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37. 3 + 5 + 7 +.... + (2n + 5) = (n + 2)(n + 4) for integral values of n8-1. 1. If n = 1, we obtain

1 + nx 7 (1 + x)n for n 82 and x > -1
1  1
38.
S (1) : (a + x)1 =  a1 +   a1-1 x =a + x
0 1
8.4 Binomial Theorem
Thus condition (1) is satisied.

An algebraic expression consisting of two terms such as a + x, x - 2y, ax + b etc., is called

2. Let us assume that the statement is true for any n = kU N, then
a binomial or a binomial expression.
k  k  k   k  k -( r -1) r -1  k  k -r r
(a + x=
) k   a k +   a k -1 x +   a k -2 x 2 + .... +  +x
We know by actual multiplication that
a  r a x
(a + x)2 = a2 + 2ax + x2 (i) 0 1  2  r - 1  
(a + x)3 = a3 + 3a2x + 3ax2 + x3 (ii)
 k  k k 
+.... +   ax +   x k
The right sides of (i) and (ii) are called binomial expansions of the binomial a + x for the
k  k 
(B)
indices 2 and 3 respectively.
In general, the rule or formula for expansion of a binomial raised to any positive integral
 k + 1 k +1  k + 1 k  k + 1 k -1 2
power n is called the binomial theorem for positive integral index n.For any positive integer S (k + 1) : (a=
+ k ) k +1   +  1  × +  2  a × x + .... +
 0     
a a x
n,

n n n  n  n-( r -1) r -1  k + 1 k -r + 2 r -1  k + 1 k -r +1 r  k + 1  k + 1 k +1

(a + x=
) n   a n +   a n-1 x +   a n-2 x 2 + .... +  a  r -1 a ×x +  × x + .... +   a × xk +  x
0 1  2  r - 1    r   k   k + 1
x (A) a (C)

n  n  n-1  n  n
+   a n-r x r + .... +   ax +  n  x
Multiplying both sides of equation (B) by (a+x), we have
r   n - 1  
 k  k  k   k  k -r +1 r -1
(a + x)(a + x) k = (a + x)   a k +   a k -1 x +   a k -2 x 2 + .... +  a
 0  1  2  r - 1
or briely x

∑
 n  n-r r
(a + x) =  a x k   k  k -1  k  k 
n

r =0  r  +   a k -r x r + .... +   ax +  k  x 
n

r   k - 1   
where a and x are real numbers.
 k  k  k   k  k -r + 2 r -1
=   a k +1 +   a k x +   a k -1 x 2 + .... + 
The rule of expansion given above is called the binomial theorem and it also holds if a
- a
        
x
or x is complex. 0 1 2 r 1
Now we prove the Binomial theorem for any positive integer n, using the principle of
k   k  2 k -1  k  k 
+   a k -r +1 x r + .... +   a x +  k  ax 
mathematical induction.
r   k - 1   
Proof: Let S(n) be the statement given above as (A).

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The following points can be observed in the expansion of (a + x)n

 k  k  k   k  k -r +1 r
+   a k x +   a k -1 x 2 +   a k -2 × x3 + .... +  a ×x
1. The number of terms in the expansion is one greater than its index.
 
0  
1  
2  r - 1  2. The sum of exponents of a and x in each term of the expansion is equal to its
index.
k   k  k  k  k +1 
+   a k -r x r +1 + .... +   ax +  k  x 
3. The exponent of a decreases from index to zero.
 
r  k - 1     4. The exponent of x increases from zero to index.
5. The coeicients of the terms equidistant from beginning and end of the expansion
k   k   k    k   k  
=   a k +1 +   +    a k x +   +    a k -1 x 2 + .... n  n 
0  1   0    2   1   are equal as   =  
r  n - r
 k   k   k -r +1 r  k   k   k  k  k +1 n
+   +   a x + .... +   +    ax +  k  x 6. The (r + l)th term in the expansion   a n-r x r and we denote it as Tr +1 i.e.,
  
r r - 1    
k k - 1    r 
  nr r
 k   k + 1  k   k + 1  k   k   k + 1  a x
=
As    =  r  +=  for1 ≤ r ≤ k  
T
      
