Design Report

STUDENT NAME: BARAA KHALED

Student ID: 202101166

Coursework 3: Detailed Design

Submission Date: 29/03/2024

KH4029EXQ – Civil Engineering Project 1

COVENTRY UNIVERSITY – THE KNOWLEDGE HUB | CIVIL
ENGINEERING
Table of Contents
List of Figures ............................................................................................................................ ii

List of Tables ............................................................................................................................ iii

Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... iv

1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1

1 Structure Design............................................................................................................. 2

2 Access Road ................................................................................................................. 16

3 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 16

i
List of Figures
Figure 1 SAP2000 Flat Slab ...................................................................................................... 2
Figure 2 Flat Slab DWG ............................................................................................................ 2
Figure 3 DXF Drawing .............................................................................................................. 3
Figure 4 SAP 2000 Solid Slab Model ........................................................................................ 3
Figure 5 RFT Material Property ................................................................................................ 4
Figure 6 Concrete Material Property ......................................................................................... 4
Figure 7 Roof Framing Plan DWG ............................................................................................ 5
Figure 8 Truss System SAP2000 Model .................................................................................... 5
Figure 9 Bracing DWG .............................................................................................................. 6
Figure 10 Design Truss .............................................................................................................. 7
Figure 11 End Gable System ..................................................................................................... 7
Figure 12 Welded Connections DWG ..................................................................................... 15
Figure 13 Bolted Connections DWG ....................................................................................... 15
Figure 14 Road Assembly CIVIL 3D DWG............................................................................ 16

ii
List of Tables
Table 1 Beams Details ............................................................................................................... 4
Table 2 Truss Data ..................................................................................................................... 5
Table 3 Dead & Live Load ........................................................................................................ 6
Table 4 Lower Chord Choice of Section 1 ................................................................................ 8
Table 5 Lower Chord Choice of Section 2 ................................................................................ 9
Table 6 Upper Chord Choice of Section 1 ............................................................................... 10
Table 7 Upper Chord Choice of Section 2 ............................................................................... 11
Table 8 Diagonal Chord Choice of Section 1 .......................................................................... 12
Table 9 Vertical Chord Choice of Section 1 ............................................................................ 13
Table 10 Vertical Chord Choice of Section 2 .......................................................................... 14
Table 11 Mezzanine Beam Calculations.................................................................................. 15

iii
Abstract
The design and construction of a five-story concrete structure with multiple slab types—
solid, flat, and hollow—as well as a steel building with a mezzanine level are examined in
this study. Along with the alignment and profile for the exterior road, it also involves the
design of the access roads, the corridor with the necessary subassemblies, the surface, and the
computation of the cut and fill amounts. The design process included computations, structural
analysis and design regulations, and the use of programs like SAP 2000 and AutoCAD. The
article delves deeply into the challenges that arose throughout the design process and the
ways in which they were resolved. The final design drawings, the findings of the structural
analysis, and the design are provided.

iv
1 Introduction
Precise planning and execution are necessary for construction. The design and construction of a five-story concrete structure with many slab
types, including solid, flat, and hollow blocks, as well as a steel building with a mezzanine level will be examined in this article. Using structural
analysis and design concepts and codes, AutoCAD, and SAP 2000, the structural design process entails figuring out the kinds and quantities of
loads applied to the structures to choose the appropriate materials and sections and compute the dimensions and reinforcements for each element.
The various slab types used in concrete constructions are examined in this article along with their advantages and disadvantages. We will also
discuss the challenges that arise while designing a project, such adhering to building laws and regulations and meeting the demands of the
customer. The overall goal of this article is to provide a detailed explanation of the steps involved in finishing this project.

1
1 Structure Design
1.1 Concrete Loads
The loads within the system can be categorized as dead loads and live loads. Dead loads are permanent loads that remain constant throughout the
lifetime of the building. These loads include the weight of the building itself, which is calculated by multiplying the volume of each element by
the density of the concrete. When utilizing the SAP2000 software program for design, the program automatically calculates the dead loads of the
structural elements.

