Introduction for Chemical Engineering I

Fall 2021
Lecture # 2

Concentration

Concentration means the quantity of some solute per fixed amount of

solvent, or solution, in a mixture of two or more components
Example

 Mass per unit volume ( lbm of solute/ft3, g of solute/L, lbm of solute/bbl,

kg of solute/m3 ).
 Moles per unit volume ( lb mole of solute/ft3, g mole of solute/liter, g
mole of solute/cm3 ) .
 Parts per million ppm; a method of expressing the concentration of
extremely dilute solutions.
 ppm is equivalent to a weight fraction for solids and liquids because the
total amount of material is of a much higher order of magnitude than
the amount of solute.
 It is a mole fraction for gases. Why?
Other methods of expressing concentration with which you should be
familiar are molarity (g mole/liter) and normality (equivalents/liter).

Example 1.14

In the production of a drug with mw = 192, the exit stream from the reactor =
10.3 L/ min. the drug concentration = 41.2 % in water. The specific gravity of
the solution = 1.025.
Introduction for Chemical Engineering I
Fall 2021
Lecture # 2

 Calculate the concentration of the drug in kg/ L.

 Calculate the mass and molar flow rate of the drug.
Solution

Basis 100 gm of solution

𝑔𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝐴
𝐶 = 41.2
100 𝑔𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

1 𝑘𝑔
41.2 𝑔𝑚 ( ) 𝑘𝑔
1000 𝑔𝑚
= = 0.422
1𝐿 𝐿
100 𝑔𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ( )
1025 𝑔𝑚

𝐿 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = (10.3 ) (0.422 ) = 4.35
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐿 𝑚𝑖𝑛

𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 4.35 ( ) = 0.0226
𝑚𝑖𝑛 192 𝑘𝑔 𝑚𝑖𝑛
Introduction for Chemical Engineering I
Fall 2021
Lecture # 2

Basis

You should ask yourself the following questions:

 What do I have to start with?

 What do I want to find out?
 What is the most convenient basis to use?

These questions and their answers will suggest suitable bases.

Sometimes, when a number of bases seem appropriate, you may find it is best to
use a unit basis of 1 or 100 of something, as, for example, kilograms, hours,
moles, cubic feet.

 For liquids and solids when a weight analysis is used, a convenient basis
is often 1 or 100 lb or kg; similarly, 1 or 100 moles is often a good choice
for a gas.
The reason for these choices is that the fraction or percent automatically equals
the number of pounds, kilograms, or moles, respectively, and one step in the
calculations is saved

Example 1.15 Choosing a Basis

Aromatic hydrocarbons form 15 to 30% of the components of leaded fuels and

as much as 40% of non-leaded gasoline. The carbon /hydrogen ratio helps to
characterize the fuel components. If a fuel is 80% C and 20% H by weight, what
is the C/H ratio in moles?
Introduction for Chemical Engineering I
Fall 2021
Lecture # 2

Solution

If a basis of 100 lb or kg of oil is selected, percent = pounds or kilograms.

Basis: 100 kg of oil (or 100 lb of oil)

Component Kg or lb MW Kg mole or Lb mole

C 80 12 6.67

H 20 1 19.84

Total 100 C/ H = 6.67/19.84 = 0.336

Example 1.16 Choosing a Basis

Given that a 50.0 kg test run of gas averages 10.0% H2, 40.0% CH4, 30.0% CO,
and 20.0% CO2, what is the average molecular weight of the gas?

Solution Basis: 100 kg mole or lb mole of gas

n = m/ Mwt m = n Mwt

Component Kg mole or lb mole Mwt Kg or lb

CO2 20 44 880

CO 30 28 840

CH4 40 16 642
Introduction for Chemical Engineering I
Fall 2021
Lecture # 2

H2 10 2 20

Total 100 2382

The average Mwt = 2382/ 100 = 23.82

OR

Given that a 50.0 kg test run of gas averages 10.0%wt H2, 40.0% wt CH4, 30.0%
wt CO, and 20.0% wt CO2, what is the average molecular weight of the gas?

Solution

Basis: 100 kg of gas

n = m/ Mwt m = n Mwt

Component Kg Mwt Kg moles Mole %

CO2 20 44

CO 30 28

CH4 40 16

H2 10 2

Total 100
Introduction for Chemical Engineering I
Fall 2021
Lecture # 2

Example 1.17 Changing Bases

A sample of medium-grade bituminous coal analysis is as follows:

Component percent
S 2
N 1
O 6
Ash 11
water 3
The residuum is C and H in the mole ratio H/C = 9. Calculate the weight fraction
composition of the coal with the ash and the moisture omitted.

Solution

Take as a basis 100 kg of coal, for then percent = kilograms.

Basis: 100 kg of coal

The sum of the S + N + O + ash + water is

2 + 1 + 6 + 11 + 3 = 23kg

Hence the C + H must be 100 - 23 = 77 kg.

 To determine the kilograms of C and H, we have to select a new basis.

