Operating system

An operating system is a program that manages computer hardware. It is an important

part of a computer system. It provides a basics for application programs and acts as an
interface between the computer user and the hardware. The operating system controls
and coordinates the use of hardware among various application programs for windows
users.

Definitions

1. An Operating System is the low-level software that supports a computer's basic

functions, such as scheduling tasks and controlling peripherals.
2. An operating system is a program that acts as an interface between the user and the
computer hardware and controls the execution of all kinds of programs.
3. An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware,
software resources, and provides common services for computer programs.

Goals of operating system

1) Primary goals (Convenience / user friendly)
The primary objective of an operating system is Convenience for user. Operating system
execute user programs and make it easy to solve user problems. They also make
computer system convenient to use.

2) Secondary goals (Efficiency (Using resources in efficient

manner) / Reliability / maintainability)
A secondary objective is the efficient operation of computer system. It is particularly
important for large, shared multi-user systems. Operating system can solve this goal. An
operating system provides the facility to use the computer hardware in an efficient
manner.
3) Evolve (Develop, Progress)
Operating system allows effective development, testing and introduction of new system
functions without interfering with the service.

Types of operating system

1) Batch Operating System
A batch operating system is a type of computer operating system that executes batches
of jobs without manual intervention. It collects and processes jobs in groups or batches,
hence the name. This system was commonly used in the early days of computing.

Key Characteristics:

 Job Collection: Multiple jobs are collected together in a batch.

 Sequential Execution: Jobs are executed one after another without user
interaction.
 Automated Processing: Once the batch is set up, it runs automatically from start
to finish.

How It Works:

 Users upload data offline and submit jobs to the computer operator.
 The operator sorts and batches the jobs based on similar needs or processing
requirements.
 The operating system executes the jobs in the batch sequentially, without any
need for user input during execution.

Advantages:

 Efficiency: Efficient use of computer resources by minimizing idle time.

 Automated Processing: Reduced need for human intervention during job
execution.
 Ease of Management: Simplified job scheduling and management.
Disadvantages:

 Lack of Interaction: No user interaction once the batch is running, which can be a
limitation for jobs requiring real-time input.
 Delay in Processing: Jobs might have to wait for their turn in the batch queue,
leading to delays.

2) Multiprogramming Operating System

A multiprogramming operating system allows multiple programs to run simultaneously
by efficiently managing and allocating the computer's resources. This type of system
improves the utilization of the CPU by ensuring it is always busy executing some job.

Key Characteristics:

1. Multiple Jobs in Memory: Several programs or jobs are kept in the computer's
main memory at the same time.
2. Job Scheduling: The operating system manages and schedules jobs so that the
CPU can switch between them as needed.
3. CPU Utilization: The goal is to keep the CPU busy by overlapping the
input/output operations of one job with the CPU processing of another.

How It Works:

 Job Queue: Multiple jobs are loaded into memory and placed in a queue.
 Job Scheduling: The operating system uses job scheduling algorithms to decide
which job the CPU should execute next.
 Context Switching: When a job requires input/output operations, the CPU
switches to another job that is ready to execute, thereby optimizing CPU
utilization.

Advantages:

 Increased Efficiency: Better utilization of the CPU as it does not remain idle while
waiting for input/output operations.
 Reduced Idle Time: Minimizes the time the CPU is idle by having multiple jobs
ready to execute.
 Better Resource Management: More efficient use of system resources like
memory and input/output devices.

Disadvantages:

 Complexity: More complex than single-programming systems due to the need for
sophisticated scheduling algorithms.
 Resource Contention: Multiple programs may compete for limited resources,
which can lead to contention and require careful management.

3) Multitasking Operating System:

A multitasking operating system allows multiple tasks or processes to run
simultaneously on a single computer. This type of operating system efficiently manages
the CPU and other resources to ensure that multiple programs can operate concurrently
without interference.

Key Characteristics:

1. Concurrent Execution: Multiple tasks run at the same time, with the CPU
switching between them rapidly.
2. Resource Allocation: Efficient management of resources such as memory, CPU
time, and input/output devices.
3. Process Scheduling: Use of scheduling algorithms to determine which task gets
CPU time and when.

How It Works:

 Task Switching: The operating system switches the CPU's focus between
different tasks so quickly that it appears they are running simultaneously.
 Time Slicing: The CPU's time is divided into small units called time slices, and
each task gets a turn to execute within these slices.
 Process Management: The operating system keeps track of all active processes
and their states to ensure smooth execution and transition between tasks.

Advantages:
 Increased Productivity: Allows users to run multiple applications at the same
time, improving productivity.
 Efficient Resource Use: Optimizes the use of CPU and other system resources.
 Better System Utilization: Reduces idle time for the CPU, ensuring it is always
performing useful work.

