Unit I- Introduction to Microprocessor 8088/8086

Objectives:

1. Define what is a microprocessor.

2. Discuss the history of microprocessor.
3. Identify the categories of
4. Explain the role of microprocessor
5. Draw the structure of a microprocessor
6. Explain the function of data bus, address bus, and control bus.

The Microprocessor
 The silicon chip that contains the CPU where most calculations take place
 Microprocessors are distinguished by 3 characteristics
 Instruction set: the set of instructions that the microprocessor can execute
 Bandwidth: the number of bits processed in each instruction
 Clock speed: (MHz) It determines how many instructions/second the processor can
execute

The Microprocessor
 The brain or engine of the PC is the processor (sometimes called microprocessor), or
central processing unit (CPU). The CPU performs the system's calculating and processing.
Brief History
• Intel is generally credited with creating the first microprocessor in 1971 with the
introduction of a chip called the 4004.
• All PC-compatible systems use either Intel processors or Intel-compatible processors
from a handful of competitors
• Example: AMD or Cyrix.
• Late 1970s the two most popular processors for PCs were not from Intel (although one
was a clone of an Intel processor). Personal computers of that time primarily used the Z-
80 by Zilog and the 6502 by MOS Technologies.
• Z-80 was noted for being an improved and less expensive clone of the Intel 8080
processor, similar to the way companies today such as AMD, Cyrix, IDT, and Rise
Technologies have cloned Intel's Pentium processors.
Intel
 1971 - 4004
 First microprocessor
 All CPU components on a single chip
 4 bit
 Followed in 1972 by 8008
 8 bit
 Both designed for specific applications
 1974 - 8080
 Intel’s first general purpose microprocessor

Pentium Evolution
 8080
 first general purpose microprocessor
 8 bit data path
 Used in first personal computer – Altair
 8086
 much more powerful
 16 bit
 instruction cache, prefetch few instructions
 8088 (8 bit external bus) used in first IBM PC
 80286
 16 Mbyte memory addressable
 up from 1Mb
 80386
 32 bit
 Support for multitasking
 80486
 sophisticated powerful cache and instruction pipelining
 built in maths co-processor
 Pentium
 Superscalar
 Multiple instructions executed in parallel
 Pentium Pro
 Increased superscalar organization
 Aggressive register renaming
 branch prediction
 data flow analysis
 speculative execution
 Pentium II
 MMX technology
 graphics, video & audio processing
 Pentium III
 Additional floating point instructions for 3D graphics
 Pentium 4
 Note Arabic rather than Roman numerals
 Further floating point and multimedia enhancements
 Itanium
 64 bit

Categories of microprocessor
 Processors can broadly be divided into the categories of: CISC, RISC, hybrid, and special
purpose.
 Complex Instruction Set Computers (CISC)
have a large instruction set, with hardware support for a wide variety of operations. In
scientific, engineering, and mathematical operations with hand coded assembly language (and
some business applications with hand coded assembly language), CISC processors usually perform
the most work in the shortest time.
Categories of microprocessor
Reduced Instruction Set Computers (RISC)
have a small, compact instruction set. In most business applications and in programs
created by compilers from high level language source, RISC processors usually perform the most
work in the shortest time.

Hybrid
processors are some combination of CISC and RISC approaches, attempting to balance the
advantages of each approach.
Special purpose
processors are optimized to perform specific functions. Digital signal processors and
various kinds of co-processors are the most common kinds of special purpose processors.

Role of The Microprocessor

 Fetch the Instruction from the memory
 Fetch the operands of the Instruction
 Decode the Instruction
 Execute the Instruction
 Output the results
 CPU continuously does the (Fetch-Decode-Execute) Cycle

Role of The Microprocessor

 To coordinate the functioning of the various components of the system by generating and
responding to control signals and to perform various arithmetic and logic functions.

Microprocessor Architecture
Basic Components
 CPU Registers
 special memory locations constructed from flip-flops and implemented on-chip
 e.g., accumulator, count register, flag register
 Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
 ALU is where most of the action take place inside the CPU
 Bus Interface Unit (BIU)
 responsible for controlling the address and data busses when accessing main
memory and data in the cache
 Control Unit and Instruction Set
 CPU has a fixed set of instructions to work on, e.g., MOV, CMP, JMP

CPU Structure - Top Level

System Architecture

Address Bus - provides a memory address to system memory and I/O address to system I/O
devices
Data Bus transfers - data between the microprocessor and the memory and I/O attached to the
system
Control Bus provides control signals that cause memory or I/O devices to perform a read or
write operation

A19
Address Bus
A0

8086 Data Bus

D15 To memory

System (16 bit)

D0 and I/O

Control Bus RD/WR

Memory
I/O
Evaluation:
1. Identify the latest processor produced by Intel.
2. Draw and label the top level structure of microprocessor. Describe each component.
3. Differentiate the types of buses.

Objectives:
1. Draw and explain the internal block diagram of CPU.
2. Calculate maximum address in a memory.
3. Identify data types stored in memory.

The 8086 family of Microprocessors

Processor Data and Address Bus Sizes

Examples
Memory
 Microprocessor addresses a maximum of 2n different memory locations, where n is a
number of bits on the address bus
 Logical Memory
 80x86 supports byte addressable memory
 byte (8 bits) is a basic memory unit
 e.g., when you specify address 24 in memory, you get the entire eight bits
 when the microprocessors address a 16-bit word of memory, two consecutive
bytes are accessed
 Physical Memory
 The physical memories of 80x86 family differ in width
 e.g., 8088 memory is 8 bits wide,
 8086, 80286 memory is 16 bits wide, and
 80386dx, 80486 memory is 32 bits wide
 for programming there is no difference in memory width, because the logical
memory is always 8-bit wide
 memory is organized in memory banks
 a memory bank is an 8-bit wide section of the memory
 e.g., the 16-bit microprocessors contain two memory banks to form 16-bit
wide section of memory that is addressed as bytes or words

The Memory Subsystem

 What is a memory location?
 The 80x86 family support Byte Addressable Memory (a byte is the basic memory
unit)
 With an address bus of size n, the processor can address a maximum of 2n memory
locations
 ex:ample: with 20, 24, and 32 address lines, the 80x86 can address 1Mbyte,
16Mbytes, and 4Gbytes
The Memory Subsystem
32 bit Processors
• 32 bit processors (80386, 80486, and Pentium) use four banks of memory connected to
the 32 bit data bus
• Can access a double word in a one memory operation
Memory
Data Types
 Numbers
 bit (e.g., 1) ; nibble = 4 bits
 DB: byte = octet = 8 bits
 DW: Word = 2 bytes = 16 bits (80x86 terminology)
 DD: DoubleWord = 4 bytes = 32 bits (80x86 terminology)
 Intel uses little endian format (i.e., LSB at lower address)
 Signed Integers (2's complement)
 Text
 Letters and characters (7-bit ASCII standard), e.g., 'A'=65=0x41
 Extended ASCII (8-bit) allows for extra 128 graphics/symbols)
 Collection of characters = Strings
 Collection of Strings = Documents
 Programs
 Commands (MOV, JMP, AND, OR, NOT)
 Collections of commands = subroutines
 Collection of subroutines = programs
 Floating point numbers
 Images (GIF, TIF, JPG, BMP)
 Video (MPEG, QuickTime, AVI)
 Audio (voice, music)