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physics ss1 to ss3

The document is a lecture note on Physics for SS1 students, covering the introduction to physics, the concept of matter, and the classification of quantities and units. It explains the states of matter, fundamental and derived quantities, and the concepts of position, distance, and displacement. Additionally, it includes methods for measuring distance using Vernier calipers and micrometer screw gauges.

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chukwuemekaakwada
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206 views

physics ss1 to ss3

The document is a lecture note on Physics for SS1 students, covering the introduction to physics, the concept of matter, and the classification of quantities and units. It explains the states of matter, fundamental and derived quantities, and the concepts of position, distance, and displacement. Additionally, it includes methods for measuring distance using Vernier calipers and micrometer screw gauges.

Uploaded by

chukwuemekaakwada
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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AJUMOSE LECTURE NOTE (PHYSICS)

SS1
Week: one

INTRODUCTION TO PHYSISCS

Physics is a branch of science that deals with the study of matter in relation to energy. The branches of
Physics are: Mechanics, Light, Electricity, Waves, Magnetism, Atomic Physics, Electromagnetism,
Dynamics, Heat, Sound etc.

CONCEPT OF MATTER

Matter is anything that has mass or weight and occupies space. The idea that matter is made up of minute
particles called atom dated back to the ancient Greek. Atom is the smallest indivisible Particle of an
element which can take part in a chemical change. It consists of proton, neutron and electron. Proton is
positively charged, neutron is neutral and electron is negatively charged

Matter can exist in three states- Solids, Liquids and Gases

SOLIDS: The molecules of solids are closely packed together. They have definite shape and volume

LIQUIDS: Its molecule are freer than that of solid, they have definite volume but no definite shape

GASES: The cohesive force binding the gases molecules together is negligible. They have no definite
shape and Volume

QUANTITIES AND UNITS

There are two types:

1. Fundamental Quantities
2. Derived Quantities
1. Fundamental quantities and units: These are basic physical quantities or units that are
independent of others and cannot be defined in terms of other quantities or units. Examples of
Fundamental quantities are: Mass, Length, Time, Temperature, Electric Current, Luminous
intensity, Amount of Substance. While Fundamental Unit is given as: Kilogram (Kg), Meter
(m), Seconds (S), Kelvin (k), Ampere (A), Candela (CD), Mole (Mol).

Fig.1.1

S/N FUNDAMENTAL QUANTITIES UNITS


1 Mass Kilogram (kg)
2 Length Meter (m)
3 Time Seconds (s)
4 Temperature Kelvin (k)
5 Electric Current Ampere (A)
6 Luminous Intensity Candela (Cd)
7 Amount of Substance Mole (mol)
Fig 1.1 above shows examples of Fundamental quantities and their units
AJUMOSE LECTURE NOTE (PHYSICS)

2. Derived quantities and units: These are quantities and units that are derived from
fundamental quantities and units e.g. Area, Volume, Density, velocity, power, force, pressure
etc. with their respective units given as m2, m3, Kg/m3,m/s, Nm/s, N, Kgm/s2

Fig.2.1

S/N DERIVED QUANTITIES UNIT


1 Volume M3 2
2 Acceleration m/s
3 Work Done Nm
4 Momentum Kgm/s or Ns
5 Density Kg/m3
6 Electric Charge C
7 Speed m/s
Fig.2.1 Above shows examples of Derived Quantities and their Units

POSITION, DISTANCE AND DISPLACEMENT

POSITION: Position of an object in space or on a plane is the point at which the object can be located
with reference to a given point.

4-
3- A (4, 3)
2-
1-

0 1 23 4

Fig.2.2 Location of Point A

Point A is located 4 units along the horizontal reference line OX from O and 3 units along the vertical
reference line OY from Y. The point of intersection shows the location of A.

DISTANCE: This is the measure of separation between two points. To determine distance between two
points located in a plane defined by two ordered pair of value (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) or assumed to be in
space where they are defined by (x1, y1, z1) and (x2, y2, z2), the distance between them can be defined by
applying the relation:

Distance, s= √(𝑥2− 𝑥1)2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1)2

Or Distance, s= √(𝑥2− 𝑥1)2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1)2 + (𝑧2 − 𝑧1)2


AJUMOSE LECTURE NOTE (PHYSICS)

Example: Calculate the distance between the points A(2,3) and B(-5,1) on a plane

Solution

Distance AB = √(−5 − 2)2 + (1 − 3)2

= √(−7)2 + (−2)2

= √49 + 4

= 7.3 units

DISPLACEMENT: This is a distance covered in a specific direction.

Example: Calculate the displacement between the point A (2, 3) and B(-5,1) on a plane

Solution

Distance AB = √(−5 − 2)2 + (1 − 3)2

= √(−7)2 + (−2)2

= √49 + 4

= 7.3 units

The angle between Point A and B is given as


(𝑦2− 𝑦1)

( 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )
tanϴ =

3−2
1+5
tanϴ=
1
6
tanϴ=

tanϴ = 0.1667

ϴ= tan-1 0.1667

=9.50

Therefore, Object A is 7.3 unit distance to B in the direction 9.50

S/N DISTANCE DISPLACEMENT


1 It only measures the space between two points It measures both the space between
two points and the angular direction
2 It is a scalar quantity It is a vector quantity
3 It can be measured with meter rule, tape rule etc. Its involve the inclusion of Compass
without including compass
AJUMOSE LECTURE NOTE (PHYSICS)

Week: Two

Measurement of distance

MEASUREMENT OF DISTANCE USING VERNIER CALIPER

Vanier Calipers can be used to measure the diameter of a rod or the inside diameter of a rod. It can also be
used to measure the internal and external diameter of a tube. It has two set of jaws and two scales i.e. the
main and the Vanier scale. It has a reading accuracy of 0.01cm

Example: Deduce the reading on the vernier caliper below

Solution
Main Scale Reading = 3.0cm
Vernier Scale = 0.7cm

Reading = Main Scale Reading + Vernier Scale Reading


= 3.0 + 0.7
= 3.7mm

MEASUREMENT OF DISTANCE USING MICROMETER SCEW GUAGE

Micrometer screw gauge is used to measure small length like the diameter of a small ball (like pendulum
bob) or thickness of a piece of paper. It can measure the accuracy 0.001cm or 0.01mm on the main scale.

Example: Calculate the reading on the micrometer screw gauge below

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