Battery-Based Energy Storage Systems. Electronics 2019, 8,
1459.
[3] Xing, Y.; Ma, E.W.M.; Tsui, K.L.; Pecht, M. Battery Management Systems in Electric
and Hybrid Vehicles. Energies 2011, 4, 1840–1857.
[4] Lelie, M.; Braun, T.; Knips, M.; Nordmann, H.; Ringbeck, F.; Zappen, H.; Sauer, D.U.
Battery Management System Hardware Concepts: An Overview. Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 534.
[5] Luo, X.; Kang, L.; Lu, C.; Linghu, J.; Lin, H.; Hu, B. An Enhanced Multicell-to-Multicell
Battery Equalizer Based on Bipolar- Resonant LC Converter. Electronics 2021, 10, 293.
[6] Aiello, O. Electromagnetic Susceptibility of Battery Management Systems’ ICs for
Electric Vehicles: Experimental Study. Electronics 2020, 9, 510.
[7] Ko, Y.; Choi, W. A New SOC Estimation for LFP Batteries: Application in a 10 Ah Cell
(HW 38120 L/S) as a Hysteresis Case Study. Electronics 2021, 10, 705.
[8] Doridant, A.; Abouda, K.; Givelin, P.; Thibaud, B. Battery Management System
Demonstrator Board design using EMC System simulation. In Proceedings of the 2019
International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility—EMC EUROPE, Barcelona,
Spain, 2–6 September 2019; pp. 427–432.
[9] Aiello, O.; Crovetti, P.S.; Fiori, F. Susceptibility to EMI of a Battery Management
System IC for electric vehicles. In Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International
Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC), Dresden, Germany, 16–22 August
2015; pp. 749–754.
[10] Kang, T.; Park, S.; Lee, P.-Y.; Cho, I.-H.; Yoo, K.; Kim, J. Thermal Analysis of a
Parallel-Configured Battery Pack (1S18P) Using 21700 Cells for a Battery-Powered
Train. Electronics 2020, 9, 447.
[11] Arnieri, E.; Boccia, L.; Amoroso, F.; Amendola, G.; Cappuccino, G. Improved Efficiency
Management Strategy for Battery-Based Energy Storage Systems. Electronics 2019, 8,
1459.
[12] Uno, M.; Ueno, T.; Yoshino, K. Cell Voltage Equalizer Using a Selective Voltage
Multiplier with a Reduced Selection Switch Count for Series-Connected Energy Storage
Cells. Electronics 2019, 8, 1303.
[13] Lee, H.; Park, J.; Kim, J. Kim Incremental Capacity Curve Peak Points-Based Regression
Analysis for the State-of-Health Prediction of a Retired LiNiCoAlO2 Series/Parallel
Configured Battery Pack. Electronics 2019, 8, 1118.
[14] Shang, Y.; Zhang, Q.; Cui, N.; Duan, B.; Zhou, Z.; Zhang, C. Multicell-to-Multicell
Equalizers Based on Matrix and Half-Bridge LC Converters for Series-Connected Battery
Strings. IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Power Electron. 2020, 8, 1755–1766.