Chapter Important Topics Notes/Weightage

1. Electric Charges & Gauss’s Law Applications, Electric Flux, Electric Field Due to High weightage in
Fields Dipole, Dipole in External Field numerical problems

Capacitance of Parallel Plate Capacitor, Equipotential

2. Electrostatic Potential Focus on derivations and
Surface, Energy Stored in Capacitor, Potential Energy,
& Capacitance applications
Diagram-based Questions

Kirchhoff’s Rule, Wheatstone Bridge, Drift Velocity, Cell’s

3. Current Electricity EMF & Internal Resistance, Series & Parallel Combination of Numerical questions likely
Cells

4. Moving Charges & Direct application-based

Biot-Savart Law, Ampere’s Law, Moving Coil Galvanometer
Magnetism problems expected

Magnetic Field Intensity Due to Magnetic Dipole, Torque on Conceptual questions and
5. Magnetism & Matter
Magnetic Dipole, Magnetic Properties of Materials definitions

6. Electromagnetic Faraday’s Law, Lenz’s Law, Self & Mutual Induction, Direct derivations and
Induction Principle of AC Generator numerical questions

Peak & RMS Voltage, RMS Value of AC, Average Power in High weightage for
7. Alternating Current
AC Circuits, LCR Circuit, Transformer theoretical questions

8. Electromagnetic Usage of EM Waves (Gamma to Radio), Wavelength & Short questions and
Waves Frequency of EM Waves definitions

Optical Instruments, Refraction at Spherical Surfaces,

9. Ray Optics Refractive Index of Prism, Lens Maker Formula, Total Derivation-heavy chapter
Internal Reflection

Huygen’s Principle, Young’s Double Slit Experiment, Proof Theory and numerical-
10. Wave Optics
of Laws of Reflection & Refraction based problems

11. Dual Nature of Photoelectric Effect, Einstein’s Photoelectric Equation, De Numericals and conceptual
Radiation & Matter Broglie’s Relation questions

Bohr Model, Hydrogen Line Spectrum, Rutherford’s Model Important for theoretical
12. Atoms
of Atom questions

High weightage in MCQs

13. Nuclei Mass Defect, Binding Energy, Nuclear Fission & Fusion
and short questions

PN Junction, Energy Band Diagram, Intrinsic & Extrinsic High priority chapter,
14. Semiconductors
Semiconductors expected every year
Key Notes:

• Numerical Focus: Chapters 1, 3, 6, 7, and 9.

• Theory Focus: Chapters 5, 8, 10, 12, and 14.

• Critical Diagrams: Capacitor diagrams, Magnetic field due to dipole, AC circuit diagrams,
and PN junction energy band diagrams.

• Preparation Tip: Emphasize derivations for higher weightage topics like Gauss's Law,
Faraday’s Law, and Photoelectric Effect.

CBSE Class 12 Physics Notes: Chapter-Wise Summary

Chapter 1: Electric Charges and Fields

• Key Concepts:

o Coulomb's Law: Force between two charges is proportional to the product of

their magnitudes and inversely proportional to the square of the distance
between them.

o Electric Field (E): Force experienced by a unit positive charge placed at a point.

o Electric Flux (ϕ\phi): Measure of electric field lines passing through a surface.

o Gauss's Law: The net electric flux through a closed surface is proportional to the
net charge enclosed within it.

Chapter 2: Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance

• Key Concepts:

o Electric Potential (V): Work done in bringing a unit positive charge from infinity to
a point in an electric field.

o Equipotential Surface: Surface where the potential is constant.

o Capacitance (C): Ability of a conductor to store charge per unit potential

difference.

o Energy Stored in a Capacitor

Chapter 3: Current Electricity

• Key Concepts:

o Ohm's Law: V=IRV = IR

o Drift Velocity: Average velocity of charge carriers in a conductor.

o Kirchhoff’s Laws:

▪ Junction Rule

▪ Loop Rule

o Wheatstone Bridge: Used to measure unknown resistance.

Chapter 4: Moving Charges and Magnetism

• Key Concepts:

o Biot-Savart Law: Magnetic field due to a current element.

o Ampere’s Circuital Law

o Force on Moving Charge in Magnetic Field:

o Moving Coil Galvanometer: Instrument to measure small currents.

Chapter 5: Magnetism and Matter

• Key Concepts:

o Magnetic Dipole Moment: M=m⋅2lM = m \cdot 2l

o Magnetic Field due to a Dipole:

o Earth’s Magnetic Elements:

▪ Declination, Inclination, and Horizontal Component.

Chapter 6: Electromagnetic Induction

• Key Concepts:
o Faraday’s Laws: Induced EMF is proportional to the rate of change of magnetic
flux.

o Lenz’s Law: Direction of induced current opposes the cause of its production.

o Self-Induction

o Mutual Induction

Chapter 7: Alternating Current

• Key Concepts:

o AC Voltage and Current

o RMS Values

o Impedance in LCR Circuit

o Resonance

Chapter 8: Electromagnetic Waves

• Key Concepts:

o EM Spectrum: Gamma Rays, X-Rays, UV, Visible, IR, Microwave, Radio.

o Properties: Transverse nature, travel at the speed of light.

o Uses of EM Waves: Communication, medical imaging, etc.

Chapter 9: Ray Optics and Optical Instruments

• Key Concepts:

o Reflection and Refraction at Spherical Surfaces.

o Lens Maker’s Formula:

o Total Internal Reflection

o Optical Instruments: Microscope, Telescope.

Chapter 10: Wave Optics

• Key Concepts:

o Huygens' Principle: Wavefronts and laws of reflection/refraction.

o Young’s Double-Slit Experiment:

o Diffraction and Polarization.

Chapter 11: Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation

• Key Concepts:

o Photoelectric Effect

o de Broglie Wavelength

Chapter 12: Atoms

• Key Concepts:

o Bohr’s Model:

o Hydrogen Spectra: Lyman, Balmer series.

Chapter 13: Nuclei

• Key Concepts:

o Mass Defect and Binding Energy:

o Nuclear Fission and Fusion.

Chapter 14: Semiconductor Electronics

• Key Concepts:

o Energy Bands in Solids: Conduction and valence bands.

o p-n Junction Diode: Forward and reverse bias.

o Transistor: n-p-n and p-n-p configurations.

Preparation Tips:

1. Prioritize chapters with high weightage (Optics, Current Electricity, Electrostatics).

2. Practice numerical problems regularly.

3. Revise key derivations and formulas daily.

4. Solve previous year’s question papers and sample papers