Superimposed dead loads are also classified as dead loads and consist of additional loads such as floor finishes, including sand, mortar, and
ceramic tiles. The superimposed dead load is considered as 2KN/m2 for the typical floor ceilings and 1KN/m2 for the roof and top-floor ceiling.

On the other hand, live loads refer to loads that can be moved or removed during the building's lifespan. For residential buildings, the live load is
typically taken as 2KN/m2. These loads account for the variable loads that the structure may experience throughout its usage.

1.2 Multistorey Structure Load Path

The typical floor of a building has a live load of 2 kN/m2 and a floor cover of 2kN/m2. The building consists of five stories with different
structural systems. The ground floor uses a solid slab system, a reinforced concrete slab supported by beams, to transfer load to columns. This
system can be classified into one-way and two-way slabs. The first, second, and third floors use a flat slab system, which eliminates the need for
beams and is suitable for small halls and garages. The roof floor uses a hollow block system, consisting of a thin slab supported by ribs and
nonstructural lightweight blocks. This system offers durability, light weight, and efficient construction. The roof ceiling uses a simple solid slab
system for stairs and elevator coverage.

Figure 1 SAP2000 Flat Slab

Figure 2 Flat Slab DWG

2
1.3 Concrete Design Calculations
To analyse the flat slab, the SAP2000 program is employed. The initial step involves modelling the flat slab system, which is achieved by
creating a DXF file based on the architectural plan that illustrates the structural system. This DXF drawing consists of three layers. The first
layer, called sap-column, is utilized for modelling the columns. Columns are represented as points located at the centre of each column within
the drawing. The second layer, named sap-beam, is specifically used for the beams. In the case of the flat slab system, beams are present only on
the outer perimeter. The beams are depicted as lines connecting the points corresponding to the columns. While the slab is represented in a 3D
manner using the sap-shell layer. This layer is responsible for illustrating the slab within the DXF drawing.

The DXF drawing, which encompasses these layers and their respective elements, can be observed in the figure below.

Figure 3 DXF Drawing

The program imports a building and defines load patterns, including dead load, floor cover, and live load. These patterns are predetermined by
the program. Load combinations are then defined, with dead load and floor cover multiplied by a factor of 1.4 and live load multiplied by 1.6.
This ensures appropriate considerations for each load type. The decisive step is to assign loads to the slab, with floor cover and live load
assigned a value of 2 KN/m2.

To create the SAP model, certain definitions need to be established. The first definition involves defining materials, encompassing all material
specifications. The initial material to be defined is concrete, which has a unit weight of 25KN/m3 and a compressive strength of 30 N/mm2.
Additionally, the reinforcement steel is defined, specifying a unit weight of steel as 78.5 KN/m2, a yield strength of 360 N/mm2, and an ultimate
strength of 520 N/mm2.

The subsequent step entails defining the section properties. For beam sections, they are defined as frame sections by adding a new concrete
rectangular section. The width of the beam is set at 0.25 m. The depth of the beam is determined through empirical dimension calculations,
involving dividing the span by 12 for simple span beams and by 14 for continuous span beams. Various beam types are defined based on the
spans.

Overall, these definitions play a crucial role in creating the SAP model by specifying the material properties and section properties of the
structural elements, particularly focusing on concrete and beams.

Figure 4 SAP 2000 Solid Slab Model

3
1.4 Material Specification
1.4.1 Concrete Structure
FCU: 30 MPa

Fy: 360 MPa

Reinforced concrete is employed in the construction of the concrete building, comprising a combination of concrete and steel reinforcement bars.
The concrete component is assessed for its compressive strength, which is specified as 30 N/mm2. This strength indicates the capacity of the
concrete to endure loads before experiencing failure. As for the steel reinforcement, its yield strength, denoted as fy, is determined to be 360
N/mm2. The reinforced concrete has a unit weight of 2.4 t/m3, while the steel reinforcement has a unit weight of 7.85 t/m3.

