Types of Operating System

Prof :Dr. Abhishek D. Pathak

Class :4 Sem CSE (Cyber Security)
LEC No :2
Todays class objective
◈ Students will understand different type of OS
◈ Batch OS
◈ Multi Tasking or Time Sharing
◈ Distributed OS
◈ Network OS
◈ Real Time OS
◈ Batch operating system is a type of operating
system which does not communicate or interact
with the computer directly. It is helpful when
computer processes are very lengthy and
time-consuming. It speeds up the process by
combining together similar types of jobs and runs
them as a group.
◈ There is an operator in this kind of operating
system which is used to club similar jobs having
the same requirement and is responsible to sort
jobs with similar needs. Eg: BankSystem, Payroll
System, etc
Advantages of Batch Operating System:

• The time required for a job to complete is predictable as the jobs are in a queue.
• Multiple jobs can share the systems.
• Reduced idle time.
• It is easy to process and manage a large workload.

Disadvantages of Batch Operating System:

• Zero interaction between the user and the system.

• Debugging is harder as the operator needs to be thorough with the batch systems
which is difficult.
• It is costly.

• If one job fails, the OS puts the other jobs on a stand-by for an unknown time period.

• CPU is often left idle during processing as the speed of the mechanical I/O devices is
slower as compared to the CPU
Multi tasking or Time Sharing OS
◈ This type of operating system enables people
who are in two different shells to use the
computer system at the same time.The
processing time is termed time sharing as it is
shared among multiple users.
◈ Each task is allotted some time (known as
Quantum) to execute its work. After the allotted
time interval is over the operating system
switches over to the next task
◈ Eg: UNIX, Multics
◈ Advantages of Multitasking Operating System:
• Each program receives equal time to use the CPU.
• Software duplication is difficult.
• CPU is no longer left idle.
◈ Disadvantages of Multitasking Operating System:
• Due to multiple sharing, it is unreliable.
• Data integrity and security are threatened.
• Data communication is difficult.
Distributed OS
◈ In this type of operating system, multiple CPUs are
used to serve multiple processes and users. All the
computers have their own memory unit and CPU,
and are interconnected and communicate with each
other over a shared communication network. The
processors differ in size and function and remote
access is enabled within the devices connected to a
network. The job of data processing is distributed
among various processors which makes the jobs
more efficient

◈ In distributed operating systems communication

networks are used, because of which various
interconnected computers are able to communicate
with each other.
It is basically a system software over a collection of
communicating and physically separate
computation nodes.
◈ Eg: LOCUS, etc.
◈ Distributed Operating Systems are of two
types:
◈ a. Client-Server Systems
◈ These types of systems consist of two
components: a client & a server. Usually, there
are more than one client and one server. The
communication starts when the client sends a
request to the server and the server responds
back to the request of the client.
◈ b. Peer-to-Peer Systems
◈ These types of systems enable users to access
some resources that are shared on other
computers and similarly to share files that are
present in their computer.
◈ a. Client-Server Systems
◈ These types of systems consist of two components: a client & a server. Usually, there are
more than one client and one server. The communication starts when the client sends a
request to the server and the server responds back to the request of the client.
◈ b. Peer-to-Peer Systems
◈ These types of systems enable users to access some resources that are shared on other
computers and similarly to share files that are present in their computer.
◈ Advantages of Distributed Operating System:
• If one system collapses the others are not affected by it as they are independent of each
other.
• Increased data exchange speed and reduced load on the host computer.
• Computation is highly fast and durable due to shared resources.
• It is easily scalable due to the attachment of multiple systems.
• Reduced delay in the data processing.
◈ Disadvantages of Distributed Operating System:
• A single system failure might not affect the entire communication but the failure of the
main network can crash it.
• Languages used to establish distributed operating systems are not well established.
• It is not readily available as it is very expensive and complex.
◈ .
Network Operating System
◈ Network Operating System runs on a server
and makes the system capable of managing
data and other networking functions. It helps
to connect various independent computers
over a network.
◈ NOS is a specialized operating system for a
network device that manages multiple
requests for inputs parallelly and provides the
necessary security in a multiuser environment
◈ NOS may also offer directory services and an
email system or network management and
multiprotocol routing capabilities.
◈ Eg: Mac OS X, Novell NetWare,
Microsoft Windows Server 2003

This OS runs on a server allowing it to manage data, users, groups, security, applications, and other
networking functions. It allows shared access of files, printers, security, applications, and other
networking functions over a small private network or a LAN. Users are well aware of its underlying
configuration, making it a tightly coupled system.
◈ Advantages of Network Operating System:
• It has stable and centralized servers that can handle security concerns
well.
• Integration of new technologies and hardware up-gradation is easier.
• Remote server access is possible.
◈ Disadvantages of Network Operating System:
• High cost of servers.
• Most operations could only be performed through a central location.
• It requires regular maintenance and updating.
5. Embedded Operating System
◈ These systems are specialized operating systems. They are
designed to perform a particular task for a given device
that is not a computer.
◈ it consists of 3 major things
• Input device
• Microcontroller
• Output device
◈ Input device: It collects all the input information between
the user and also Robotic Assistance
Devices environment. At the same time, it consists via
sensor or else remote control.
◈ Microcontroller: It is the brain of the processing unit. It
will gain all the input and output information.
◈ Output device: It collects the all instruction from the
microcontroller and it will process accordingly.
◈ Mostly the hardware that is running the embedded
operating system is very limited in case of the resources
such as RAM and ROM. Hence systems made for
embedded hardware tend to be very specifice
6. Real Time OS
◈ Real-time operating systems serve the real-time
systems which means that the system is
subjected to real time where the response should
be guaranteed within a specific timing constraint
and so in this type of operating system the time
constant is very less.
◈ We can also say it is a time-bound system and so
if the processing is not done in the allotted time
or within the defined constraints the system is
most likely to fail.
◈ Eg: Industrial control systems, Scientific
experiments, Air traffic control systems, etc.
Example of Real time OS System ?
• The operating system of the microwave oven.
• The operating system of the Washing machine.
• The operating system of the aeroplane.
• The operating system of digital cameras and many more.
◈ a. Hard real-time system
◈ As the name itself suggests it doesn’t accept any delay even the shortest possible delay
in the processing time. Here the time constraint is very strict.
◈ Any guesses about hard real-time system?
• light Control Systems
• Missile Guidance Systems
• Weapons Defense System
• Medical System
• Railway signalling system
• Air traffic control systems
• Nuclear reactor control systems
• Anti-missile system
• Chemical plant control
• Autopilot System in Plane
Soft real-time system
◈ In this kind of system, the time constraint is not that strict

◈ Example?

• Personal computer

• Audio and video systems

• Set-top boxes

• DVD Players

• Weather Monitoring Systems

• Electronic games

• Multimedia system

• Web browsing

• Online transaction systems

• Telephone switches

• Virtual reality

• Mobile communication
◈ Advantages of Real-Time Operating System:
• More output from resources is received due to the maximum utilization of devices and
systems.
• Less time is required for task shifting.
• It focuses more on running applications.
• Due to the small size of programs, they can be used in embedded systems.
• It is error-free.
• The best management of memory allocation.
◈ Disadvantages of Real-Time Operating System:
• Very few tasks run at the same time in order to avoid errors.
• The system resources are usually very expensive.
• Complex algorithms that are difficult to write on.
• It needs specific interrupts signals and device drivers to respond earliest to interrupts.
• Thread priority can’t be set as these systems don’t usually switch tasks.