Disadvantages:

 Complexity: Requires sophisticated algorithms to manage tasks and resources

effectively.
 Potential Overhead: Managing multiple tasks can introduce some overhead,
slightly reducing overall system performance.

4) Time-Sharing Operating System:

A time-sharing operating system is a type of multitasking system that allows multiple
users to share system resources simultaneously. It divides the CPU's time into small
intervals and allocates these time slots to different users and tasks, giving the illusion of
parallel execution.

Key Characteristics:

 Multiple User Support: Supports multiple users working on the system

simultaneously.
 Time Division: CPU time is divided into small units called time slices, and each
user or task gets a slice of time.
 Interactive Computing: Provides a responsive environment where users can
interact with their programs in real time.

How It Works:

 Time Slicing: The CPU time is divided into small intervals, and each user gets a
turn to use the CPU in a round-robin fashion.
 User Sessions: Each user session is isolated from others, ensuring that users do
not interfere with each other's tasks.
 Resource Sharing: System resources such as memory and input/output devices
are shared among all users, with the operating system managing access.
Advantages:

 Interactive Use: Provides a responsive and interactive computing experience for

multiple users.
 Efficient Resource Utilization: Optimizes the use of system resources by sharing
them among many users.
 Cost-Effective: Reduces the cost of computing by allowing multiple users to share
a single system.

Disadvantages:

 Security Concerns: Sharing resources among multiple users can introduce

security risks.
 Performance Overhead: Managing multiple user sessions and ensuring fair
resource allocation can introduce some overhead.

5) Multiprocessing Operating System

A multiprocessing operating system is an operating system that supports running
multiple processes simultaneously by using two or more CPUs (central processing units).
This allows for better performance, efficiency, and reliability, especially in environments
requiring high computational power.

Key Characteristics:

 Multiple CPUs: Utilizes two or more CPUs to handle multiple processes at the
same time.
 Parallel Processing: Tasks are divided among the CPUs, allowing them to execute
simultaneously, which speeds up processing.
 Increased Reliability: If one CPU fails, the system can continue to operate using
the remaining CPUs.

How It Works:

 Task Division: The operating system divides tasks among the available CPUs,
ensuring efficient workload distribution.
 Process Management: Manages and coordinates the execution of multiple
processes across different CPUs.
 Inter-CPU Communication: Ensures proper communication and synchronization
between the CPUs to maintain consistency and performance.

Advantages:

 Improved Performance: Multiple CPUs can process multiple tasks

simultaneously, leading to faster execution.
 Efficiency: Better utilization of system resources by distributing the workload
across multiple CPUs.
 Reliability and Fault Tolerance: The system can handle the failure of one CPU
without crashing entirely.

Disadvantages:

 Complexity: More complex than single-processor systems due to the need for
managing multiple CPUs.
 Cost: Generally more expensive due to the additional hardware and the
complexity of the operating system.

6) Real-Time Operating System

A real-time operating system (RTOS) is an operating system designed to handle events
or data in real time. It processes data as it comes in, typically within milliseconds or
microseconds, ensuring that critical tasks are completed within a guaranteed
timeframe.

Key Characteristics:

1. Deterministic Timing: Ensures that operations are completed within a fixed,

predictable amount of time.
2. High Reliability: Provides a stable and reliable environment for time-sensitive
applications.
3. Low Latency: Minimizes the delay between receiving an input and responding to
it.
How It Works:

 Task Prioritization: Prioritizes tasks based on their urgency and importance,

ensuring that critical tasks are executed promptly.
 Real-Time Scheduling: Uses scheduling algorithms that guarantee timely task
execution, such as rate-monotonic scheduling or earliest deadline first.
 Interrupt Handling: Efficiently manages interrupts to respond quickly to external
events.

Advantages:

 Predictable Behavior: Ensures that critical tasks are executed within specified
time limits, making the system reliable for time-sensitive applications.

 Efficiency: Optimizes resource usage to maintain high performance and low

latency.
 Stability: Provides a stable environment for running critical applications without
unexpected delays.

Disadvantages:

 Complexity: More complex to design and implement compared to general-

purpose operating systems.
 Limited Flexibility: Designed for specific tasks, making them less versatile for
general computing needs.
 Cost: Often more expensive due to the specialized hardware and software
requirements.

7) Distributed Operating System

A distributed operating system is a type of operating system that manages a group of
independent computers and makes them appear to the users as a single coherent
system. These systems work together to achieve a common goal by sharing resources
and tasks.

Key Characteristics:
1. Resource Sharing: Allows multiple computers to share resources such as files,
data, and processing power.
2. Transparency: Provides a single-system image, making the distribution of
resources and processes transparent to the user.
3. Scalability: Can easily add more computers to the network to enhance
performance and resource availability.

