223-60220B

Apr. 2016

GC Getting Started Guide 1 Start Up.................................12

2 Set the Instrument Parameters..... 18

3 Single Run.............................25

4 Data Analysis........................27

5 Realtime Batch......................33
Create a Batch Table.......................................33
Realtime Batch Processing..............................38

6 Multiple Data Analysis...........42

7 ShutDown..............................50
NOTICES
• All rights reserved, including those to reproduce this manual or parts
thereof in any form without permission from Shimadzu Corporation.

• The information in this manual is subject to change without notice and does
not represent a commitment on the part of the vendor.

• Any errors or omissions which may have occurred in this manual despite
the utmost care taken in its production will be corrected as soon as
possible, although not necessarily immediately after detection.

• Maintenance parts for this product are provided for seven years after
production has stopped. Please note that we may not be able to provide
maintenance parts after this period. However, for parts that are not genuine
Shimadzu parts, the period of provision is determined by the manufacturer.

• The contents of the hard disk in a PC can be lost due to an accident.

Backup your hard disk to protect your important data from accidents.

• If the user or usage location changes, ensure that this Instruction Manual is
always kept together with the product.

©2010-2016 Shimadzu Corporation. All rights reserved.

2
Types of Manuals
Five Instruction Manuals are provided with LabSolutions.
You can also display the [Help] menu to confirm the meanings
and setting ranges of parameters.
The following shows how to make full use of the manuals.

„„Getting Started Guide

This manual is for first-time users.
Follow the sequence of procedures in this guide to gain
an understanding of basic LabSolutions operations.

„„Operators Guide „„System Users Guide

This manual gives comprehensive This manual is for system
information about overall administrators.
This manual describes system
data acquisition operations in
administration and data
LabSolutions, such as system management.
configuration, data analysis, batch
processing, and report functions.

„„Data Acquisition & „„Installation &

Processing Theory Guide Maintenance Guide
This manual describes peak This manual describes installation
detection and quantitation of sample and maintenance of the LabSolutions
software.
components (for advanced users).

The meanings of symbols used in this manual are

as follows.
„„Help
Useful advice for convenient
Refer to [Help] to learn more about b instrument operation
the displayed sub-window.
Shows where to refer to in the
Click the on-screen [Help] button B Operators Guide
or the [F1] key on the keyboard to
display [Help].

3
What LabSolutions Can Do
LabSolutions software is very easy to use, while incorporating high-grade functions.
It provides powerful support for automating and improving the efficiency of sequential
data acquisition and analysis operations.
Use LabSolutions to perform the following functions.

• Control of analytical instruments and data acquisition

• Data analysis and viewing of data
• Creation and printing of various customizable reports

System Structure
This Getting Started Guide describes data acquisition operations with the assumption
that the system includes the following instruments.

Gas Chromatograph GC-2030 / GC-2010

• Autosampler AOC-20i

• Split/Splitless Injection unit (SPL)

• Capillary column: Stabilwax 30 m × 0.32 mm I.D, 0.5 µm-thick film

• Flame ionization detector (FID)

4
File Types

Data file (.gcd)

This file contains all analysis results and acquisition information from the following files.

Method file (.gcm) Batch file (.gcb) Report format file (.lsr)

Acquisition conditions, This file is used for This file is used to print
analysis conditions, continuous data acquisition data acquisition results.
calibration curve information, of sequential samples.
and etc.

5
-Checks Before Operation-

Data Acquisition Flow

STEP 1 STEP 2
Set Up the Data
Conditions Acquisition

Set up the data acquisition When you have finished setting up the data
acquisition conditions,
conditions to suit the
component to be measured. start off by acquiring the data.
Before starting data acquisition, set up the data On LabSolutions, the operation of analysis samples
acquisition conditions on LabSolutions. one at a time is called "single run".
For the data analysis operations described in this
manual, set as follows: To evaluate the data acquisition conditions, change
Column oven 50 °C (3 min retention) the data acquisition conditions, measure standard
temperature → 150 °C (2 min retention) samples and unknown samples, and check the
(temperature rise speed 10 °C/min) separation state of the target component.

Injection unit 250 °C

Perform data acquisition on other samples using
temperature
the data acquisition conditions that provided the
Carrier gas He, linear velocity 40 cm/sec, optimum separation state.
linear velocity mode

Sample injection Split method

B 3 single run P.25

method

Split ratio 1:25

Detector 250 °C
temperature

Sample Alcohol mixed samples, 100, 500 and

1000 ppm standard samples, and 2
unknown samples

6
Setting up the data acquisition conditions and
optimizing the data processing parameters are
important for obtaining better data acquisition results.
This section describes the basic flow of data analysis.

STEP 3 STEP 4
Realtime
Analysis
Batch

Process the acquired data, and Perform data acquisition on

apply the analysis conditions. sequential samples together.

Normally, multiple data is analyzed to determine Realtime batch is performed to measure sequential
peak integration conditions so that consistent results samples continuously when the data acquisition
(e.g. repeatability of retention time and peak area, conditions have been fixed by performing a single
detection limits of target components, and linearity) run.
can be acquired.

