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Notes - Skel Sys Ch 5 Part 1

The skeletal system consists of individual bones, which are organs containing active tissues. Bone structure includes parts such as epiphyses, diaphysis, and periosteum, and is categorized into compact and spongy bone types. Bone functions include support, protection, movement, blood cell formation, and storage of inorganic salts, with five main types of bones classified by shape.

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6 views

Notes - Skel Sys Ch 5 Part 1

The skeletal system consists of individual bones, which are organs containing active tissues. Bone structure includes parts such as epiphyses, diaphysis, and periosteum, and is categorized into compact and spongy bone types. Bone functions include support, protection, movement, blood cell formation, and storage of inorganic salts, with five main types of bones classified by shape.

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Maria sitanggang
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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NOTES:

Skeletal
System
(Ch 5, part 1)
Individual bones are the organs of the
skeletal system. A bone contains very
active tissues.
BONE STRUCTURE:
*Bone structure reflects its function.
Parts of a long bone:
• EPIPHYSES:
-enlarged portions at ends of a long bone;
-covered with cartilage;
-articulate (form JOINTS) with other bones.
Parts of a long bone:
• DIAPHYSIS:
-shaft of bone (located between the
epiphyses)

• PERIOSTEUM:
-tough, vascular covering that
encloses the entire bone
except where the articulate
cartilage is
Types of Bone Tissue:
 COMPACT BONE: has a continuous
matrix with no gaps; found in the wall of
the diaphysis
Types of Bone Tissue:
 SPONGY BONE (a.k.a. cancellous
bone): has irregular interconnecting
spaces between bony plates that reduce
the weight of bone.
**both compact and spongy bone are
strong and resist bending
**the center of the
diaphysis is a hollow
chamber (MEDULLARY
CAVITY),
lined with a thin layer of
cells (ENDOSTEUM)
and filled with soft
connective tissue
(MARROW)
BONE MARKINGS
• Bones not smooth but can have bumps,
holes, ridges
– These are called bone markings
• Purpose:
– Muscles, tendon, ligament attachments
– Allow blood vessels and nerves to pass
through
• Two categories of bone markings
– Projections/processes
• Grow out from bone surfaces
• Example trochanter
– Depressions/cavities
• Indentations into bone
• Example fissure
Microscopic Structure of Bone:
• bone cells = OSTEOCYTES; located in
small chambers (LACUNAE) which form
concentric circles around central canals

• intercellular material = mostly COLLAGEN


(gives bone its strength and elasaticity)
and inorganic salts (make bone hard and
resistant to crushing).
Microscopic Structure of Bone:
• compact bone contains OSTEONS
cemented together
• central canals (HAVERSIAN CANALS)
contain blood vessels that nourish the
cells of osteons
• diffusion from the surface of the thin, bony
plates nourishes the cells of spongy bone
Bone Development and Growth
 Intramembranous Bones:
• layers of connective tissue form
membranes at the site of future bones;
• some cells mature and differentiate into
bone-producing cells (OSTEOBLASTS);
• osteoblasts deposit bony matrix around
themselves and SPONGY BONE forms in all
directions within the layers of connective
tissues;
Intramembranous Bones
• osteoblasts completely surrounded by
matrix are mature OSTEOCYTES
• EXAMPLE: the broad, flat bones of the
skull form in this way and fuse together at
sutures.
Bone Development and Growth
 Endochondral Bones:
• most bones in the body develop in this
way
• develop as hyaline cartilage “models”;
later replaced by bone tissue
• primary ossification center appears first
in the diaphysis
• later, secondary ossification center
appears in the epiphyses
Endochondral Bones
• an epiphyseal plate remains between the
primary and secondary ossification centers
• long bones continue to lengthen until the
epiphyseal plate are ossified (hardened)
• a developing long bone thickens as
compact bone is deposited beneath the
periosteum
Endochondral Bones
• in the middle of the diaphysis,
OSTEOCLASTS break down bone tissue and
the resulting space becomes the medullary
cavity, which later fills with marrow
• the bone in the central regions of the
epiphyses and diaphysis remain spongy bone
• the hyaline cartilage on the ends of the
epiphyses persists throughout life as
articular cartilage
**throughout life, osteoclasts continually
break down bone matrix and
osteoblasts replace it; these opposing
processes of resorption and deposition
of calcium help to maintain calcium
levels in the body**
BONE FUNCTION:
 Support and Protection
• bones shape and form body structures
• bones support and protect softer,
underlying tissues
BONE FUNCTION:
 Body Movement
• bones and muscles
function together as
LEVERS
• a lever consists of: a
rod, a pivot (fulcrum), a
resistance, and a force
that supplies the energy
BONE FUNCTION:
 Blood Cell Formation
• depending on stage of life, blood cell
formation occurs in the :
-yolk sac (embryo)
-liver and spleen
-bone marrow
• Marrow can be:
-RED: stores RBCs,
WBCs, and platelets
-YELLOW: stores fat
BONE FUNCTION:
 Storage of Inorganic Salts
• matrix of bone tissue contains large
quantities of calcium phosphate
• blood calcium levels vary; when blood calcium
is:
LOW: osteoclasts break down bone, releasing
calcium salts
HIGH: osteoblasts form bone tissue and store
calcium salts
Storage of Inorganic Salts
• bone also stores small amounts of
magnesium, sodium, potassium, and
carbonate
BONE TYPES
• 5 main types of bones
which are based off of
their shape
1) Long bones
- Longer than they are
wide, mostly compact
bone
- Examples Femur,
phalanges, etc…
BONE TYPES
2) Short bones
- Cube-shaped with thin layer of compact
bone
- Examples wrist, ankle
BONE TYPES
3) Sesamoid
- Embedded in tendons
- Examples pisiform or patella
BONE TYPES
4) Flat bones
- Thin, curved with parallel layers of
compact bone
- Examples frontal bone, sternum
BONE TYPES
5) Irregular bones
- Do not fit in other categories
- Examples vertebrae, bones within sinus

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