DEPARTMENT

OF
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

CLASS NOTES
of
UG - B.E. COURSE
IN

Introduction to Internet of Things

Course Code : 22ETC15H / 25H
(Emerging Technology Course – ETC)
(Module – 5 / Unit No. 5)
First Year B.E.
July to December 2022
Academic Year : 2022-23

Staff Incharges
Dr. Pavithra G., Dr. Sindhu Sree M.,
Dr. Ninu Rachel Phillips,
Padmavathi M., Likitha K. &
Dr. T.C. Manjunath, Ph.D. (IIT Bombay), Sr. Member IEEE, Chartered Engineer, Fellow IE, Fellow IETE

Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering

Shavigemalleshwara Hills, Kumaraswamy Layout,
Banashankari, Bangalore-560078, Karnataka
Tel : +91 80 26662226 26661104 Extn : 2731 Fax : +90 80 2666 0789
Web - http://www.dayanandasagar.edu Email : [email protected]
( An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Approved by AICTE & ISO 9001:2008 Certified )
( Accredited by NBA, National Assessment & Accreditation Council (NAAC) with 'A' grade & NIRF Rated )

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Course Title: Introduction to Internet of Things (IOT)
Course Code: 22ETC15H/25H CIE Marks 50
Course Type SEE Marks 50
(Theory / Practical ETC Total Marks 100
/ Integrated)
Teaching Hours/Week (L:T:P: S) 02:00:02:00 Exam Hours 03
Total Hours of Pedagogy 40 hours Credits 03
Teaching Department NT/Chem/Phys/Any QP setting NT/Chem/Phy
Engg. Branch s
Module-1 (8 hours of pedagogy)
Basics of Networking: Introduction, Network Types, Layered network models, Functional blocks of
IOT ecosystem, Applications of IoT devices
Emergence of IoT: Introduction, Evolution of IoT, Enabling IoT and the Complex
Interdependence of Technologies, IoT Networking Components
Module-2 (8 hours of pedagogy)
IoT Sensing and Actuation: Introduction, Sensors, Sensor Characteristics, Sensorial Deviations,
Sensing Types, Sensing Considerations, Actuators, Actuator Types, Actuator Characteristics.
Module-3 (8 hours of pedagogy)
IoT Processing Topologies and Types: Data Format, Importance of Processing in IoT, Processing
Topologies, IoT Device Design and Selection Considerations, Processing Offloading.
Module-4 (8 hours of pedagogy)
ASSOCIATED IOT TECHNOLOGIES
Cloud Computing: Introduction, Virtualization, Cloud Models, Service-Level Agreement in Cloud
Computing, Cloud Implementation, Sensor-Cloud: Sensors-as-a-Service., Introduction to Embedded
system and application(ARDUINO board)
IOT CASE STUDIES
Agricultural IoT – Introduction and Case Studies
Module-5 (8 hours of pedagogy)
IOT CASE STUDIES AND FUTURE TRENDS
Vehicular IoT – Introduction of Vehicular IoT, Healthcare IoT, Home automation, Smart energy
consumption and AI trained IoT devices – Case studies and IoT Analytics

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MODULE – 5
Vehicular IoT

Vehicular IoT systems have penetrated different aspects of the transportation ecosystem,
including on-road to off-road traffic management, driver safety for heavy to small vehicles,
and security in public transportation. In a connected vehicular environment, vehicles are
capable of communicating and sharing their information. Moreover, IoT enables a vehicle to
sense its internal and external environments to make certain autonomous decisions. With the
help of modern-day IoT infrastructure, a vehicle owner residing in Earth’s northern
hemisphere can very easily track his vehicular asset remotely, even if it is in the southern
hemisphere

Architecture of vehicular IoT

The architecture of the vehicular IoT is divided into three sublayers: device, fog, and cloud.

Device: The device layer is the bottom-most layer, which consists of the basic infrastructure
of the scenario of the connected vehicle. This layer includes the vehicles and road side units
(RSU). These vehicles contain certain sensors which gather the internal information of the
vehicles. On the other hand, the RSU works as a local centralized unit that manages the data
from the vehicles.

Fog: In vehicular IoT systems, fast decision making is pertinent to avoid accidents and traffic
mismanagement. In such situations, fog computing plays a crucial role by providing decisions
in real-time, much near to the devices. Consequently, the fog layer helps to minimize data
transmission time in a vehicular IoT system.