 0   0   k   k + 1    r - 1  r 
, and

 k + 1 k +1  k + 1 k  k + 1 k -1 2
∴ (a=
+ x) k +1  a + a x+  a x + ....
As all the terms of the expansion can be got from it by putting r = 0, 1,2..... n, so we call
 
 0   1   2  it as the general term of the expansion.

 k + 1 k -r +1 r  k + 1  k + 1 k +1 a 2
+ + + + Example 1: Expand  -  also ind its general term.
6

  k   k + 1 x 2 a
 r     
k
a x .... a x

 a 2   a  -2  
Solution:  -  = +   
6 6

We ind that if the statement is true of n = k, then it is also true for n = k +1.  2 a   2  a 
Hence we conclude that the statement is true for all positive integral values of n.
 a   6  a   2   6  a   2   6  a   2 
=   +     -  +    +  -  +     - 
6 5 4 2 3 3

 2  1   2   a   2   2   a   3   2   a 

n n n n  6   a   2   6   a  2   2 

Note:   ,   ,   ,....,   are called the binomial coeicients. +      -  +     -  +  - 
2 4 5 6

 0  1   2  n  4   2   a   5   2  a   a 

 a 5   2  6.5 a 4 4 6.5.4 a 3  8  6.5 a 2 16

= + 6   -  + . . 2 .+ . . - 3  +
a6
    
. . 4
64 32 a 2.1 16 a 3.2.1 8 a 2.1 4 a

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a  -32  64 11  3 
11- r
 1  11 3
+6.  5  + 6
11- r
=Tr +1    x  =
-    11-r x11-r .(-1) r .3- r.x - r
r

2 a  a
 r  2   3x   r  2

= - a + a - 20 + 2 - 4 + 6 11 311-2 r
a 6 3 4 15 2
= (-1) r .  11-r .x11-2 r
60 96 64

 r 2
64 8 4 a a a

Tr +1 , the general term is given by As this term involves x5 , so the exponent of x is 5, that is,
11 - 2r =
5

-2r = 5 - 11 ⇒ r = 3
 6  a   2  6 a
6- r 6- r
T= - =   6-r (-1) r
or
 r  
r r
r 2

  2   a  r  2
r +1 Thus T4 involves x5
a
11 311-6 11-6
 6  a .a r 6 a  6  a 
6- 2 r
∴ T4 -=
( 1) .  11-3 .x -=
6- r -r 6- 2 r
11.10.9 35 5
- -= -r = =
 6- r - r .  6- 2 r ( 1) r      3 2
3
( 1). . x
 r  2 .2 r  2  r  2 
( 1) ( 1) 3.2.1 28

165 × 243 5
= - =-
40095 5
x x
256 256
Example 2: Evaluate (9.9)5

Solution: (9.9)5 = (10-.1)5 ii) Putting r = 4 in Tr+1, we get T5

11 311-8 11-8

= (10)5 + 5 x (10)4 x (-. 1) + 10(10)3 x (-. 1)2 + 10(10)2 x (-. 1)3 + 5(10)(-.1)4 + (-.1)5
= 100000 - (.5) (10000) + (10000X.01) + 1000(-.001) + 50 (.0001) -.00001 ∴ T-5 =
( 1)   11-4 .x =
11.10.9.8 33 3
= 100000 - 5000 +100 -1 + .005 - .00001 4  2
4
. .x
4.3.2.1 27
= 100100.005 - 5001.00001 11 × 10 × 3 27 3 165 × 27 3
= 95099.00499 =
= . x x
1 128 64

