CONCRETE AND MASONRY

WORKS

Melchor M. Famisan, CE, D. Eng. 1

TOPIC OUTLINE
1. Concrete Works
 Footings
 Columns
 Beams and girders
 Wall footings
 Slab
2. Masonry Works
 Concrete Hollow Block
 Mortar for filler, CHB laying, and plastering

Melchor M. Famisan, CE, D. Eng. 2

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, the students shall be able to:
 Identify the materials and proportioning of concrete
mixtures of the different structural members as described
in specifications.
Estimate the required quantity of materials for concrete
under the different structural members.
Estimate the required quantity of materials for masonry
walls

Melchor M. Famisan, CE, D. Eng. 3

CONCRETE WORKS
Concrete is an artificial stone as a result of mixing cement, fine aggregate,
coarse aggregate and water (Fajardo, M., 2000).
Concrete is a mixture of cement paste, fine and coarse aggregates.
(Tagayun, V., 2002)
AGGREGATES
 Coarse Aggregate can be a natural gravel or a crushed stone with
particles retained on Sieve #4.
 Fine Aggregate can be a natural sand or crushed stone with particles
finer than Sieve #4.
ADMIXTURES IN CONCRETE
 Admixtures may be added during the preparation of the concrete. These
are substances mix in concrete to improve the workability of the
concrete, to increase its water proof characteristics, and to accelerate or
retard its setting time.
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Concrete mixture can be specified as either designed mixture or prescribed
mixture.
 When the designing engineer specify the mixture proportion and that the
contractor’s responsibility is only to provide a properly mixed concrete in
accordance with the prescribed proportion, it is called Prescribed Mixture. In
this method, the concrete mixtures are identified by its classes as follows:

Table 1: Concrete Proportion

Class of Cement: Sand: Gravel Probable strength Cement in bag Sand Gravel
Concrete by volume after 28 days 40 kg 50 kg cu. m. cu. m.

Class AA 1 : 1-1/2 : 3 3500 – 4000 psi 12.0 9.5 0.5 1.0

Class A 1:2:4 2500 – 3000 psi 9.0 7.0 0.5 1.0

Class B 1 : 2-1/2 : 5 1500 – 2000 psi 7.5 6.0 0.5 1.0

Class C 1:3:6 500 – 1000 psi 6.0 5.0 0.5 1.0

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 Proportioning concrete by volume method has long been a practice in almost all
types of construction. However, for construction where space for materials
stock piling and mixing does not permit, or when the contractor is responsible
in establishing the mixture proportion that will achieve the required strength
as reflected in the specifications, the ready-mixed concrete is the most practical
solution and it is called as Design Mixture.
 It is interesting to note that the volume of sand and gravel of mixture is
constant at 0.50 and 1.0 cubic meters, respectively regardless of the class of
concrete. It is true, on the assumption that the cement paste enters the voids of
the sand, and at the same instance, the composition of these two materials
(called mortar) fill the voids of the gravel to form a solid mass called concrete
equivalent to one cubic meter.
 Based on actual concreting work, one cubic meter of gravel plus one-half cubic
meter of sand mixed with cement and water will obtain more than one cubic
meter of solid concrete. The small excess over one cubic meter will be
considered as contingency.

Melchor M. Famisan, CE, D. Eng. 6

ESTIMATING PROCEDURE
1. Compute the volume of the concrete in cubic meters based on the
plans and detailed drawings.
2. Verify the “class” or concrete mixture used for each of the concrete
members being estimated from the construction specifications.
3. Using Table 1, compute the required quantity of cement, sand and
gravel.

 FOUNDATION PLAN

 ROOF FRAMING PLAN

 SPECIFICATIONS

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SAMPLE PROBLEM
Given the foundation plan, details of column-footing, wall-footing, and roof beam
of a residential building, determine the bill of quantities for concrete works
considering the concrete mixture as indicated in the following structural elements:
 Footings (class A)
 Columns (class A)
 Roof beams (class A)
 Wall-footing (class B)
 Floor slab (class B).

Foundation Plan
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Roof Beam Details

Details of Column-Footing
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Details of Wall Footing

Melchor M. Famisan, CE, D. Eng. 10

MASONRY WORKS
 Concrete Hollow Block is popularly known as CHB. It is manufactured in
a variety of sizes, shapes, and textures for various needs and
convenience in masonry construction. They can be classified as load
bearing (those CHB having a thickness of 15 cm or 20 cm), and non-
load bearing blocks (those CHB having a thickness of 10 cm). They can
also be classified as decorative or non-decorative.
 CHB wall generally comprises the following materials:
 Concrete hollow blocks
 Cement and sand for seating/block laying
 Cement and coarse sand with or without gravel for filler of the
hollow core
 Cement and fine sand for plastering
 Cement, sand and gravel for wall footing
 Reinforcing bars and tie wires

Melchor M. Famisan, CE, D. Eng. 11

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ESTIMATING PROCEDURE
1. Determine the dimensions of the wall and the openings from the
foundation plan, details of wall footing and elevation drawings.
2. Verify the following from the construction specifications:
 Size/type of CHB used for exterior walls, partitions and other interior
walls.
 Prescribed mixture for block laying and filler of CHB
 Prescribed mixture for plastering
3. Find the net area of the wall.
4. Compute the required number of CHB by multiplying the net area by 12.5.
5. Use Table #2 to determine the required materials of mortar for block
laying and filler of CHB.
6. Compute the exposed total surface area of the wall.
7. Calculate the required materials for plastering using Table #3.

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Table 2: Quantity of cement and sand for CHB mortar per square meter
Bags of Cement
Size of CHB Number of (Class Mixture) Sand (cu.
(cm) CHB per sq.m. m.)
A (1:2) B (1:3) C (1:4) D (1:5)
10 × 20 × 40 12.5 0.792 0.522 0.394 0.328 0.0435
15 × 20 × 40 12.5 1.526 1.018 0.763 0.633 0.0844
20 × 20 × 40 12.5 2.260 1.500 1.125 0.938 0.1250

Table 3: Quantity of cement and sand for plaster per square meter of surface area
Cement in Bags
Mixture Class Thickness of Plaster
8 mm 12 mm 16 mm 20 mm 25 mm
A 0.144 0.216 0.288 0.360 0.450
B 0.096 0.144 0.192 0.240 0.300
C 0.072 0.108 0.144 0.180 0.225
D 0.060 0.090 0.120 0.150 0.188
Sand 0.008 0.012 0.016 0.020 0.025
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SAMPLE PROBLEM
The perimeter wall as shown is 2.0 meters high above the ground. Assuming 2 layers of CHB
is embedded on the ground, determine the quantities of materials required for the masonry
works of the perimeter wall. Other given data are as follows:
 Size of CHB = 4” × 8" × 16“
 Thickness of finishing (both sides) = 12 mm
 Mixture of mortar: Class B
 Mixture of Plastering: Class B
 Size of column = 300 mm × 300 mm

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REFERENCES
 Dagostino, Frank R. and Peterson, Steven J. (2011).
Estimating in Building Construction, 7th edition. New
Jersey: Prentice Hall
 Fajardo, Max Jr. (2000). Simplified Construction Estimate.
Philippines: Merchandising Publisher.
 Tagayun, Vicente A. (2002). Estimating Bill of Materials:
Sta. Mesa, Manila

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