Cloud: Fog computing handles the data processing near the devices to take decisions
instantaneously. However, for the processing of huge data, fog computing is not enough.

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Therefore, in such a situation, cloud computing is used. In a vehicular IoT system, cloud
computing helps to handle processes that involve a huge amount of data. Further, for long-
term storage, cloud computing is used as a scalable resource in vehicular IoT systems

Components of vehicular IoT

Modern cars come equipped with different types of sensors and electronic components. These
sensors sense the internal environment of the car and transmit the sensed data to a processor.
The on-road deployed sensors sense the external environment and transmit the sensed data
to the centralized processor

Sensors: sensors play a crucial role in an IoT-based ecosystem, in vehicular IoT, sensors
monitor different environmental conditions and help to make the system more economical,
efficient, and robust. Traditionally, two types of sensors, internal and external, are used in
vehicular IoT systems.

a) Internal: These types of sensors are placed within the vehicle. The sensors are typically
used to sense parameters that are directly associated with the vehicle. A few examples of
internal sensors are GPS, fuel gauge, ultrasonic sensors, proximity sensors, accelerometer,
pressure sensors, and temperature sensors.

b) External: External sensors quantify information of the environment outside the vehicle. For
example, there are sensors used in the smart traffic system that are capable of sensing vacant
parking lots in a designated parking area. The still images and videos from cameras are
important inputs to generate decisions in a vehicular IoT system. Therefore, on-road cameras
are widely used as external sensors to capture still images and videos. The captured images
and videos are processed further, either in the fog or in the cloud layer, to take certain pre-
programmed actions. As an example, camera sensor can capture the image of the license plate
of an overspeeding vehicle at a traffic signal; the image can be processed to identify the owner
of the vehicle to charge a certain amount of fine. Similarly, temperature, rainfall, and light
sensors are also used in the vehicular IoT infrastructure.

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2) Satellites: In vehicular IoT systems, automatic vehicle tracking and crash detection are
among the important available features. Satellites help the system to track vehicles and detect
on-road crashes. The satellite image is also useful for detecting on-road congestions and road
blocks.

3) Wireless connectivity: As vehicular IoT deals with connected vehicles, communication is

an important enabling component. For taking any action or making decisions, the collective
data from internal and external sensors need processing. For transmitting the sensed data
from multiple sensors to RSU (roadside unit) and from RSUs to the cloud, connectivity plays
an indispensable role.. Different communication technologies, such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and
GSM, are common in the vehicular IoT systems.

4) Road Side Unit (RSU): The RSU is a static entity that works collaboratively with internal
and external sensors. Typically, the RSUs are equipped with sensors, communication units,
and fog devices. Vehicular IoT systems deal with timecritical applications, which need to take
decisions in real time. In such a situation, the fog devices attached to the RSUs process the
sensed data and take necessary action promptly. If a vehicular system involves heavy
computation, the RSU transmits the sensed data to the cloud end.

5) Cloud and fog computing: In vehicular IoT systems, fog computing handles the light-
weight processes geographically closer to the vehicles than the cloud. Consequently, for faster
decision making, fog computing is used in vehicular IoT systems. However, for a heavy-
weight process, fog computing may not be a suitable option. In such a situation, cloud
computing is more adept for vehicular IoT systems. Cloud computing provides more
scalability of resources as compared to fog computing. Therefore, the choice of the application
of fog and cloud computing depends on the situation

6) Analytics: Vehicular IoT systems can be made to predict different dynamic and static
conditions using analytics. For example, strong data analytics is required to predict on-road
traffic conditions that may occur at a location after an hour

Advantages of vehicular IoT

A few selected advantages of vehicular IoT are depicted in Figure

1) Easy tracking: The tracking of vehicles is an essential part of vehicular IoT. Moreover, the
system must know from which location and which vehicle the system is receiving the
information.
2) Fast decision making: Most of the decisions in the connected vehicle environment are
time critical. Therefore, for such an application, fast and active decision making are
pertinent for avoiding accidents. In the vehicular IoT environment, cloud and fog

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computing help to make fast decisions with the data received from the sensor-based
devices.
3) Connected vehicles: A vehicular IoT system provides an opportunity to remain
connected and share information among different vehicles.
4) Easy management: Since vehicular IoT systems consist of different types of sensors, a
communication unit, processing devices, and GPS, the management of the vehicle
becomes easy. The connectivity among different components in a vehicular IoT enables
systems to track every activity in and around the vehicle.
5) Safety: Safety is one of the most important advantages of a vehicular IoT system. With
easy management of the system, both the internal and external sensors placed at different
locations play an important role in providing safety to the vehicle, its occupants, as well
as the people around it.
6) Record: Storing different data related to the transportation system is an essential
component of a vehicular IoT. The record may be of any form, such as video footage, still
images, and documentation. By taking advantage of cloud and fog computing
architecture, the vehicular IoT systems keep all the required records in its database.