3 1  =
4455 3
Example 3: Find the specified term in the expansion of  x - 
11
x
2 3x 
; 64
The 6th term from the end term will have (11 + 1) - 6 i.e., 6 terms before it,
∴
iii)
i) the term involving x5 ii) the ifth term It will be (6 + 1) th term i.e.. the 7th term of the expansion.
iii) the sixth term from the end. iv) coeicient of term involving x-1
11 311-12 11-12 11.10.9.8.7 3-1 -1
T7 =
( 1)   11-6 x - .=
Solution:
6  2
6
Thus x
3 1 
5.4.3.2.1 25
Tr +1 be the term involving x in the expansion of  x - 
11

2 3x  11 × 6 × 7 1 1
=
=
5
i) Let , then
77
3 × 32 x
. .
1 16 x
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12 
is the coeicient of the term involving x-1 Therefore the required term T5 =   28-12.x12-12
77
iv)
4
16

12 × 11 × 10 × 9 -4 0
=
4 × 3 × 2 ×1
8.3.1 The Middle Term in the Expansion of (a + x)n .2 .x

11 × 45 495
= =
In the expansion of (a + x)n, the total number of terms is n + 1
Case I: (n is even) 24 16

 n +1 ii) In this case, n = 12 which is even, so

If n is even then n+1 is odd, so   th term will be the only one middle term in the
 2 
 12 
∴  + 1 th term is the middle term in the expansion,
expansion.
 2 
Case II: (n is odd)
i.e., T7 is the required term.
 n +1  n +3
If n is odd then n + 1 is even so   th and   th terms of the expansion will be the 12   x 
12-6
 2
 2   2  T7 =     . 2 
6

 6  2  x 
two middle terms.

x 2  12  x 6 26 12 × 11 × 10 × 9 × 8 × 7 6-12
Example 4: Find the following in the expansion of  + 2  ;
12

2 x  =
=   6 . 12
 6 2 x 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 ×1
.x

12 × 11 × 7 924
i) the term independent of x. ii) the middle term
= =
Solution: i) Let Tr+1 be the term independent of x in the expansion of x6 x6

x 2 
 + 2
12
8.3.2 Some Deductions from the binomial expansion of (a + x)n.
2 x 
, then

12   x   2 12  x12-r r -2 r

12- r We know that
=
=Tr +1      2  r  12-r .2 .x
r

 r  2  x   2  n  n  n  n-1  n  n-2 2
(a + x)=  0  a + 1  a x +  2  a x + ...
     
n

12 
=   22 r -12.x12-3r
r n  n  n-1  n  n
+   a n-r x r + .... +   ax +  n  x
 n - 1
(I)
r   
As the term is independent of x, so exponent of x, will be zero.
That is, 12 -3r = 0 ⇒ r = 4.

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(i) If we put a = 1, in (I), then we have;

n n n n n -1  n  n n
n n n n  n  n-1  n  n  0  - 1  +  2  -  3  + .... + (-1)  n - 1 + (-1)  n  =0
(1 + x) n =   +   x +   x 2 + .... +   x r + .... +  x + nx            
Thus
 n - 1
(II)
 0  1  2 r    If n is odd positive integer, then

n(n - 1) 2 n(n - 1)(n - 2)....(n - r + 1) r n n  n  n n n

=1 + nx + x + .... + x +.... +nx n-1 +x n + + + = + + +
0 2  n - 1 1   3  n
           
2! r! .... ....

 n n(n - 1)....(n - r + 1)(n - r )! n(n - 1)....(n - r + 1 

=
   == 
n!
  r  r !(n - r )! r !(n - r )!
If n is even positive integer, then
r! 
n n n n n  n 
Putting a = 1 and replacing x by -x, in (I), we get.  0  +  2  + .... +  n  = 1  +  3  + .... +  n - 1
           
ii)