 Concrete Grade: Minimum compressive strength of 30 MPa at 28 days is required.

 Reinforcement: Steel bars with a high yield strength that meet applicable specifications

Figure 5 RFT Material Property

 Concrete Coverage: In accordance with environmental and design parameters

 Admixtures: Chemical additions to a mixture to increase its strength, durability, and workability

Figure 6 Concrete Material Property

Table 1 Beams Details

Beams Details
Dimensions
Model Type
b t
B1 250 400
B2 250 450
B3 250 500
B4 250 550
B5 250 600

4
B6 250 650
1.4.2 Steel Structure
STEEL 37

Grade 4.6

Diameter of bolt M20

For the construction of the building, structural steel was used with an ultimate strength of 3.7 t/cm2, the maximum tensile stress that the steel can
withstand without failing, and a yield strength of 2.4 t/cm2, the maximum stress that could be applied to the steel before it undergoes permanent
deformation.

 Structural steel: High-strength low-alloy steel (HSLA) or carbon steel.

 Steel Sections: Sections rolled in accordance with applicable requirements.
 Welding: operations correspond to authorized codes and standards.
 Coatings are protective coatings that prevent corrosion due to environmental exposure.

1.5 Steel Design Calculations

1.5.1 Roof Truss System
Understanding the limitations of the steel structure is the first step in building on a piece of land that has been allocated for its construction. This
construction has two dimensions, let us call them B and L as they are rectangular in shape. L = 50 * 1.1 = 55, and B = 24* 1.1 = 26.4 (1.1 is a
scaling factor). Therefore, based on this knowledge, several design codes need to be used. The initial phase is figuring out how many main
systems will be utilized at each spacing, keeping in mind that there is a 5–8-meter limit. This means that by dividing 55 by 10, the main systems
will be 5.50 meters apart. As every member needs to be designed and as a primary step to continue the process is to prepare a sap model with the
designed AutoCAD DWG.

Figure 7 Roof Framing Plan DWG

Figure 8 Truss System SAP2000 Model

1.5.2 Roof Truss Loads

Table 2 Truss Data

Forces on Truss
Member Force kN/m2 Length/m Lbin/m Lbout/m Øbolt Tg.p/mm
Upper chord 38 1.65 1.65 6.6 20 10
Lower chord 38.5 1.65 1.65 1.65 20 10
Vertical 9 1.54 1.54 1.54 20 10
Diagonal 11.7 2.15 2.15 215 20 10

5
Figure 9 Bracing DWG

Table 3 Dead & Live Load

a/m 1.65
Dead & Live Loads s/m 5.5
Data α 5.71
Corrugated sheet (Wc) Kg/m2 5
Steel Structure (Ws) Kg/m2 26.5
PDL/ton 0.29
WLL (inaccesible roof) Kg/m2 53.33
PLL/ton 0.48

 panel width =1.67m

 Spacings between main system = 5.5 m
 Angle of inclination = 5.71 rad

Pdl= (Wc* a * s)/ cos () + Ws* a* s =

Wll= 60 - 66.67*tan ()

Pll= Wll* a* s

Afterwards the loads are computed to obtain the ultimate point load (Pu), which is equal to (1.2Pdl+1.6Pll), they are then input into SAP 2000.
then following that, each truss element should be designed and inspected to identify the steel parts. The SAP model shows the stress and
compression forces on the truss members. Based on this data, calculations are made to obtain the required steel angle from the steel tables. The
single or double angles that make up the truss members are positioned back-to-back with a gusset plate sandwiched in between. Back-to-back
double angles are used to transfer tension strains in the lower chord. For the top chord, double angles are used back-to-back to carry compression
stresses. angles are used consecutively to transfer compression forces to the upper chord. The diagonals convey tension or compression forces,
depending on which way the member is oriented. When a member is perpendicular to the virtual bending moment diagram, compression forces
are created; when the member is parallel to the diagram, tension forces are produced. The vertical members carry compression forces and are
made of single angles.

