LIGHT AND ASSOCIATED PHENOMENA.

1. Track your progress page number 219

1. Fill in the blanks.
a. Reflection from a smooth surface is called regular reflection.
b. Light always travels in a straight line.
c. The image formed in a plane mirror is laterally inverted.
d. The normal is the perpendicular line drawn at the point of incidence.
e. Irregular reflection occurs from a rough surface.

2. Track your progress page number 227

Fill in the blanks.

a. Concave lens is also called a diverging lens.

b. Eye lens forms a real and inverted image on the retina.
c. Concave lens always forms a virtual, erect, and diminished image of
the object.
d. Focus is a point at which all rays meet after reflecting from the curved
surface of the spherical mirrors

3. Assessment zone page 228

A. Tick the correct answer.

 Which of the following is used as a shaving mirror?

b. Concave
(Concave mirrors are used as shaving mirrors because they can form
magnified and upright images when the object is close to the mirror.)
 Which of the following mirrors is used for rear view in vehicles?
a. Convex
(Convex mirrors are used for rear-view in vehicles because they provide a
wider field of view.)
 Which of the following mirrors forms the real image?
b. Concave
(Concave mirrors can form real images when the object is placed beyond
the focus.)
 Which of the following mirrors is used by the dentist to see the
magnified image of teeth?
b. Concave
(Concave mirrors are used by dentists because they can magnify images
when the object is placed within the focus.)
 Which of the following mirrors is used as reflectors in flashlights?
b. Concave
(Concave mirrors are used in flashlights because they focus light into a
beam.)

Fill in the blanks:

1. The band of seven colors is called a spectrum.
2. Sunlight consists of seven colors.
3. A concave lens always produces a virtual, erect, and diminished image.
4. Reflection that takes place through a smooth surface.
5. Retina acts as a screen and is connected to the brain by the optic nerve.
6. Image formed by a plane mirror is virtual and laterally inverted.

State TRUE or FALSE:

1. A concave mirror mostly produces an inverted image.
True
2. A convex lens usually magnifies images.
True
3. In a convex mirror, the size of the image is always small.
True
4. A concave lens is used in car head-lights.
False (A concave mirror is used in car headlights.)
5. Beyond 2F, a convex lens always produces a magnified and inverted
image.
False (Beyond 2F, the image is inverted and diminished.)

Give one word for the following:

1. Image that cannot be formed on the screen
Virtual image
2. Material through which light can pass partially
Translucent
3. Another name for converging lens
Convex lens
4. A point at which converging rays of light meet
Focus
5. A curved mirror whose inner side is polished
Convex mirror

Match the columns:

1. Real and inverted image → b. Concave mirror
2. Diverging lens → d. Concave lens
3. Used in headlights of vehicles → b. Concave mirror
4. Metal used for coating mirrors → e. Mercury
5. The bouncing of light from a surface → a. Reflection
6. Dispersion of white light → c. Rainbow

F. Answer the following questions.

1. What are laws of reflection of light?
Ans.
Laws of Reflection
There are two laws of reflection:

• The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal at the point of
incidence, all lie on the same plane.
 The angle of incidence is always equal to the angle of reflection, that is,
<i = ∠r.

2. What are refraction of light

Ans.
Refraction is a phenomenon which occurs when a ray of light passes from
one transparent medium to another. For refraction to take place, it is
important that both the media have different densities

3. What are spherical mirrors? Which type of mirror can form a real image?
Ans.
Spherical mirrors are mirrors that have a curved reflecting surface. These
mirrors are a part of a sphere and are categorized based on their reflecting
surfaces:
1. Concave Mirror: The inner surface of the sphere is reflective (curved
inward).
2. Convex Mirror: The outer surface of the sphere is reflective (curved
outward).
Concave mirror are the mirror, which formed real image.

4. What are the characteristics of image formed by a plane mirror?

Ans.
An image formed by a plane mirror shows the following characteristics:

 It is upright or erect, but appears reversed right to left.

 It is always virtual.
 It is of the same size as the size of the object.
 The image formed by the mirror is at the same distance behind the
mirror as the object is in front of it.