n n n n  n  n

(1 - x) n =  +   (- x) +   (- x) 2 +   (- x)3 + .... +   - n -1
+   (- x) n
 0  1  2 3   n - 1 n
( x )
Thus sum of odd coeicients of a binomial expansion equals to the sum of its even
coeicients.
n n n n  n  n-1 n
=   -   x +   x 2 -   x3 + .... + (-1) n-1   x+ - ( 1) n   x n ....
 n - 1
(III)
 0  1  2 3  n
n n n n
Example 5: Show that:   + 2   + 3   + .... + n   =
n.2n-1
iii) We can ind the sum of the binomial coicients by putting 1   2 3  n
a = 1and x = 1 in (I).
Solution:
n n n  n  n
(1 + 1) n =   +   +   + .... +   + n
       -    n n n n n(n - 1) n(n - 1)(n - 2)
i.e.,
1  + +
 2 3  + + n = + + +.... +n.1
0 1 2 n 1
       
2 3 .... n n 2 3
2! 3!
n n n  n  n
2n =   +   +   + .... +  +   (n - 1)(n - 2) 
 0  1   2   n - 1  n  = n. 1 + (n - 1) + + .... + 1
or
 2! 
Thus the sum of coeicients in the binomial expansion equals to 2n .
 n - 1   n - 1   n - 1   n - 1 
= n.   +  +  + ....  +  
iv) Putting a = 1 and x = -1, in (i) we have  0   1   2   n - 1 

n n n n  n  n = n.2n-1

(1 - 1)=   -   +   -   + .... + (-1) n-1   + (-1) n  
 0  1   2   3   n - 1 n
n

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(
y3 in the expansion of x - y )
11
Exercise 8.2 iv)

1. Using binomial theorem, expand the following: 7. Find the coeicient of;

x 2   x   3 
(a + 2b)  - 2  3a -  x in the expansion of  x 2 - 
6 4 10

2 x   3a   2x 
5
i) ii) iii) i) 5

 x  x 2y   a x  1
- + - x in the expansion of  x 2 - 
2n

 
6

   
7 8

 a  x
n
ii)
 2y x   x a
iv) 2 a v) vi)

 3 
Find 6th term in the expansion of  x 2 - 
10

 2x 
8.
2. Calculate the following by means of binomial theorem:
i) (0.97)3 ii) (2.02)4 iii) (9.98) iv) (21)5 9. Find the term independent of x in the following expansions.

 2  1   1 
x-   x+ 2 (1 + x ) 1 + 2 
10 10 4

 x  2x   x 
(a + ) + (a - ) (2 + 3) + (2 - 3)
Expand and simplify the following:
2 3
3. i) ii) iii)

( ) ( )
4 4 5 5
i) 2x 2x ii) 10. Determine the middle term in the following expansions:

(2 + i) - (2 - i )5 x + x2 - 1 + x - x2 - 1
 1 x2  3 1   1 
3 3
2 m +1
5

 -   x-   2x - 
iii) iv) 12 11

x 2  2 3x   2x 
i) ii) iii)

 1 
4. Expand the following in ascending power of x:
i) (2 + x - x ) ii) (1 - x + x ) (1 - x - x ) Find (2n +1) th term from the end in the expansion of  x - 
3n

 2x 
2 4 2 4
iii) 2 4 11.

Expand the following in descending powers of x: 1.3.5....(2n - 1) n n

Show that the middle term of (1 + x) 2 n is =
5.
12. 2 x
 1
( x + x - 1) - -
n!
 
3

 x n n n  n 

Show that:   +   +   + .... +  =
2 3
i) ii) x 1
 2n-1
1   3   5   n - 1
13.
6. Find the term involving:
x4 in the expansion of (3 - 2x)7
n 1 n 1n 1 n 1  n  2n+1 - 1
i)
Show that:   +   +   +   + .... +  =
 2  0  2 1  3  2  4  3  n + 1 n  n +1
14.
x-2 in the expansion of  x - 2 
13

 x 
ii)

2 
a4 in the expansion of  - a 
9

x 
iii)

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(-1) r .3.4.5....(r + 2) r
8.4 The Binomial Theorem when the index n is a negative
integer or a fraction. = x
r!

