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1.1 History of Programming Languages

The document outlines the syllabus for a course on the Principles of Programming Languages, covering the importance of programming languages, their history, and various programming paradigms such as procedural, object-oriented, functional, and logic-based. It also discusses notable programming languages from history, their features, and their impact on contemporary programming. The text is authored by Prof. S.N. Shelke and is intended for students in the Department of Computer Engineering at Sinhgad Academy of Engineering.

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8 views27 pages

1.1 History of Programming Languages

The document outlines the syllabus for a course on the Principles of Programming Languages, covering the importance of programming languages, their history, and various programming paradigms such as procedural, object-oriented, functional, and logic-based. It also discusses notable programming languages from history, their features, and their impact on contemporary programming. The text is authored by Prof. S.N. Shelke and is intended for students in the Department of Computer Engineering at Sinhgad Academy of Engineering.

Uploaded by

hetavimodi2005
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Sub Code: 210255

Principles of Programming Languages

By: Prof. S.N.Shelke

1
Good Thought

“ See for the highest,


aim at the highest,
And you shall reach the highest.”

3
Unit- I
Fundamentals of Programming

4
Unit – I Syllabus

• Importance of Studying Programming Languages, History of Programming


Languages, Impact of Programming Paradigms, Role of Programming
Languages, Programming Environments. Impact of Machine Architectures:
The operation of a computer, Virtual Computers and Binding Times.
• Programming paradigms- Introduction to programming paradigms,
Introduction to four main Programming paradigms- procedural, object
oriented, functional, and logic and rule based.
Text Books

• T. W. Pratt, M. V. Zelkowitz, "Programming Languages Design and


Implementationǁ, 4th Ed, PHI, ISBN 81-203-2035-2.

• Sebesta R., "Concepts of Programming Languages", 4th Edition, Pearson


Education, ISBN- 81-7808-161-X.
Importance of Studying Programming Languages

• To improve your ability to develop effective programming.


• To improve your existing programming knowledge.
• To improve your vocabulary of useful programming constructs.
• To allow better choice of programming language.
• Increased ability to learn new languages.
• To make easier new programming language.
• Increased capacity to express ideas.
History of Programming Languages
Very low-level languages

• Those are machine languages and assembly languages, machine-


dependent coding systems. They were initially fully binary, and then
symbolic.
• There is one native machine language, and usually one assembly language
per processor model.
• Upward compatibility .
Algol 60

• It was the first to have block structure, recursion, and a formal definition.
• It is not used now, but it is the ancestor of most contemporary languages.
• As far as design goes, Algol 60 was without doubt the most important
innovation in the history of programming languages
Cobol

• Business-oriented computations
– very strict program organization
– poor control structures
– elaborate data structures, record type introduced for the first time.

Used to be very popular in business and government, much less at


universities.
PL/I

• A combination of features believed (at the time) best in Fortran, Algol 60,
Cobol.
– the first language designed to be completely general, good for all
possible applications
– actively promoted by IBM
– not used much today.
• An interesting feature introduced in PL/I:
event handling.
Basic

• The first in history language of personal computing.


• The first programming language for many programmers: designed to be
easy to learn.
• Very simple, limited, though still general-purpose.
Simula 67

• An extension of Algol 60 designed for simulation of concurrent processes.


• Introduced the central concepts of object orientation: classes and
encapsulation.
• Predecessor of Smalltalk and C++.
• Now unused.
Algol 68

• A very elegant design, unmatched till today.


• Full orthogonality.
• Extremely difficult to implement.
• A very clever formal description, unfortunately hard to understand for most
potential users.
• Completely unused.
Pascal

• A conceptually simplified and cleaned-up successor of Algol 60.


• A great language for teaching structured programming.
• An excellent first language to learn: teaches good programming habits.
• Its later extensions (for example, Delphi) are full-fledged systems
programming packages, as powerful as any Java kit.
Modula-2

• A better, conceptually uniform successor of Pascal.


• Mechanisms to program concurrency (many processes running in parallel).
• Not used as much as it deserves.
• Its successors, Modula-3 and Oberon, are even more conceptually
appealing, practically useful—and almost not used at all. (They lost the
popularity contest with C++.)
Ada

• The result of an elaborate, multi-stage design process, and a more


successful attempt at generality than PL/I.
• Completely standard: there can be no dialects (like Java, except that
Microsoft...).
• There are, however, two standards: Ada 83 (the original), and Ada 95.
• Ada has been designed to support concurrency in a very neat, systematic
way.
C

• The implementation language of Unix.


• A great tool for systems programming and a software development
language on personal computers.
• Once fashionable, still in use, but usually superseded by C++.
• Dangerous if not used properly: not recommended to novice programmers.
• Relatively low-level.
LISP

• One of the earliest programming languages.


• Based on the concept of computing by evaluating functions. Very good for
symbolic computing.
• For years, the only language for Artificial Intelligence work. (Prolog is 12
years younger.)
• Many dialects, two standards (Scheme, Common Lisp).
• Nice programming environments.
• Lisp's successors are very elegant (Miranda, ML, Haskell) but not nearly as
widely used.
Prolog

• A very high-level programming language.


• Declarative, based on a subset of logic, with proofs interpreted as
computation.
• Very powerful:
– Non-deterministic (built-in backtracking).
– Elaborate, flexible pattern matching.
– Associative memory.
– Pattern-directed procedure invocation.
• In skilled hands, it is a very strong tool.
Smalltalk

• It is the purest object-oriented language ever designed (till now), cleaner


than Java, much cleaner than C++.
• Comes complete with a graphical interface and an integrated programming
environment.
• In skilled hands, a powerful tool.
C++

• An object-oriented extension of the imperative language C.


• This is a hybrid design, with object orientation added to a completely
different base language.
• Complicated syntax, difficult semantics.
• Very fashionable, very much in demand.
Java

• A neat, cleaned up, sized-down reworking of C++.


• Full object orientation (though not as consistent as Smalltalk)
• Designed for Internet programming, but general-purpose.
• It is said (not quite correctly) to be slow.
Scripting languages

• Text processing:

– Perl

– Python

• Web programming

– JavaScript

– PHP
Languages that merge programming paradigms

• Object-oriented extensions: not only C++, but dialects of Lisp (CLOS) or of


Prolog (XPCE/Prolog, Prolog++).
• Logic programming combined with functional programming (very clever, but
only experimental).
• Most languages are sequential: one processor, one process. Ada is a
language designed to support concurrency: many processes running in
parallel.
Prof. S. N. Shelke
(Assistant Professor)
Department of Computer Engineering
Sinhgad Academy of Engineering,
Kondhwa, Pune

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