6
Figure 10 Design Truss

Figure 11 End Gable System

7
Calculations for truss members and connections:

Table 4 Lower Chord Choice of Section 1

Lower Chord 1
Data Tension
Pu 38
L/m 165
Lbin/m 165
Lbout/m 660
M 20
Tg.p/mm 10
Choice of Section
Yielding a 18.63 9.31372549
Fracture a 10.79 80*80*8
01-Slenderness a 1.83 50*50*5
02-Slenderness a 4.89 50*50*5
Construction a 6.6 80*80*8
Checks
Yielding 50.18
Ultimate 43.68
01-Slenderness 68.18
02-Slenderness 179.84
Deflection 20.63
a 80*80*8
Welded Connections
F2/ton 12.67 e/cm 2.666666667
F1/ton 25.33 a/cm 8
L1act/cm 25.45 s/cm 0.5
L2act/cm 13.23 Leff(min)/cm 5
L1eff/cm 24.45 Leff(max)/cm 35
L2eff/cm 12.23

8
Table 5 Lower Chord Choice of Section 2

Lower Chord 2
Data Tension
Pu 28.88 Choice of Section
L/m 165 Yielding a 14.16
Lbin/m 165 Fracture a 8.20 65*65*5
Lbout/m 660 01-Slenderness a 1.83 50*50*5
M 20 02-Slenderness a 4.89 50*50*5
Tg.p/mm 10 Construction a 6.6 80*80*8
Checks
Yielding 50.18
Ultimate 43.68
01-Slenderness 68.18
02-Slenderness 179.84
Deflection 20.63
a 80*80*8
Bolted Connection
Shear Failure of bolts 3.53 Single ɣ
7.05 Double 1.6
Bearing Failure of Plate 8.29 Tmini. /Cm 1
Tangle/cm 0.8
Number of bolts
Member 2
No. of bolts 4.09 5 Bolts
Check Block Shear Rapture
Lower Chord 2
e/cm 3.50
p/cm 7.00
L/cm 31.50
Area net shear/cm2 34.56
Area gross shear/cm2 50.40
m/cm 3.60
Area net tension/cm2 4.00
Area gross tension/cm2 5.76
Check 1/ton 14.80
Check 2/ton 76.72
Pr/ton 63.38
Pu check Safe

9
Table 6 Upper Chord Choice of Section 1

Upper Chord 1
Data Compression
Pu 38.5
L/m 165
Lbin/m 165
Lbout/m 165
M 20
Tg.p/mm 10
Choice of Section
Stress a 18.73 90*90*9
01-Slenderness a 5.38
02-Slenderness a 3.59
a Chosen a 7.69 75*75*5
Construction a 6.6 70*70*7
Checks
Class of section 10.00
01-Slenderness 68.18
02-Slenderness 44.96
Stresses 0.73
Stresses 48.51
a 90*90*9
Welded Connections
F2/ton 12.83 e/cm 3
F1/ton 25.67 a/cm 9
L1act/cm 21.85 s/cm 0.6
L2act/cm 11.52 Leff(min)/cm 5
L1eff/cm 20.65 Leff(max)/cm 42
L2eff/cm 10.32

10
Table 7 Upper Chord Choice of Section 2

Upper Chord 2
Data Compression
Pu 33.09
L/m 165
Lbin/m 165
Lbout/m 165
M 20
Tg.p/mm 10
Choice of Section
Stress a 16.09 100*100*10
01-Slenderness a 5.38
02-Slenderness a 3.59
a Chosen a 7.69 80*80*8
Construction a 6.6 70*70*7
Checks
Class of section 10.00
01-Slenderness 68.18
02-Slenderness 44.96
Stresses 0.73
Stresses 48.51
a 90*90*9
Bolted Connection
Shear Failure of bolts 3.53 Single ɣ
7.05 Double 1.6
Bearing Failure of Plate 7.46 Tmini. /Cm 1
6.71 Tangle/cm 0.9
Number of bolts
Member 2-2
No. of bolts 4.93 5 Bolts