How It Works:

 Network Communication: Uses network protocols to facilitate communication

between different computers in the system.
 Distributed File System: Manages files across multiple machines as if they are
located on a single device.
 Process Management: Distributes processes and tasks across various computers,
balancing the load to optimize performance.

Advantages:

 Improved Performance: Distributes computational tasks across multiple

machines, leading to faster processing.
 Reliability: If one computer fails, others can take over its tasks, enhancing system
reliability.
 Scalability: Can expand the system by adding more machines, which is cost-
effective and flexible.

Disadvantages:

 Complexity: More complex to design, implement, and manage compared to

single-computer systems.
 Security Concerns: Requires robust security measures to protect data and
resources across multiple machines.
 Network Dependency: Performance is heavily dependent on the quality and
speed of the network connections between computers.
8) Network Operating System (NOS)
A network operating system (NOS) is a specialized operating system designed to
manage and support network resources, facilitating communication, data exchange, and
resource sharing among computers within a network.

Key Characteristics:

1. Centralized Management: Manages network resources like files, applications,

and devices from a central location.
2. Resource Sharing: Enables multiple users and computers to share hardware (like
printers) and software resources.
3. Security: Provides features for secure data transfer, user authentication, and
access control within the network.
4. Scalability: Easily integrates new hardware and users into the network without
disrupting existing services.

How It Works:

 File and Print Services: Allows users to share files and printers across the
network.
 User Management: Handles user accounts, permissions, and network access
rights.
 Communication Services: Facilitates communication between devices using
protocols like TCP/IP.
 Network Monitoring: Provides tools to monitor network performance and
troubleshoot issues.

Advantages:

 Centralized Control: Simplifies the management of network resources and user

activities.
 Efficient Resource Utilization: Optimizes the use of resources by sharing them
among multiple users.
 Enhanced Security: Implements security policies to protect data and manage
user access.
 Scalability: Easily expands the network by adding new devices and users.
Disadvantages:

 Complexity: Requires technical expertise to set up, configure, and maintain.

 Cost: Can be expensive due to the need for specialized hardware and software.
 Single Point of Failure: Centralized systems can be vulnerable if the main server
fails.

9) What is Android?
Android is an open source and Linux-based Operating System for mobile devices
such as smartphones and tablet computers. Android was developed by the Open
Handset Alliance, led by Google, and other companies.

Android offers a unified approach to application development for mobile devices

which means developers need only develop for Android, and their applications
should be able to run on different devices powered by Android

Key Characteristics:
Beautiful UI
1
Android OS basic screen provides a beautiful and intuitive user interface.

Connectivity
2
GSM/EDGE, IDEN, CDMA, EV-DO, UMTS, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, LTE, NFC and WiMAX.

Storage
3
SQLite, a lightweight relational database, is used for data storage purposes.

Media support
4 H.263, H.264, MPEG-4 SP, AMR, AMR-WB, AAC, HE-AAC, AAC 5.1, MP3, MIDI, Ogg
Vorbis, WAV, JPEG, PNG, GIF, and BMP.

Messaging
5
SMS and MMS

Web browser
6 Based on the open-source WebKit layout engine, coupled with Chrome's V8
JavaScript engine supporting HTML5 and CSS3.

7 Multi-touch
Android has native support for multi-touch which was initially made available in
handsets such as the HTC Hero.

Multi-tasking
8 User can jump from one task to another and same time various application can run
simultaneously.

Resizable widgets
9 Widgets are resizable, so users can expand them to show more content or shrink
them to save space.

Multi-Language
10
Supports single direction and bi-directional text.

GCM
11 Google Cloud Messaging (GCM) is a service that lets developers send short message
data to their users on Android devices, without needing a proprietary sync solution.

Wi-Fi Direct
12 A technology that lets apps discover and pair directly, over a high-bandwidth peer-
to-peer connection.

Android Beam
13 A popular NFC-based technology that lets users instantly share, just by touching two
NFC-enabled phones together.
How It Works:

 User Interface: Android provides a touch-based interface with gestures like

swiping, tapping, and pinching to navigate the system.
 Applications: Users can download and install applications (apps) from the Google
Play Store, which hosts millions of apps ranging from games to productivity tools.
 Security: Features like Google Play Protect, regular security updates, and user
permissions help protect user data and privacy.

Advantages:

 Wide Range of Devices: Available on a variety of devices from multiple

manufacturers, providing users with numerous choices.
 Customization: Users can customize their home screens, widgets, and overall
look and feel of their device.
 Integration with Google Services: Seamless integration with Google services like
Gmail, Google Maps, and Google Drive.
 Frequent Updates: Regular updates bring new features and improvements to the
operating system.