Healthcare IoT

IoT-enabled healthcare devices are in wide use around the globe for diagnosing human
diseases, monitoring human health conditions, caring/monitoring for elders, children, and
even infants. Moreover, IoT-based healthcare systems and services help to increase the quality
of life for common human beings; in fact, it has a promising scope of revolutionizing
healthcare in developing nations. IoT-based healthcare devices provide access and knowledge
about human physiological conditions through hand held devices. With this development,
users can be aware of the risks in acquiring various diseases and take necessary precautions
to avoid preventable diseases.

Architecture of healthcare IoT

A typical architecture for healthcare IoT is shown in Fig. We divide the architecture into four
layers

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1) Layer 1:. Layer 1 contains different physiological sensors that are placed on the human
body. These sensors collect the values of various physiological parameters. The physiological
data are analyzed to extract meaningful information.

2) Layer 2: Layer 1 delivers data to Layer 2 for short-term storage and low-level processing.
The devices that belong to Layer 2 are commonly known as local processing units (LPU) or
centralized hubs. These units collect the sensed data from the physiological sensors attached
to the body and process it based on the architecture’s requirement. Further, LPUs or the
centralized hubs forward the data to Layer 3.

3) Layer 3: This layer receives the data from Layer 2 and performs applicationspecific high-
level analytics. Typically, this layer consists of cloud architecture or high-end servers. The
data from multiple patients, which may be from the same or different locations, are
accumulated in this layer. Post analysis of data, some inferences or results are provided to the
application in Layer 4

4) Layer 4: The end-users directly interact with Layer 4 through receiver-side applications.
The modes of accessibility of these services by an end user are typically through cellphones,
computers, and tablets

Components of healthcare IoT

A typical IoT healthcare architecture is composed of several components that are essential to
generate the whole architecture. Figure depicts different components and their usage in an
IoT healthcare system. Each of these components plays a distinct role in the smooth execution
of the system as a whole

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1)Sensors: Layer 1 mainly consists of physiological sensors that collect the physiological
parameters of the patient. Few commonly used physiological sensors and their uses are
depicted in Table

1) Wireless Connectivity: Without proper connectivity and communication, the data

sensed by the physiological sensors are of no use in an IoT-based healthcare system.
Typically, the communication between the wearable sensors and the LPU is through

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either wired or wireless connectivity. The wireless communication between the
physiological sensors and LPU occurs with the help of Bluetooth and ZigBee. On the
other hand, the communication between the LPU and the cloud or server takes place with
Internet connectivity such as WiFi and WLAN , if the same service is received on a
desktop, it can be through Ethernet or Wi-Fi. Communication and connectivity in
healthcare IoT is an essential component.
2) Privacy and Security: The privacy and security of health data is a major concern in
healthcare IoT services. In a healthcare IoT architecture, several devices connect with the
external world. Moreover, between LPU and the server/cloud, different networking
devices work via network hops (from one networked device to another) to transmit the
data. If any of these devices are compromised, it may result in the theft of health data of
a patient, leading to serious security breaches and ensuing lawsuits. In order to increase
the security of the healthcare data, different healthcare service providers and
organizations are implementing healthcare data encryption and protection schemes
3) Analytics: For converting the raw data into information, analytics plays an important
role in healthcare IoT. Several actors, such as doctors, nurses, and patients, access the
healthcare information in a different customized format. This customization allows each
actor in the system to access only the information pertinent to their job/role. In such a
scenario, analytics plays a vital role in providing different actors in the system access to
meaningful information extracted from the raw healthcare data . Analytics is also used
for diagnosing a disease from the raw physiological data available
4) Cloud and Fog Computing: In a healthcare IoT system, several physiological sensors are
attached to a patient’s body. These sensors continuously produce a huge amount of
heterogeneous data. For storing these huge amounts of heterogeneous health data,
efficient storage space is essential. These data are used for checking the patient’s history,
current health status, and future for diagnosing different diseases and the symptoms of
the patient. Typically, the cloud storage space is scalable, where payment is made as per
the usage of space. Consequently, to store health data in a healthcare IoT system, cloud
storage space is used
5) Interface: The interface is the most important component for users in a healthcare IoT
system. Among IoT applications, healthcare IoT is a very crucial and sensitive
application. Thus, the user interface must be designed in such a way that it can depict all
the required information clearly and, if necessary, reformat or represent it such that it is
easy to understand. Moreover, an interface must also contain all the useful information
related to the services