1.2.3.4.5....(r + 2) r
When n is a negative integer or a fraction, then = (-1) r . x
n(n - 1) n(n - 1)(n - 2) 3
(1 + x )
1.2.r !
=+
1 nx + + x +
r !.(r + 1)(r + 2) r
n

= (-1) r
.....
2! 3! x
n(n - 1)(n - 2)....(n - r + 1) r
2.r !
+ x + ..... (r + 1)(r + 2) r
r! = (-1) r . x

provided x < 1.
2

Some particular cases of the expansion of (1 + x)n , n<0.

The series of the type i) (1 + x)-1 = 1 - x + x2 - x3 + ...... +(-1)rxr + ....
n(n - 1) 2 n(n - 1)(n - 2) 3 (1 + x)-2 = 1 - 2x + 3x2 - 4x3 + ....+ ( -1)r(r + 1)xr + ...
1 + nx + x + x + ...
ii)

(r + 1)(r + 2) r
(1 + x) -3 = 1 - 3 x + 6 x 2 - 10 x3 + .... + (-1) r x + ...
2! 3!
iii)
is called the binomial series. 2

iv) (1 - x)-1 = 1 + x + x2 - x3 +......+ xr +....

(1 - x)-2 = 1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x3 + ....+ (r + 1)xr + ...
Note (1): The proof of this theorem is beyond the scope of this book.
v)
n n n (r + 1)(r + 2) r
Symbols   ,   ,   etc are meaningless when n is a negative integer or a (1 - x) -3 =1 + 3 x + 6 x 2 + 10 x3 + ... + x +...
 0  1   2 
(2) vi)
2

fraction.
(3) The general term in the expansion is
8.5 Application of the Binomial Theorem
n(n - 1)(n - 2)....(n - r + 1) r
Tr +1 = x
r!
Approximations: We have seen in the particular cases of the expansion of (1+x)n that
the power of x go on increasing in each expansion. Since | x | < 1, so
Example 1: Find the general term in the expansion of (1 + x) -3 when x < 1 x
r
< x for r =
2,3, 4...

(-3)(-4)(-5)....(-3 - r + 1) r
Solution: Tr +1 = x This fact shows that terms in each expansion go on decreasing numerically if | x | < 1.
r!
Thus some initial terms of the binomial series are enough for determining the approximate
values of binomial expansions having indices as negative integers or fractions.

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(.8)1/3 ≈ .928
Summation of ininite series: The binomial series are conveniently used for summation of
Thus
ininite series..The series (whose sum is required) is compared with

n(n - 1) 2 n(n - 1)(n - 2) 3

1 + nx + x + x + ...
Alternative method:

11  1  1  1 
 - 1  - 1 - 2 
2! 3!

(.8)1/3 =(1 - .2)1/3 =1 - + 

.2 3 3 
(-.2) 2 + 
3 3  3  ( .2)
to ind out the values of n and x. Then the sum is calculated by putting the values of n and x - 3 ....
+
3 2! 3!
in (1 + x )n .
Simplify onward by yourself.
Example 2: Expand ( 1 - 2x)1/3 to four terms and apply it to evaluate (.8)1/3 correct to three
places of decimal. Example 3: Expand (8 - 5x)-2/3 to four terms.

Solution: This expansion is valid only if 2 x < 1 or 2 x < 1 or x <   5x    5   5 

- - -
2

Solution: (8 - 5 x) -2/3 = 8 1 - 8   =8 1 - x  =(8 ) 1 - x 

2 2
-
3 -2
2 1
, that is 3 3 3

    8   8 
3

11  1  1  1 
 - 1  - 1 - 2  1 5 
-

(1 - 2 x)1/3 =1 + (-2 x) + 
3 3 
(-2 x) 2 + 
3 3  3 ( - = 1 - x 
2

2 x)3 -......
3

4 8 
1
3 2! 3!

