By Shubham Chimkar

#Linux for DevOps #Day-01

*Basics Before DevOps
1. How does the internet works?

Ans. The internet is a global network of computers that communicate with each other using
standardized protocols. It allows computers to exchange information and resources over long
distances.

2. What is Servers?

Ans. A server is a computer program or device that provides services to other computers on a
network. Servers are typically used to store, process, and deliver data and resources to clients.

3. Difference between web servers and application servers?

Ans. Web servers are specifically designed to serve web pages and other content over the internet.
They are optimized for handling HTTP requests and responses. Web servers typically use HTTP
as the communication protocol.

Application servers, on the other hand, are more versatile and can run a wide range of
applications. They are designed to support business logic, data processing, and other complex
tasks. Application servers often use protocols like Java EE, CORBA, or Microsoft COM/DCOM.

4. Types of Applications?

Ans. There are two types of applications:

A. Standalone applications: These are applications that run on a single computer and are not
connected to the internet. They are typically used for local tasks such as word processing,
spreadsheet calculations, and database management.
B. Web applications: These are applications that run on a web server and are accessed through
a web browser. They are typically used for online tasks such as email, online shopping, and
social networking.

5. What is Application Support?

Ans. Application support is the process of providing technical assistance and troubleshooting for
software applications. It involves monitoring the performance of applications, identifying and
resolving issues, and ensuring that applications run smoothly and efficiently.

6. What is Application Maintenance?

Ans. Application maintenance is the process of updating, upgrading, and modifying software
applications to ensure they continue to function properly and meet the needs of users. It involves
fixing bugs, adding new features, and optimizing performance.
By Shubham Chimkar

*Introduction to Linux
1. What is Linux?
Ans. Linux is an open-source operating system that is based on the Linux kernel. It is a Unix-
like operating system that is used for a wide range of tasks, including web servers, database
servers, and application servers. Linux is known for its stability, security, and flexibility. Made
by Linus Torvalds in 1991.
2. Difference between Unix and Linux:
Feature Unix Linux
Development Developed by AT&T Bell Labs Developed by Linus Torvalds
Cost Mostly commercial and requires Free and open-source
license
Source Code Closed source Open source
Users Limited to large organizations Available to everyone
Development Developed by single organization Developed by community
Model worldwide
GUI Common Desktop Environment Multiple options (GNOME, KDE,
(CDE) etc.)
File System Limited file system types Supports multiple file systems
Security Generally secure Highly secure with frequent
updates
Compatibility Runs on specific hardware Runs on various hardware
platforms
Updates Less frequent updates Regular and frequent updates

example: Unix: Solaris, AIX, HP-UX, IRIX, Linux, Mac OS, etc. Linux: Ubuntu, CentOS, Fedora,
Debian, etc.

3. How to install Linux?

Ans. There are many methods to install Linux:
A. WSL (Windows Subsystem for Linux)
B. Virtual Machine (VirtualBox, VMware, etc.)
C. AWS, Azure, GCP, any Cloud Platform
D. Vagrant (Virtual Machine)
By Shubham Chimkar

4. Difference between Linux and Windows:

Feature Linux Windows
Cost Free and open-source Paid and proprietary
Source Code Open source, can be modified Closed source
Security More secure, less vulnerable More vulnerable to viruses/malware
User Interface Multiple desktop environments Single UI with minor customization
Updates User controls update schedule Forces updates, less user control
File System Case sensitive, no drive letters Not case sensitive, uses drive letters
Package Built-in package management No central package management
Manager
Customization Highly customizable Limited customization options
Resource Usage Generally lighter on resources More resource intensive
Terminal Powerful command line interface Limited command prompt/PowerShell
Software Install Through repositories & package Through .exe installers & stores
managers
Driver Support Limited driver support Extensive driver support
Gaming Support Limited gaming support Extensive gaming support
Market Share Dominant in servers Dominant in desktop computers

5. Software Remote location Tools

Ans. There are several remote access tools available:
A. SSH (Secure Shell):

o Secure protocol for remote access to Linux/Unix systems

o Command-line based
o Uses encryption for secure data transfer
o Default port: 22
o Example command: ssh username@hostname