Disadvantages:

 Fragmentation: Different devices may run different versions of Android, leading

to inconsistency in user experience.
 Security: Being open source, it can be more vulnerable to security threats if not
properly managed.
 Bloatware: Some manufacturers and carriers pre-install unnecessary apps that
can slow down the device.

10) IOS
IOS is a mobile operating system created by Apple Inc. It powers Apple's mobile devices,
including the iPhone, iPad, and iPod Touch. IOS is known for its sleek design, security
features, and seamless integration with other Apple products and services.

Key Characteristics:

1. User Interface: Features a user-friendly, touch-based interface with smooth

animations and transitions.
2. App Ecosystem: Access to the Apple App Store, which hosts millions of
applications designed specifically for iOS.
3. Security: Strong emphasis on security with regular updates, encryption, and a
robust app review process.
4. Integration: Seamless integration with other Apple products and services such as
iCloud, Apple Music, and AirDrop.
5. Performance: Optimized for performance on Apple hardware, providing a
smooth and responsive user experience.

How It Works:

 Touch Interface: Users interact with iOS devices through touch gestures such as
swiping, tapping, and pinching.
 Apps: Users can download and install apps from the App Store, which is curated
to ensure high-quality and secure applications.
 Security: Features like Touch ID, Face ID, and regular security updates help
protect user data and privacy.

Advantages:

 User Experience: Known for its intuitive and easy-to-use interface.

 Security: Strong security features and regular updates keep the system safe from
threats.
 App Quality: High-quality apps due to Apple’s strict review process for app
developers.
 Integration: Excellent integration with Apple’s ecosystem, including Macs, Apple
Watch, and Apple TV.

Disadvantages:

 Customization: Limited customization options compared to some other

operating systems like Android.
 Closed Ecosystem: Only available on Apple devices, which can be more
expensive.
 App Approval Process: Stringent app review process can delay the availability of
new apps and updates.

Android Versions & Upgrades

Android is a mobile operating system developed by Google, and it has gone through
numerous versions since its initial release. Each version comes with new features,
enhancements, and improvements. Here is an overview of major Android versions and
their key features:

Early Versions

1. Android 1.0 (2008): The first commercial version. Basic features like a web
browser, camera, and Gmail.
2. Android 1.5 Cupcake (2009): Introduced on-screen keyboards, widgets, and
video recording.
Major Versions

3. Android 1.6 Donut (2009): Added support for different screen sizes and
resolutions.
4. Android 2.0-2.1 Eclair (2009): Google Maps navigation, live wallpapers, and
improved camera interface.
5. Android 2.2 Froyo (2010): Improved speed, Wi-Fi hotspot functionality, and Flash
support.
6. Android 2.3 Gingerbread (2010): UI refinements, NFC support, and better copy-
paste functionality.

More Advanced Versions:

7. Android 3.0 Honeycomb (2011): Tablet-specific UI, multi-pane view, and

improved multitasking.
8. Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich (2011): Unified tablet and phone UI, facial
recognition, and improved data usage monitoring.
9. Android 4.1-4.3 Jelly Bean (2012-2013): Project Butter for smoother UI, Google
Now, and expandable notifications.
10. Android 4.4 KitKat (2013): Improved memory management, immersive mode,
and introduction of “OK Google” voice search.

Modern Versions

11. Android 5.0 Lollipop (2014): Material Design, improved notifications, and better
battery life with Project Volta.
12. Android 6.0 Marshmallow (2015): App permissions, Google Now on Tap, and
Doze mode for battery saving.
13. Android 7.0 Nougat (2016): Multi-window support, improved notifications, and
VR mode.
14. Android 8.0 Oreo (2017): Picture-in-picture mode, notification dots, and autofill
for apps.
15. Android 9.0 Pie (2018): Gesture-based navigation, adaptive battery, and digital
wellbeing features.
16. Android 10 (2019): System-wide dark mode, improved privacy controls, and new
gesture navigation.
17. Android 11 (2020): Conversations section in notifications, native screen
recording, and better media controls.
18. Android 12 (2021): Material You design, improved privacy dashboard, and more
responsive notifications.
19. Android 13 (2022): Enhanced security features, improved connectivity, and more
customization options.
20. Android 14 (2023): Enhanced battery management, new UI improvements, and
better multitasking features.

Upgrades & Updates

Android updates typically include:

1. Security Patches: Regular updates to protect against vulnerabilities.

2. Feature Updates: Introduction of new functionalities and enhancements to the
existing system.
3. Bug Fixes: Resolving issues reported by users or discovered by developers.

How to Upgrade Android

1. Check for Updates: Go to Settings > System > Software Update.

2. Download and Install: If an update is available, follow the on-screen instructions
to download and install it.
3. Backup Data: Always backup your data before initiating an update to prevent
data loss.