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Course-08

The document discusses uniform convergence of series of functions, stating that if a series converges uniformly to a function, it also converges simply to that function. It introduces the concept of normal convergence and provides examples, including a power series and its radius of convergence. The document concludes with the conditions under which a power series converges or diverges based on the distance from a center point.

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Nina Lopez
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12 views3 pages

Course-08

The document discusses uniform convergence of series of functions, stating that if a series converges uniformly to a function, it also converges simply to that function. It introduces the concept of normal convergence and provides examples, including a power series and its radius of convergence. The document concludes with the conditions under which a power series converges or diverges based on the distance from a center point.

Uploaded by

Nina Lopez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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P

Proposition 35 - If the series of functions n 0 fn converges uniformly


towards f on I;then it converges
P simply towards
P f on I.
- If the series of functions n 0 fn and n 0 gn converge P uniformly to the
functions f and g on I;then for any real value ; the series n 0 (fn + gn )
converges uniformly towards (f + g) on I.

P
Theorem 36 (Abel’s theorem of uniform convergence) The series n 0 fn (x) gn (x)
converges uniformly on I; if P
- 9M > 0 such that 8n 0; n 0 fn (x) M; 8x 2 I:
- The suite of functions (gn (x))n 0 positive, decreasing and gn 0 on I:

The normal convergence of a series of functions


P
De…nition 37 Let the series of functions n 0 fn be de…ned on a domain
D ( the series converges
P simply on D). If there exists a convergent positive
numerical series n 0 an checking:

8x 2 D; jfn (x)j an :
P
Then we say that the series of functions n 0 fn converges normally on D
In other words, the series converges normally on D if
X
9an 0; 8n 0; 8x 2 D; jfn (x)j an and an converges.
n 0
P
Example 38 Let the series of functions n 1 cosn2nx ; x 2 R
P
we have 8x 2 R; cosn2nx 1
Pn2 and the series 1
n 1 n2 is a convergent
cos nx
Riemann series. So the series n 1 n2 converges normally on R:

1.3 Whole series


De…nition 39 A series of the form
X
an (x x0 )n
n 0

where (an )n 0 is a given sequence, x0 2 R; is called a power series .

11
A power series is a special type of series of functions, where x plays the
role of parameter; its convergence/ divergence generally depends on x. To be
able to use this series as a function, we are therefore interested in the values
of x for which it converges:
( )
X
+1
n
D= x2R: an (x x0 ) converges :
n=0

Remark 40 D always contains at least the point x = x0 :


We can then de…ne a function on D, using the sum of the series:
' : D!R
P
x ! ' (x) = +1
n=0 an (x x0 )n :
Example 41 Consider the power series associated with the constant se-
quence an = 1, at the point x0 = 0:
' (x) = 1 + x + x2 + ::::::
We recognize the geometric series, which as we know converges if and only if
x 2 D = ] 1; 1[ : The series de…nes a function on D and we know that
1
' (x) = :
1 x

1.3.1 Radius and convergence interval


The set of x for which a power series converges has a fairly simple structure
Theorem 42 There exists a real number 0 R +1 such that
X
+1
converges if jx x0 j < R
an (x x0 )n
diverges if jx x0 j > R:
n=0

We call R the radius of convergence of the series.


Moreover, in the case where one can give meaning to the limit
p
= lim n jan j;
n!+1

then 8
< +1 if = 0 ;
1
R= if 0 < < +1;
:
0 if = +1 :

12
P+1
Proof. Let us write our entire series in the form n=0 bn (x) where
bn (x) = an (x x0 )n :
Let’s start by assuming that the following limit exists:
p
(x) = lim n jbn (x)j;
n!+1

we know, by the Cauchy criterion, that


X
+1
converges if (x) < 1;
bn (x)
diverges if (x) > 1:
n=0

But if we look more closely,


p
n
(x) = jx x0 j lim jan j = jx x0 j ;
n!+1

which implies that


X
+1
converges if jx x0 j < 1 ;
bn (x)
diverges if jx x0 j > 1 :
n=0
1
So by de…ning R by R = we get the result.
Example 43 Consider
X
+1
( 1)n n
n
x :
n=0
2
In this case, s
n ( 1)n 1
= lim n
= ;
n!+1 2 2
and therefore R = 1 = 2 : the series converges for all 2 < x < 2; and
diverges if x > 2 or x < 2:
Now let’s look at what’s happening in x = 2:
- At x = +2 the series is
1 1+1 1+1 ::::::::
and so it diverges.
- At x = 2 the series is
1 + 1 + 1 + 1:::::::::::::::
so it also diverges.

13

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