Advantages of healthcare IoT

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1) Real-time: In healthcare sectors, different components, such as the condition of the
patients, availability of doctors and beds in a hospital, medical facilities with their
monetary charges, can vary dynamically with time. In such a dynamic scenario, one
of the important characteristics of an IoT-based healthcare system is real-timeliness. A
healthcare IoT system enables users, such as doctors, end users at the patient-side, and
staff in a healthcare unit, to receive real-time updates about the healthcare IoT
component. Moreover, a healthcare IoT system can enable a doctor to observe a
patient’s health condition in real-time even from a remote location, and can suggest
the type of care to be provided to the patient. On the other hand, users at the patient-
end can easily take different decisions, such as where to take a patient during critical
situations. Moreover, the staff in a healthcare unit are better aware of the current
situation of their unit, which includes the number of patients admitted, availability of
the doctors and bed, total revenue of the unit, and other such information.
2) Low cost: Healthcare IoT systems facilitate users with different services at low cost.
For example, an authorized user can easily find the availability of the beds in a hospital
with simple Internet connectivity and a web-browser-based portal. The user need not
visit the hospital physically to check the availability of beds and facilities. Moreover,
multiple registered users can retrieve the same information simultaneously.
3) Easy management: Healthcare IoT is an infrastructure that brings all its end users
under the same umbrella to provide healthcare services. On the other hand, in such an
infrastructure, the management of numerous tangible and intangible entities (such as
users, medical devices, facilities, costs, and security) is a challenging task
4) Automatic processing: A healthcare unit consists of multiple subsystems, for which
manual interventions are required. For example, to register a patient with a hospital,
the user may be required to enter his/her details manually. However, automatic
processing features can remove such manual intervention with a fingerprint
sensor/device. Healthcare IoT enables end-to-end automatic processing in different

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units and also consolidates the information across the whole chain: from a patient’s
registration to discharge.
5) Easy record-keeping: When we talk about a healthcare IoT system, it includes a huge
number of patients, doctors, and other staff. Different patients suffer from different
types of diseases. A particular disease requires particular treatment, which requires
knowledge of a patient’s health history, along with other details about them.
Therefore, the timely delivery of health data of the patient to the doctor is important.
In such a situation, the permanent storage of the patients’ health data along with their
respective details is essential. Similarly, for the smooth execution of the healthcare
unit, details of the staff with their daily activity in a healthcare unit are also required
for storage. A healthcare unit must also track its condition and financial transactions
for further development of the unit. A healthcare IoT enables the user to keep these
records in a safe environment and deliver them to the authorized user as per
requirement. Moreover, these recorded data are accessible from any part of the globe.
6) Easy diagnosis:. Sometimes, for diagnosing a disease, a huge chunk of prior data is
required. In a healthcare IoT system, the diagnosis of the disease becomes easier with
the help of certain learning mechanisms along with the availability of prior datasets.

Smart Home automation

Smart Home automation refers to handling and controlling home appliances by using
microcontroller or computer technology.

The home automation using Internet of Things connects devices and control remotely through
internet. The system not only monitors the sensor data, like temperature, gas, light, motion

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sensors, but also actuates a process according to the requirement, for example switching on
the light when it gets dark. It also stores the sensor parameters in the cloud (Gmail) in a timely
manner. This will help the user to analyze the condition of various parameters in the home
anytime anywhere.

The model consists of number of relays to connect various devices. Initially all the devices are
connected to the internet through Wi-Fi. When the connection is established in on web page
we provide virtual switches to operate the connected devices. If particular device exceeds the
threshold set point then server will give notification to the user on web page and that device
will automatically turned off.

Passive Infrared Sensor (PIR) is an electronic device which is designed to detect this IR
wavelength when a human being is in its proximity. PIR motion sensors are installed at the
entrances of a building. This signal which detects the presence of human beings becomes the
input trigger for the micro-controller.