1 2  1  2  5    2  5 
-   -  -    -  - 
3 3  3  3  3   2  5   3  3   5 
=
1- x + (4 x 2 ) + (-8 x3 ) - .... = 1 +  -  - x  + - x +
2
2 1
3 2.1 3.2.1 4   3  8   8 

2!

=
1 - x - x2 - -
2 4 1.2.5 1
(8 x3 ) ....
 2  -5  8  
.

 -   - 
3 9 3.3.3 3.2.1

 3  3  3   - 5 x  + ...
 
3

=
1 - x - x 2 - x3 - ....  8  
2 4 40


3 9 81 3!

Putting x =.1 in the above expansion we have

1 
= 1 + x + × x2 + × x + ...
(1 - 2(.1) ) -= 
5 5 25 40 125 3
1 -(.1) - 2 - 3 ... 4  12 81 8 × 64 
1/3 2 4 40
(.1) (.1) 9 64
3 9 81

=+ x + x + x + ....
1 5 125 2 625 3
=1 - - - ( 40 ×.001 =
.2 .04 .04
... .04) 4 48 2304 20736
3 9 81

 5 
-2/3
≈ 1 - .06666 - .00444 - .00049
- = = .92841 The expansion of 1 - x 
5
x <1
 8 
1 .07159 is valid when
8

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coeicient of x n = (-1)(-1) n-1 n + (-1) n (n + 1)

x <1 ⇒ x <
5 8
or
= (-1) n n + (-1) n (n + 1)
8 5

=-
( 1) n [n + (n + 1)]
3
Example 4: Evaluate 30 correct to three places of decimal.

= (30)= (27 + 3) - =
( 1)+.(2
1
3 1/3
Solution: 30 3 1)

  3   1
= 27 1 +   =(27) 1 + 
1/3 1/3 Example 6: If x is so small that its cube and higher power can be neglected, show that
  27    9
1/3

1- x
≈ 1 - x + x2
1
1+ x
 1
= 3 1 + 
1/3 2

 9 1- x
-= + (1 x) -1/2
1+ x
Solution: (1 x)1/2
  1  2  1  2  5  
 1 1  3  - 3   1 2  -  -  1 3
3  3  3    
=3 1 + . +   
  +   +   11    1  1  
 9 9   1  -    1  -  - -  
...
= 1 + (- x) + 
2 2 
(- x) 2 + ... 1 +  -  x + 
2  2  2
  x + ...
3 9 2! 3! 1 1

 2   2 
   
2! 2!
 1 1 1  1  2 5  1 3   1  1  
= 3 1 + . -   +   + ... = 3 1 + -   + ...
2

 3 9 9  9  81  9    27  27    1  1 
=1 - x - x 2 + ... 1 - x + x 2 + ...
≈ 3[1 + .03704 - .001372 ] 3[1.035668 ] 3.107004
1 3
= =  2 8  2 8 
 1 3   1 1  1 
= 1 - x + x 2  +  - x + x 2  - x 2 + ...
Thus 30 ≈ 3.107  2 8   2 4  8 
1- x 1 1 3 1 1
Example 5: Find the coeicient of xn in the expansion of
(1 + x) 2 =1 -  +  x +  + -  x 2 + ...
2 2 8 4 8
1- x
=(1 - x)(1 + x) -2
(1 + x) ≈1- x +
Solution: 2 1 2
x

(-2)(-3) 2 (-2)(-3)...(-2 - r + 1) r
2
= (- x + 1)[1 + (-2) x + x + .... + x + ...]
2! r! Example 7: If m and n are nearly equal, show that
= (- x + 1)[1 + (-1)2 x + (-1) 3 x + ... + (-1) × (r + 1) x + ...]
 5m - 2 n  n+m
2 2 r r

  ≈ +
1/3
m
= (- x + 1)[1 + (-1)2 x + (-1) 2 3 x 2 + .... + (-1) n-1 nx n-1 + (-1) n (n + 1) x n + ...]  3n  m + 2n 3n
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Solution: Put m = n + h (here h is so small that its square and higher powers can be neglected)
Example 8: Identify the series: 1 + + + + ... as a binomial expansion and ind its sum
1 1.3 1.3.5
 5m - 2n   5(n + h) - 2n   3n + 5h 
=
= =      
1/3 1/3 1/3
3 3.6 3.6.9
 3n     3n 
L.H.S.
3n
Solution: Let the given series be identical with.