11
Table 8 Diagonal Chord Choice of Section 1

Diagonal Chord 1
Data Tension
Pu 11.7
L/m 215
Lbin/m 215
Lbout/m 215
M 20
Tg.p/mm 10
Choice of Section
Yielding a 5.74
Fracture a 6.64 60*60*6
01-Slenderness a 3.58 45*45*5
Construction a 6.60 70*70*7
Checks
Yielding 19.18
Ultimate 16.29
01-Slenderness 156.93
Deflection 30.71
a 70*70*7
Bolted Connection
Shear Failure of bolts 3.53 Single ɣ
7.05 Double 1.6
Bearing Failure of Plate 8.29 Tmini. /Cm 1
Tangle/cm 0.7
Number of bolts for each member
Diagonal Chord 1
No. of bolts 1.66 2 Bolts
Check Block Shear Rapture
Member 1
e/cm 3.50
p/cm 7.00
L/cm 10.50
Area net shear/cm2 11.52
Area gross shear/cm2 16.80
m/cm 3.60
Area net tension/cm2 4.00
Area gross tension/cm2 5.76
Check 1/ton 14.80
Check 2/ton 25.57
Pr/ton 27.58
Pu check Safe
Diagonal Chord 2
Data Tension
Pu 5.45
L/m 215
Lbin/m 215
Lbout/m 215
M 20
Tg.p/mm 10
Choice of Section
Yielding a 2.67
Fracture a 3.09 60*60*6
01-Slenderness a 3.58 45*45*5
Construction a 6.60 70*70*7
Checks
Yielding 19.18
Ultimate 16.29
01-Slenderness 156.93
Deflection 30.71
a 70*70*7
Welded Connections
F2/ton 1.53 e/cm 1.97
F1/ton 3.92 a/cm 7
L1act/cm 4.78 s/cm 0.5
L2act/cm 2.48 Leff(min)/cm 5
L1eff/cm 3.78 Leff(max)/cm 35
L2eff/cm 1.48

12
Table 9 Vertical Chord Choice of Section 1

Vertical Chord 1
Data Compression
Pu 9
L/m 154
Lbin/m 154
Lbout/m 154
M 20
Tg.p/mm 10
Choice of Section
Stress a 14.59
90*90*9
a Chosen a 9
01-Slenderness a 7.53
a Chosen a 8.27
70*70*7
Construction a 6.6
70*70*7
Checks
Class of section 10.00
01-Slenderness 87.50
Stresses 0.94
Stresses 12.35
a 90*90*9
Bolted Connection
Shear Failure of bolts 3.53 Single ɣ
7.05 Double 1.6
Bearing Failure of Plate 7.46 Tmini./cm 1
5.22 Tangle/cm 0.7
Number of bolts for each member
Member 4
No. of bolts 1.72 2 Bolts

13
Table 10 Vertical Chord Choice of Section 2

Vertical Chord
Data Compression
Pu 6.54
L/m 154
Lbin/m 154
Lbout/m 154
M 20
Tg.p/mm 10
Choice of Section
Stress a 10.60 90*90*9
a Chosen a 9
01-Slenderness a 7.53
a Chosen a 8.27 70*70*7
Construction a 6.6 70*70*7
Checks
Class of section 10.00
01-Slenderness 87.50
Stresses 0.94
a 70*70*7
Welded Connections
F2/ton 1.84 e/cm 1.97
F1/ton 4.70 a/cm 7
L1act/cm 4.98 s/cm 0.6
L2act/cm 2.68 Leff(min)/cm 5
L1eff/cm 3.78 Leff(max)/cm 42
L2eff/cm 1.48