Raspberry Pi: The main processing and controlling unit of the system. It has four USB ports,
allowing the connection of different peripherals to it such as keyboard, mouse, memory stick
or Wi-Fi dongle that allows its connection to wireless internet.

The home automation system has the capability to monitor and control the following: •
Temperature and humidity • Motion detection • Fire and smoke detection • Light/Fan on/off

ADVANTAGES (a) Adds Safety Through Appliance and Lighting Control (b) Secures Home
Through web control Increases Convenience through Temperature Adjustment (c) Save time
(d) Save money and increase convenience

Evolution of New IOT Paradigms

IoT has successfully been used by multiple industries for running their operations and also
providing their services to the users. IoT has found scope in diverse operations, which has led
to the origin of several paradigms based on the nature of data sources/devices/peripherals
and their corresponding applications. Some of these areas and the respective IoTs are
explained below

Internet of battlefield things (IoBT) This category is responsible for connecting soldiers with
IoT. Researchers in IoBT aim to develop a suite with embedded biometric and location sensors
for soldiers. Data from these sensors allows the soldiers to keep track of the troops and also
share information regarding foes; it makes the whole team situationally aware. Moreover,
smart analysis using machine learning algorithms opens the scope for designing superior
tactics in real-time. However, IoBT also has its challenges, mostly regarding energy
constraints and data rates. Soldiers need to transfer sizeable data with minimum delay, which
mandates the need for optimized consumption of bandwidth and battery. Finally, IoBT
systems must be robust and durable enough to withstand the rigors of sustained outdoor and
battlefield use.

Internet of vehicles (IoV) This category of IoT is responsible for communications among
smart connected vehicles, usually through vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs). Smart
vehicles consist Introduction to Internet of Things of a myriad of sensors that include cameras,
GPS, infrared, and others. IoV facilitates these vehicles to communicate with other vehicles,
its drivers, roadside units (RSU), and other mobile and fixed infrastructures. Intuitively, IoV

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supports intra-vehicle, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-
cloud (V2C), and vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P) communication. Although IoV faces a
combination of challenges related to mobility, changing states, and dynamic signal quality, it
has several advantages. Developers design IoVs such that they are environmentally safe,
improve road safety, enhance user convenience, as well as, increase revenue of manufacturers.

Internet of underwater things (IoUT) This category of IoT aims to interconnect underwater
sensors and communication infrastructure with the terrestrial Internet. The sensor nodes in
IoUT consist of smart devices and are usually powered by batteries. They are also much
smaller in size than normal sensors and support wireless communication based on acoustic
signals. However, IoUT has a significant lacuna in its communication model as radio waves
do not fare well, underwater. Although developers use sizeable antennas for the signals to
penetrate through water, the signals suffer high attenuation and absorption. Underwater, the
signals also suffer from high propagation delays and bit error rates. Optical signals also seem
impractical underwater due to the high absorption rate. Additionally, they can only cover
short distances. Researchers, however, aggregate data from the sensors situated underwater
to a sink node at the surface of the water, which forwards it to the terrestrial base stations in
a multi-hop manner. The sink nodes in IoUT contains both acoustic as well as radio antennas
for its purpose.

Internet of drones (IoD) IoT operates toward enhancing user experience while minimizing
user intervention. IoD is the category concerned with the deployment and management of
unmanned ariel vehicles. Service providers use IoD for various applications such as package
delivery, wildlife surveillance, rescue operations, agriculture, photography, and others.
However, developers need to deal with flying the drones in controlled/uncontrolled airspace
and dictate navigation coordinates. For the seamless operation of IoD, developers need to fuse
air traffic control networks, cellular networks, automation, and the Internet

Internet of space (IoSpace) This category of IoT relies on low earth orbit (LEO) satellites for
providing seamless connectivity services over uneven demographic areas. However, such
satellites have disadvantages concerning development and deployment cost, and loss due to
failure in orbit. These satellites have the potential to reduce network latencies significantly.
Researchers have been recently working hard toward the development of small cubic satellites
called CubeSats to overcome the challenges mentioned here In addition to these difficulties,
satellites also present challenges related to tracking, synchronization, and handoff. We expect
that technologies such as software defined networks (SDN) and network function
virtualization (NFV) will play a major role in addressing these issues.