 5h  n(n - 1) 2 n(n - 1)(n - 2) 3

= 1 +  1 + nx + x + x + ...
1/3

 3n 
(A)
2! 3!

≈1+
5h We know that (A) is expansion of (1+x)n for I x l< 1 and n is not a positive integer. Now
(neglecting square and higher powers of h) (i)
9h comparing the given series with (A) we get:

n+m nx =
= +
m 1
m + 2n
R.H.S. (i)
3n 3

n + h 2n + h n(n - 1) 2 1.3
= + x =
3n + h
(ii)
3n 2! 3.6
From (i), x =
1
 
( n + h)  1   2
3n
h 
= + +    Now substitution of x =
1
3n  1 + h   3 3n 
in (ii) gives

 3n 
3n

n(n - 1)  1  1 n(n - 1) 1
1 h  2 h  =
=
-1
. 
2

=(n + h) 1 +  +  + 
1
2!  3n  6
or .
3n  3n   3 3n 
2! 9n 2 6

 1 h   2 h 
=  + 1 - + ...  +  +  n - 1 =3n ⇒ n =-
h
 3 3n  3n   3 3n 
1
or
2
Putting n = -
1  h h   2 h
1
in (iii), we get
=  +  - +  + ... + +
2
 3  9n 3n   3 3n
x= = -
1 2
≈ 1+  1
3 - 
5h
(neglecting square and higher powers of h) (ii) 3
 2
9n

  2   2
-1/2 -1/2

Thus the given series is the expansion of 1 +  -   or 1 - 

From (i) and (ii), we have the result.
  3   3

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 2 1 2
-1/2 - n - 1 = 3n ⇒ n = -
1
Hence the sum of the given series =
-1 =  =
1

 
or 2(n - 1) = 6n or
 3 3
(3)1/2 2
Putting n = -
1
= 3
in (iii), we get
2

1 4 1.3  4  1.3.5  4 
Example 9: For y =+   + + x= = -
2 3
2 4
2 9  22.2!  9  23.3!  9   1
...
9 - 
9
show that 5y2 + 10y - 4 = 0  2

1 4 1.3  4  1.3.5  4   4 5 9

-1/2 -1/2

Solution: y =+
   +  + 1 + y = 1 -  =  = 
2 3 1/2

2 9  4.2!  9  8.3!  9   9 9 5

... (A) Thus

=
3
Adding 1 to both sides of (A), we obtain 5

1  4  1.3  4  1.3.5  4  5(1 + y ) =

1 + y =1 +   +   +   + ...
2 3
or (iv)
2  9  4.2!  9  8.3!  9 
(B) 3
Squaring both the sides of (iv), we get
Let the series on the right side of (B) be identical with 5(1 + 2y + y2) = 9

n(n - 1) 2 n(n - 1)(n - 2) 3 5y2 + 10y - 4 = 0

1 + nx + x + x + ...
or
2! 3!
which is the expansion of (1+x )n for| x | < 1 and n is not a positive integer. On comparing Exercise 8.3
terms of both the series, we get
Expand the following upto 4 terms, taking the values of x such that the expansion in
1 4
1.
nx = . 
2 9
(i) each case is valid.

n(n - 1) 2 1.3  4  (1 - x)1/2 (1 + 2 x) -1 (1 + x) -1/3 (4 - 3 x)1/2

x =  
2
i) ii) iii) iv)
4.2!  9 
(ii)
2!
From (i), x = (1 - x) -1 1 + 2x
2
v) (8 - 2 x) -1
(2 - 3 x) -2
(iii)
(1 + x) 2 1- x
9n vi) vii) viii)
Substituting x =
2