When the data analysis conditions have been fixed,

quantitative calculation (i.e. investigation as to how
B 5 Realtime Batch P.33
much of the target component is contained in the
sample) is performed on the unknown sample based B 6 Multiple Data Analysis P.42
on the data analysis results of the acquired standard
sample.

To perform quantitation, a calibration curve must be

made from the known concentrations and peak area
values of the standard samples. This calibration
curve is used to calculate the concentration of the
unknown sample.

B 4 Data Analysis P.27

7
LabSolutions Main Window
[Instruments]
The analytical instruments connected to the PC are displayed as icons.

Double-click to start the [Realtime Analysis] program where data

acquisition settings are set and data is acquired.

[Postrun]
Displays the icons for the [Postrun Analysis] program
(data analysis), and the [Browser] program
(chromatogram display and quantitative calculation of
results).

[Administration]
Displays the icons of the system administration
programs for setting security policies, user
administration and the log browser.

[Manual]
Displays the icons for the various PDF manuals and
Help menu provided with LabSolutions.

LabSolutions Main Programs and Main Windows

[Realtime Analysis] [Postrun Analysis] [Browser]

program program program

[Quant Browser]
[Realtime Batch] window
[Data Acquisition] [Data Analysis]
window for analyzing data
window window
for realtime batch from multiple
for acquiring data for analyzing data
processing
samples

8
1

LabSolutions Windows 3
2
The following example describes the
[Realtime Analysis] program window.

4
1
Title Bar
This bar displays the names of the current program, window, loaded file, and other information.

Menu Bar
This bar displays the current window and menus that are available based on the operating rights of the current user.

Toolbar
This bar displays icons of frequently used menu items and icons for operating analytical instruments.

2 3
Assistant Bar Data Explore Window
This bar displays This sub-window In the [Realtime Analysis] program, [Data Acquisition],
icons for frequently displays the names [Realtime Batch] and other windows are displayed as icons
used data acquisition of files in the selected on the assistant bar.
operations. folder. In the [Postrun Analysis] program, [Data Analysis],
[Calibration Curve], [Report Format] and other windows are
displayed. Switch the windows by clicking the icons on the
assistant bar. Instrument Monitor (right side of the window)
check the acquisition conditions and connections.

4
Output Window
This window displays an operation history and error messages that occur.

9
How to Open Windows

Set the Data Acquisition Parameters and Execute a Single Run:

Open the [Data Acquisition] window from the main window.
B 2 Set
P.18
the Instrument Parameters

B 3 Single Run P.25

2 ▼[Realtime Analysis] program
1

▼[Data Acquisition] window

▲Main Window

Continuous Data Acquisition of Sequential Samples:

Open the [Realtime Batch] window from the main window.

B 5 Realtime Batch P.33

2 ▼[Realtime Analysis] program
1

▼[Realtime Batch] window

▲Main Window

10
Data Analysis and Quantitative Calculations:
Open the [Data Analysis] window from the main window.

B 4 Data Analysis P.27

2
▼[Postrun Analysis] program
1
▼[Data Analysis] window
3

▲Main Window

Multiple Data Analysis and Quantitative Calculations:

Open the [Quant Browser] window from the main window.

B 6 Multiple Data Analysis P.42

2
▼[Browser] program
1
▼[Quant Browser] window
3

▲Main Window

11
1
Chapter
Start Up
This chapter describes how to start up LabSolutions.

$$ Refer to "GC Data Acquisition" in Operators Guide for details on the "Data Acquisition"
window.

1 Supply gas to the GC.

Open the main valve of the carrier gas and other gases to supply gas to the GC.

2 Turn the GC and peripheral devices on.

3 Turn the PC and printer on.

Verify that the [LabSolutions Service] icon in the systray on the taskbar is green after
the PC starts up.

If the icon is yellow, this means that LabSolutions is in the process of starting up.
Wait a while.
If the icon is red, this means that an error has occurred. Restart the PC.

12
1 Start Up

4 Double-click
The [Login] sub-window opens.
on the desktop.

5 Log in.

1
Enter "Admin".

6 Open the [Realtime Analysis] program.

1 2

Continued on the following page

13
7 Open the [Data Acquisition] window.
DD Click here if the [Main] assistant bar is not
displayed.

8 Check the status.

In a normal state, [Not Ready] or [Ready] is displayed

for the status.
Follow the recommendations below if
[Not Connected] is displayed.
• Ensure that the power is ON.
• Ensure that instruments are connected correctly.
• Ensure that the system configuration settings are
correct.

B P.16 for details.

14
1 Start Up

9 Start the GC.

This message sometimes

is not displayed.

Make sure that [Ready] is displayed

for the status after the GC temperature
and other preset values are reached.

15
LabSolutions

S UPPLEMENT
"I want to connect to the system."
"I want to change the system configuration."
In such cases

Re-Set the System Configuration.