Internet of services (IoS) This category is specific for manufacturers and service providers,
that is, the industries. With IoS, manufacturers bring hardware and software under one
umbrella. For instance, a car manufacturer builds a car with installed sensors. They later
release software updates over the Internet to enhance user experience. The manufacturers
may also charge for the upgrades, which generates revenue for the company. Additionally,
this model also paves the way for crypto-currency as a payment method. Applications of IoS
extends to factory monitoring, sensing and actuation of factory units, and generation of
remote alarms in case of emergency. IoS also reaches out to smartphones that already have
multiple sensors. Companies use these sensors and develop Internet-enabled apps for users.

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Internet of people (IoP) The Internet contains a plethora of profiles representing people and
interconnected links as relations among them. The IoP interconnects these peer-to-peer
networks. Researchers in social computing extensively use social graphs for representation
and inferences. The IoP supporting applications facilitate direct device-to-device, peopleto-
people, as well as company-to-people communications. IoP further opens scope for crypto-
currency as a means to transfer incentives/payments in return for services. Such structures
enable smooth interaction among service providers and consumers. IoP also provides a
platform for carrying out transparent and secure payments.

Internet of nano things (IoNT) The interrelated systems in IoT, which usually include
combinations of sensors and actuators, can be miniaturized to tiny devices with dimensions
in the scale of nanometers. These devices are application-specific and occupy minimal space;
they include miniaturized sensors in vehicles, as well as those responsible for monitoring the
environment. Communication at the nano-scale is rendered possible in two ways: 1)
electromagnetic (EM) and 2) chemotaxis communications. Electromagnetic communications
at the nano-scale typically use the Terahertz band of the spectrum. However, this results in
significant power issues, a limited range of communication, and severe susceptibility to
interferences. Parallelly, the use of chemotaxis as a means of communication is achieved
through exploiting the population dynamics of bacteria and viruses. Messages are passed in
the form of chemical signatures and molecules, which are often facilitated by specifically
cultured bacteria and viruses. Nano-scale IoT also finds scope in healthcare, where researchers
are working actively in fighting diseases with the help of programmable
bacteria/viruses/nanoparticles. However, designing such nanodevices is a non-trivial task,
which the developers need to study rigorously.

Internet of everything (IoE) The IoE comprises four pillars and concerns itself with the
communication among them. These four pillars are people, data, processes, and things. (i)
People: Communication among people is analogous to the IoP mentioned earlier. (ii) Data:
Data from sensors are analyzed for inferencing and making decisions. (iii) Process:
Information is delivered to the concerned people/machine/ infrastructure. (iv) Things: This
is analogous to the things in IoT. The main difference between IoT and IoE is that IoT only
concerns itself with the non-human aspects of technology, while IoE consists of all the other
factors, which include machine-to-people (M2P) and technology-assisted peer-to-peer (P2P)
interactions in addition to the features of IoT.

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Vision & Mission of the Institute

Vision:
❖ To impart quality technical education with a focus on Research and Innovation emphasizing
on Development of Sustainable and Inclusive Technology for the benefit of society.

Mission:
❖ To provide an environment that enhances creativity and Innovation in pursuit of Excellence.
❖ To nurture teamwork in order to transform individuals as responsible leaders and
entrepreneurs.
❖ To train the students to the changing technical scenario and make them to understand the
importance of sustainable and inclusive technologies.

Vision & Mission of the Department

Vision :
❖ To achieve continuous improvement in quality technical education for global competence with
focus on industry, societal needs, research and professional success.

Mission:
❖ Offering quality education in Electronics and Communication Engineering with effective
teaching learning process in multidisciplinary environment.
❖ Training the students to take-up projects in emerging technologies and work with team spirit.
❖ To imbibe professional ethics, development of skills and research culture for better placement
opportunities.

Program Education Objectives

After four years, the students will be
PEO1: Successful in industry, academia, or entrepreneurship as a result of a strong teaching
learning process, with keen interest in pursuing higher studies in various domains.
PEO2: Capable of leading technological and managerial projects for serving industry and society
with knowledge of Electronics and Communication Engineering.
PEO3: Competent professional capable of adapting to changing technological scenarios and
societal needs, with expertise in relevant domains.
Program Specific Outcomes

PSO1 : Design, develop and integrate electronic circuits and systems using current practices and
standards.
PSO2 : Apply knowledge of hardware and software in designing Embedded and Communication
systems.

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