14
Figure 12 Welded Connections DWG

Figure 13 Bolted Connections DWG

1.5.3 Mezzanine Floor

The mezzanine floor beams calculation and chosen IPE for primary and secondary beams and loads on each secondary beam. The criteria of the
mezzanine floor as the length 13.2 m

Table 11 Mezzanine Beam Calculations

Secondary Mu Vu
beams Length/m Spacing (m.t) (t) Zx Sx IPE
SB1 5.500 1.650 6.659 4.843 326.411 288.859 240
SB2 5.500 0.825 3.477 2.529 170.434 150.827 200
Loads on SB1 (t/m) Loads on SB2 (t/m)
Wd 0.808 Wd 0.436
Wl 0.495 Wl 0.248
WT 1.761 WT 0.920
Primary
beams Length/m Spacing R Mu (m.t) Vu (t) Zx Sx IPE
PB1 6.600 5.500 9.686 32.550 14.885 1595.599 1412.034 450
PB2 6.600 5.500 4.843 16.569 7.621 812.213 718.772 360
WT 0.108

15
2 Access Road
The process initiates by importing the plan into Point 552, where it is utilized to align the roads. Subsequently, the alignments are adjusted based
on the selected design for the road. For example, if the road is classified as an arterial road, the offset should be either 9 or 12 meters from each
side since each lane is 3 meters wide. The road is designed to accommodate a speed of 60 km/h with a 135 m radius. On the other hand, if it is a
collector road, a 6-meter offset from each side is sufficient, and the road is designed for a speed of 40 km/h. Once the roads are aligned, the next
step involves connecting the alignments together using a connection road, which is a four-leg intersection. The design of this road considers a
speed limit of 40 km/h and can connect a collector road with an arterial road, an artery with another artery, or an Emax of 4% depending on the
specific connection being made.

Figure 14 Road Assembly CIVIL 3D DWG

2.1 Road Maintenance Plan

Polyester Polymer Concrete (PPC) is highly recommended for road maintenance due to its remarkable durability and resistance to chemical
aggression. The maintenance plan consists of several essential steps.

o Surface Preparation: This involves clearing away debris, thoroughly cleaning the road surface, and addressing any existing
damage or defects.
o Mixing and Application: The PPC mixture is carefully prepared, combining polyester resin with aggregate materials such as sand
or gravel. The mixture is then applied evenly onto the road surface using appropriate techniques.
o Curing: To ensure optimal strength and durability, proper curing conditions must be maintained. This allows the PPC to set and
harden effectively.
o Quality Control: Regular inspections and testing are conducted to ensure that the maintenance work complies with specifications.
This step is crucial for verifying the quality and effectiveness of the PPC application.

Polyester polymer concrete is a specific type of polymer concrete that consists of polyester resin and aggregate materials. It is widely recognized
for its exceptional strength, durability, and resistance to corrosion and abrasion. This material is commonly used in various construction projects
that require elevated levels of durability and resistance to environmental factors, such as industrial floors, bridge decks, and other structures. The
mixture is poured into molds and allowed to cure, resulting in a strong and long-lasting product.

Moreover, polyester polymer concrete finds extensive application in the repair and rehabilitation of concrete structures. It can be used to patch
cracks, repair damaged concrete, and reinforce weak areas. The substance adheres well to existing concrete, ensuring a robust and durable repair
solution.

3 Conclusion
In summary, the design process for the five-story building and the steel hanger structure with a mezzanine floor plan was difficult and required
careful design methods. The effective completion of the design and the production of the comprehensive design drawings required for the
construction phase were made possible using structural analysis and design codes, as well as the use of software tools like AutoCAD and

16
SAP2000. The entire success of this project was also greatly aided by the design of the access roads, which included careful consideration of the
exterior road's alignment and profile.

17