5. What will happen if a beam of light pass through a glass prism?

Ans. if a beam of light pass through a glass prism
Dispersion of Light:
 The beam of white light splits into its seven constituent colors (red,
orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet), forming a spectrum.
 This happens because different colors of light have different wavelengths
and refract by different amounts.

6. What is a lens? What kind of lens is used as magnifying glasses?

Ans. a lens can be defined as a transparent medium, having one flat and
one curved surface, or both curved surface.

7. What is meant by lateral inversion? Write laterary inverted image of the

word LIGHT.
Ans.
Lateral inversion refers to the phenomenon in which the left and right
sides of an object appear reversed in the image formed by a plane mirror.
For example:
 If you raise your right hand, the image in the mirror will appear as though
the left hand is raised.

8. Define dispersion of light. What did Newton demonstrate by his

experiment with the prism?
Ans.
Dispersion of Light:
Dispersion of light is the phenomenon in which white light splits into its
constituent colors when it passes through a prism. This occurs because
different colors of light have different wavelengths and are refracted
(bent) by different amounts as they pass through the prism.
Newton's Experiment with the Prism:
Isaac Newton demonstrated that white light is composed of a spectrum of
colors. In his experiment:
1. He allowed a narrow beam of sunlight to pass through a glass prism.
2. The prism split the sunlight into a band of seven distinct colors: violet,
indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange, and red (VIBGYOR).
This showed that white light is not a single color but a mixture of various
colors.
Newton also demonstrated that when these colors were passed through
another prism in reverse order, they recombined to form white light again.
This proved that the colors are inherent in the light and not due to the
prism itself.

9. What are the rules that are followed by light during refraction?
Ans.
The rules of refrac on of light are governed by Snell's laws of refrac on
and can be summarized as follows:
1. Law of Refrac on (Snell's Law):
 The ra o of the sine of the angle of incidence i to the sine of the angle of
refrac on r is constant for a given pair of media. This constant is called
the refrac ve index

10.What type of image can a convex and a concave lens make?

Ans.
Images Formed by a Convex Lens:
A convex lens, also known as a converging lens, can form different types of images
depending on the posi on of the object rela ve to the lens.
1. Real and Inverted Image
o When the object is placed beyond the focus (F) of the lens, the lens produces
a real, inverted image.
o The size and posi on of the image depend on the object's distance:
 Beyond 2F: Image is diminished and located between F and 2F.
 At 2F: Image is the same size as the object and formed at 2F.
 Between F and 2F: Image is magnified and formed beyond 2F.
2. Virtual and Upright Image
o When the object is placed within the focus (F) of the lens, the lens produces
a virtual, upright, and magnified image on the same side as the object.
11.What a real and virtual images? Explain with the help of example
Ans.
Real Image:
 A real image is formed when light rays actually converge at a point after
reflection or refraction.
 It can be projected onto a screen as it is formed by the actual
intersection of light rays.

Virtual Image:
 A virtual image is formed when light rays appear to diverge from a point
but do not actually meet.
 It cannot be projected onto a screen as it is formed by the apparent
divergence of light rays.

12.What is the difference between the shape of convex and concave mirror?
Explain with help of diagrams
ans.
Difference Between the Shape of Convex and Concave Mirrors:
Property Convex Mirror Concave Mirror

The reflecting surface is The reflecting surface is

curved outward like curved inward like the
Shape inner surface of a
the outer surface of a
sphere. sphere.

13.Explain how is image formed in a human eye

Ans. page 226

14.What are regular and irregular reflections

Ans.
Regular Reflection:
 Definition: When parallel rays of light fall on a smooth and polished
surface (like a mirror) and reflect in a single, organized direction, it is
called regular reflection.

Irregular Reflection:
 Definition: When parallel rays of light fall on a rough or uneven surface
and scatter in different directions, it is called irregular reflection (or
diffuse reflection).
Comparison Table:
Property Regular Reflection Irregular Reflection

Surface Smooth and polished Rough or uneven

Direction of Reflected rays are Reflected rays scatter

Rays parallel in various directions

Clear and well- No clear image is

Image
defined image is formed
Formation
formed

15.Explain principal focus of mirror with the help of suitable diagrams