B. RDP (Remote Desktop Protocol):

o Microsoft's protocol for remote desktop access

o Graphical interface
o Primarily used for Windows systems
o Default port: 3389
o Can be accessed using tools like:
▪ Windows Remote Desktop Connection
▪ Remmina (Linux)
▪ Microsoft Remote Desktop (Mac)
By Shubham Chimkar

C. Virtual Machine (VM) Remote Access:

o Access virtual machines running on:

▪ VMware (vSphere Client, Remote Console)
▪ VirtualBox (VRDP - Virtual Remote Desktop Protocol)
▪ Hyper-V (Hyper-V Manager)
o Supports both GUI and command-line access
o Can use both SSH and RDP depending on guest OS
o Often includes additional management features
o Useful for managing multiple virtual environments
6. what is kernal, Bootloader, Shell?
Ans. linux os is made up of three main components:
A. Kernal:
o The innermost layer of the Linux OS
o It is the heart of the system
o Manages hardware resources and provides basic services to other components
o Example: Kernel version 5.4.0-42-generic

B. Shell:
o It is the interface between the user and the kernel
o It is responsible for interpreting user commands and executing them
o It is also responsible for displaying output to the user
o Example: Bash, Zsh, etc.
o shell commands examples:
▪ ls
▪ cd
▪ pwd
▪ mkdir
▪ rm

C. Bootloader:
o It is the first program that runs when the system is booted
o It is responsible for loading the kernel and initializing the system
o Example: GRUB (Grand Unified Bootloader)
o for windows:
▪ Windows Boot Manager
▪ GRUB (Grand Unified Bootloader)-for linux
By Shubham Chimkar

7. Desktop Environment
Ans. Desktop Environment is a collection of software that provides a graphical user interface
for the user to interact with the system example:
for windows:

• Windows10, Windows 11
• GNOME, KDE, XFCE, LXDE, etc.-For Linux

6. linux System Architecture

Ans. Linux system architecture is a layered structure that includes the kernel, shell, and desktop
environment. The kernel is the core component that manages hardware resources and provides
basic services to other components. The shell is the interface between the user and the kernel,
and the desktop environment provides a graphical user interface for the user to interact with the
system.

7. Information about Hardware in Linux?

Ans. In Linux, hardware information is typically displayed in the /proc filesystem. Here are
some common commands to view hardware information:
A. CPU:
o lscpu
o cat /proc/cpuinfo
o top
o htop

B. Memory:
o free -h
o cat /proc/meminfo

C. Disk:
o lsblk
o df -h

D. Network:
o ip addr
o ip route
o ifconfig
8. linux files system
Ans. Linux uses a hierarchical file system to organize files and directories. The root directory is
represented by a single forward slash (/). The file system is divided into several directories, each
with a specific purpose. Here are some common directories:
example: /bin: contains binary files for system commands /boot: contains boot loader files /dev:
contains device files /etc: contains configuration files for system-wide applications /home:
contains user home directories /lib: contains shared library files /media: contains mount points
for removable media /mnt: contains mount points for temporary filesystems /opt: contains
optional software packages
By Shubham Chimkar

9.States of Processes in Linux?

Ans. In Linux, processes can be in different states depending on their status. Here are some common
states:

1. Running: The process is currently executing on the CPU.

2. Sleeping: The process is waiting for an event to occur (e.g., waiting for input/output, waiting
for a resource to become available).
3. Stopped: The process has been stopped by a signal (e.g., SIGSTOP, SIGTSTP).
4. Zombie: The process has finished execution but has not been removed from the process
table.
10. Install linux using AWS
Ans. Here are the steps to install Linux (Ubuntu) on AWS using t2.micro free tier:
1. Create an AWS Account:

o Go to aws.amazon.com
o Click on "Create an AWS Account"
o Follow the registration process

2. Launch EC2 Instance:

o Log in to AWS Console

o Go to EC2 Dashboard
o Click "Launch Instance"

3. Configure Instance:

o Choose Ubuntu Server (free tier eligible)

o Select t2.micro instance type
o Configure default VPC and subnet
o Create or select existing key pair
o Configure security group (allow SSH port 22)

4. Connect to Instance:

o Wait for instance to start running

o Use SSH command: ssh -i <key-pair.pem> ubuntu@
o For Windows users, use PuTTY or Windows Terminal

5. Post-Installation:

o Update system: sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade

o Install required packages
o Configure firewall if needed

Note: Make sure to terminate instance when not in use to avoid charges beyond free tier limits.