(1 - 2 x + 3x )
in (ii), we get
(4 + 2 x)1/2
(1 + x - 2 x )
9n 1 1

n(n - 1)  2  3 16 n(n - 1) 4 2- x
2 2 2 2

=
=
ix) x) xi)
. 
2
3 16
 9n  8 81
. or . .
2 2 81n 2 8 81

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2. Using Binomial theorem ind the value of the following to three places of decimals. 5. If x is so small that its cube and higher power can be neglected, then show that

1+ x
1 1

1 - x - 2 x2 ≈ 1 - x - x2 ≈ 1 + x + x2
3
i) 99 ii) (.98) 2
iii) (1.03) 3
iv) 65 1 9 1
1- x
i) ii)
2 8 2
4 5 1 1
v) 17 vi) 31 vii) viii)
If x is very nearly equal 1, then prove that px p - qx q ≈ ( p - q ) x p + q
3 5
998 252
-
1 1 6.
7 1
If p - q is small when compared with p or q, show that
ix) x) (.998) 3
xi) 6
xii) (1280) 4
8 486 7.

(2n + 1) p + (2n - 1))q  p + q 

3. Find the coeicient of xn in the expansion of
≈ 
1/ n

1 + x2 (1 + x) 2 (1 + x)3 (2n - 1) p + (2n + 1)q  2q 

(1 + x) 2 (1 - x) 2 (1 - x) 2
i) ii) iii)

  n+ N
(1 + x) Show that   ≈ -
1/2

(1 - x + x - x + ...)
n 8n
 2(n + N )  9n - N
where n and N are nearly equal.
2
8.
(1 - x)3
2 3 2
iv) v) 4n

9. Identify the following series as binomial expansion and ind the sum in each case.
4. If x is so small that its square and higher powers can be neglected, then show that
1  1  1.3  1  1.3.5  1 
1- x 1 + 2x 1-   +   -   + ...
2 3

≈1- x ≈1+ x 2  4  2!4  4  3!8  4 

3 3 i)
1+ x 1- x
i) ii)

1  1  1.3  1  1.3.5  1 
2 2
1-   +   -   + ...
2 3

(9 + 7 x) - (16 + 3 x) 2  2  2.4  2  2.4.6  2 

ii)
-
1/2 1/4
1 17
4 + 5x 1+ + + + ...
iii)  x 3 3.5 3.5.7
4 384 iii)
4 4.8 4.8.12
4+ x 1 1 1.3  1  1.3.5  1 
≈2+ x 1- . +   -   + ...
2 3
25
(1 - x) 2 3 2.4  3  2.4.6  3 
iv) 3 iv)
4

(1 + x)1/2 (4 - 3 x)3/2  5x 
≈ 4 1 -  Use binomial theorem to show that 1 + + + + ... =2
(8 + 5x)  6 
v) 1 1.3 1.3.5
1/3 10.
4 4.8 4.8.12

(1 - x) (9 - 4 x) 1 1.3  1  1.3.5  1 
≈ - x If+y =+  +   ..., then prove that y 2 + 2 y - 2 - 0
2 3

3 2!  3  3!  3 
1/2 1/2
3 61
(8 + 3 x)1/3
vi) 11.
2 48
If 2 y =
+2 + +. 6 ... then prove that 4 y 2 + 4 y - 1 =
1 1.3 1 1.3.5 1
4 - x + (8 - x)
12. . 4 0
≈2-
1/3
1 2 2! 2 3! 2
(8 - x)1/3 2 1.3  2  1.3.5  2 
vii) x
If+ y =+.  +  ... then prove that y 2 + 2 y - 4 =
2 3
12
5 2!  5  3!  5 
13. 0

version: 1.1 version: 1.1

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