 Is 77 kg satisfactory? No. Why?
Introduction for Chemical Engineering I
Fall 2021
Lecture # 2

Basis: 100 kg mole of C + H

Comp. Mol. fraction kg mole Mwt kg Wt %

Total

The complete analysis is as follows ;

Component Mass (kg) Wt %

C
H
S
N
O
Total
Introduction for Chemical Engineering I
Fall 2021
Lecture # 2

Temperature

Our concept of temperature no doubt originated with our physical sense of hot
and cold. Temperature can be rigorously defined once you have an acquaintance
with thermodynamics, but here we simply paraphrase Maxwell's definition:

The temperature of a body is a measure of its thermal state considered in

reference to its power to transfer heat to other bodies.

Measurement of the thermal state can be accomplished through a wide variety of

instruments, including:

- A thermometer containing a liquid such as mercury or alcohol.

- The voltage produced by a junction of two dissimilar conductors that
changes with temperature and is used as a measure of temperature (the
thermocouple.
- The property of changing electrical resistance with temperatures gives us a
device known as the thermistor.
Introduction for Chemical Engineering I
Fall 2021
Lecture # 2

Temperature Scale

1 ΔF = 1ΔR
1 ΔK = 1 ΔC

100 K 100 C 180 F

273 K 0C 32 F 460 F
1 ΔK = 1.8 ΔF
0K -273 C -460 F 0R

TK = TC + 273 TF = 1.8 TC + 32

TR = TF+ 460 TC = (TF -32)/1.8

TC = (TF – 32)/1.8
Example 1.19
TR = TF + 460
For aluminum k (thermal conductivity) = 117 BTU / hr ft °F convert to BTU/
hr Ft K

Solution

𝐵𝑡𝑢 1.8 ∆℉ 𝐵𝑡𝑢

𝑘 = 117 ( ) = 210.6
ℎ𝑟 𝐹𝑡 ℉ ∆𝐾 ℎ𝑟 𝐹𝑡 𝐾
Introduction for Chemical Engineering I
Fall 2021
Lecture # 2

Example 1.20

For sulfuric acid Cp = 33.25 + 0.03727 T cal/ gmole °C where T in °C.

modify the equation so that Cp BTU/ lbmole R and T in R.

Solution
Introduction for Chemical Engineering I
Fall 2021
Lecture # 2

Pressure

Pressure = F/ A
- It is measured using different units; N/ m2 , lbf/ in2 (psi), atm ,mmHg…..
- Pressure can be expressed in terms of gauge or absolute pressure

P
h = 76 cm Hg
Air
= 1 atmosphere
Z
h
Po

Force balance
A Po = ρ h A g

Atm. kPa psi Cm Hg

Lbf/ inch2
Pressure

Po
1 atm. = 101.3 kPa = 14.7 psi = 76 cm Hg = 29.92" Hg

Vacuum
Absolute zero pressure
Introduction for Chemical Engineering I
Fall 2021
Lecture # 2

Measurement of Pressure
Pressure, like temperature, can be expressed using either an absolute or relative
scale. Whether relative or absolute pressure is measured in a pressure measuring
device depends on the nature of the instrument used.

Absolute pressure = gauge pressure + barometer pressure

Manometers

 A simple device used to measure the relative/absolute pressure.

 It’s a U tube filled with a fluid with known density.
 At equilibrium and using the fluid static law, pressure difference is
determined.

Open-ending manometer Close-ending manometer (absolute)

(relative/gauge) pressure pressure
Introduction for Chemical Engineering I
Fall 2021
Lecture # 2

Example 1.21
Convert 35 psia to inches of mercury.
Solution
1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 76 𝑐𝑚 𝐻𝑔 1 𝑖𝑛
35 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎 ( × × ) = 71.24 𝑖𝑛𝐻𝑔
14.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 2.54 𝑐𝑚
Or
29.92 𝑖𝑛 𝐻𝑔
35 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎 ( ) = 71.24 𝑖𝑛 𝐻𝑔
14.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎

Example 1.22
Convert 340 mm Hg to inches of water and kPa.
Solution
Introduction for Chemical Engineering I
Fall 2021
Lecture # 2

Example 1.23
Pressure gauge reads 51 psig. What is the absolute pressure ?
Solution
Absolute pressure = Gauge pressure + barometric pressure

Example 1.24
Air is flowing through a duct under a draft of 4 cm Hg. The barometer reads
730 mm Hg. What is the absolute pressure of air in inches of Hg ?
Solution
Introduction for Chemical Engineering I
Fall 2021
Lecture # 2

Example 1.25
Calculate the pressure drop P1-P2

Example 1.26
A U-tube differential manometer is connected
between two pipes. One pipe contains carbon
tetra chloride (sp.gr = 1.59) under pressre of 103
kPa, and the other pipe contains oil (sp.gr = 0.8)
under pressre of 172 kPa. Find the manometer
reading h in meters.
Introduction for Chemical Engineering I
Fall 2021
Lecture # 2