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India Assam geography

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22 views

India Assam geography

Uploaded by

Steev Rodgers
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Here is a detailed explanation note for Indian Geography and Assam Geography, focusing on Chapter 1

and Chapter 2 for each subject. The notes are structured with key points, making them suitable for study
purposes.

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Indian Geography

Chapter 1: Introduction to Indian Geography

1. Location and Extent

Geographical Position: India lies in the Northern and Eastern Hemispheres.

Latitude and Longitude: Extends from 8°4'N to 37°6'N latitude and 68°7'E to 97°25'E longitude.

Tropic of Cancer: Passes through 8 Indian states (Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh,
Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura, Mizoram).

Size: Total area: 3.28 million sq. km (7th largest country in the world).

Borders: Land boundary: 15,200 km; Coastline: 7,516 km.

2. Physical Divisions
India is divided into six physical divisions:

1. Northern Mountains: Includes the Himalayas (Himadri, Himachal, Shiwalik).

2. Northern Plains: Fertile plains formed by the Indus, Ganga, and Brahmaputra rivers.

3. Peninsular Plateau: Composed of hard igneous and metamorphic rocks, divided into Central Highlands
and Deccan Plateau.

4. Indian Desert: The Thar Desert in Rajasthan.

5. Coastal Plains: Eastern and Western coasts along the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea, respectively.

6. Islands: Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Bay of Bengal) and Lakshadweep Islands (Arabian Sea).

3. Climate

Monsoon Climate: Characterized by seasonal reversal of winds.


Seasons: Summer, Monsoon, Autumn, and Winter.

Rainfall: Uneven distribution due to physical geography.

4. Natural Resources

Water: River systems like Ganga, Brahmaputra, and Godavari.

Minerals: Iron ore, coal, bauxite, manganese, and mica.

Soils: Alluvial, black, red, laterite, desert, and mountain soils.

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Chapter 2: Drainage System of India

1. Types of River Systems

Himalayan Rivers: Perennial rivers originating from glaciers (e.g., Ganga, Indus, Brahmaputra).

Peninsular Rivers: Seasonal rivers, depend on monsoons (e.g., Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri).
2. Important River Systems

Indus River System: Originates in Tibet; major tributaries are Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej.

Ganga River System: Originates from Gangotri Glacier; tributaries include Yamuna, Ghaghara, Kosi, and
Gandak.

Brahmaputra River System: Originates from Tibet as Tsangpo and flows into Assam.

Peninsular River System: Includes Narmada, Tapti, Godavari, Krishna, and Mahanadi.

3. Lakes and Wetlands

Natural lakes: Wular, Chilika, Pulicat.

Artificial lakes: Hirakud, Govind Sagar.

Wetlands: Sundarbans (mangrove forests).

4. Role of Rivers

Agriculture: Irrigation and fertility.


Hydropower generation.

Religious and cultural significance.

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Assam Geography

Chapter 1: Introduction to Assam Geography

1. Location and Extent

Geographical Position: Assam lies in Eastern India.

Latitude and Longitude: Between 24°8'N to 28°2'N latitude and 89°42'E to 96°E longitude.

Borders: Shares boundaries with Bhutan, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura,
Meghalaya, and West Bengal.

Area: 78,438 sq. km.

2. Physical Features
Brahmaputra Valley: Dominated by fertile alluvial plains of the Brahmaputra River.

Barak Valley: Southern Assam, with rivers like Barak and its tributaries.

Hill Regions: Karbi Anglong and North Cachar Hills.

Forests: Dense forests with rich biodiversity (Kaziranga, Manas).

3. Climate

Tropical Monsoon Climate: Hot summers, heavy rainfall during monsoons, and mild winters.

Rainfall: Annual average of 2,000-3,000 mm.

Seasons: Summer (April-June), Monsoon (June-September), Winter (November-February).

4. Natural Resources

Water: Brahmaputra and Barak rivers.

Minerals: Oil, natural gas, coal, limestone.

Forests: Timber, bamboo, medicinal plants.


Tea Cultivation: Assam is the largest tea producer in the world.

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Chapter 2: River Systems and Wetlands of Assam

1. Brahmaputra River System

Originates in Tibet as Tsangpo, enters India at Arunachal Pradesh, and flows through Assam.

Tributaries:

North Bank: Subansiri, Manas, Jia-Bharali.

South Bank: Kopili, Dhansiri.

Role: Irrigation, agriculture, navigation, fishing.

2. Barak River System


Originates in Manipur and flows through Barak Valley.

Tributaries: Surma, Kushiyara.

3. Wetlands

Assam has numerous wetlands and oxbow lakes (beels).

Notable wetlands: Deepor Beel (near Guwahati), Son Beel (Karimganj).

Role: Fishing, water storage, biodiversity conservation.

4. Importance of Rivers in Assam

Agriculture: Provides fertile alluvial soil.

Transportation: Major waterways for trade and transport.

Culture: Integral to festivals, music, and literature.

Hydropower: Development of hydroelectric projects.


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Conclusion

Both Indian Geography and Assam Geography showcase the richness of natural resources and diverse
physical features. Understanding the interplay of physical, climatic, and human factors is essential for
sustainable development.

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