1 Open the [System Configuration] sub-window.

here if the [Main] assistant bar is not
DD Click
displayed.

The [System Configuration] sub-window opens.

16
1 Start Up

2 Set up communications.
There are 3 types of connection, RS-232C cable, USB cable and LAN cable, between
the system controller and the PC.

The [Instrument] sub-window opens.

Select communication system.

[RS-232C] : Select [COM Port].
[Ethernet] : Input [IP Address].
[USB] : Select [Serial Number] from [List...].
Select the GC to use. Click

4
2 3

5
Click here to display each instrument currently
connected to the GC at [Modules Used for Analysis]
in the [System Configuration] sub-window.

3 Check that the system configuration is correct.

1
Double-click the unit,
and set the properties
of each unit.

Click here to send the settings to the GC.

17
2
Chapter
Set the Instrument Parameters
The data acquisition method (instrument parameters) are saved to the method file after
they have been set in [Control Panel] in the [Data Acquisition] window.
This chapter explains how to set the instrument parameters.

1 Open the [Data Acquisition] window.

This part is called control panel. The instrument

status can be checked and the instrument
parameters can be edited.

DD Switching Display Settings

In the [Display Settings of Instrument Parameter View] sub-window, you can select displaying
either the control panel or the instrument parameter view.
In case of GC-2030, you can switch [View Mode] ([Instrument Monitor] or [Instrument
Parameter]) on the [Control Panel].

18
2 Set the Instrument Parameters

2 Click [Column] image on the [Control Panel].

Click here to open the [Column] tab

of [Method Editor] window.

3 Edit the time table for the column temperature program.

Rate Temperature Hold time

0 - 50.0 3.00
1 10.00 150.0 2.00

Continued on the following page

19
4 Click other unit image and edit parameters.

SPL
Temperature : 250 ºC

AOC-20i
Injection Volume: 1.0 μL

FID
Temperature : 250 ºC

1 3

DD In[Method
case ofEditor]window
GC-2030, you can select unit from the explorer bar at the left side of

In case of GC-2010, you can select unit by clicking tab on the [Method editor]window.

20
2 Set the Instrument Parameters

5 Save the data acquisition conditions.

The folder initially displayed here is the
default folder.
To change the default folder,
$$ "Default Folder and Change the
Default Folder" P.24

Enter "Tutorial_Method".

2 3

Click here to download the data

acquisition conditions to the instrument.

21
LabSolutions

S UPPLEMENT Baseline Check

By the baseline check, you can check whether or not noise and drift values on the
baseline are within the preset time and at the threshold or below.
Baseline check parameters are saved in the method file.

1 Set [Baseline Check Parameters].

2
3
4

Set both [Noise] and [Drift] to , and enter

[Start], [End] and [Threshold].

DD Intime
thewhen
[Baseline Check] sub-window, the noise calculation method can be changed, and the maximum delay
the result of the baseline check is [Fail] within the preset time. B Help for details.

2 Perform the baseline check.

After measurement ends, the check results are displayed in [Baseline Check Results] sub-window and
[Output Window].
[Output Window]

Baseline Check Results

22
2 Set the Instrument Parameters

LabSolutions
Slope Test
S UPPLEMENT By performing the Slope Test, the peak detection sensitivity (Slope value) of peak
integration parameters can be automatically set from the status of the noise and
drift appearing on the chromatogram before data acquisition.
The slope value obtained by the slope test is effective when performing
isothermal analysis. This section describes the Slope Test.

DD • Slope values refer to the numerical values for determining the peak start and end points.
To be more precise, the peak start point is judged when a ascent slope exceeds the preset
value, and, alternatively, the peak end point is judged when a descent slope falls below the
preset value.
• Optimum Slope values can be obtained from the data by the Slope Test.

This menu is displayed by right-clicking

on [Chromatogram View].
The measurement result is
displayed when the test ends.
1

To apply the measurement

result to the peak integration
parameters, click here.

DD To
make preset values clearer, set a value rounded up to the
nearest integer larger than the displayed slope value.
For example, set "200" for "195.218".

23
LabSolutions

S UPPLEMENT Default Folder and

Change the Default Folder

This folder is the default

folder.

Set this sub-window when changing

the folder or creating a new folder.

24
3 Single Run

3
Chapter
Single Run
This chapter describes the operation of measuring a standard sample once only (single
run) using a saved method file "Tutorial_Method.gcm".
First, perform single run using a standard sample.

1 Open the [Data Acquisition] window.

2 Open the [Single Run] sub-window.

The [Single Run] sub-window opens.

Continued on the following page

25
3 Set the conditions for a single run.
In this example, set the conditions for pouring 100 ppm of alcohol mixed sample into
vial No. 1 on the auto-sampler, and injecting that sample.

1
Enter "Test".

2
Vial# : 1

3
Click here to start the acquisition.

The status changes

DD Data acquisition automatically ends to when data
when the [Stop Time] (15.00 min) set in acquisition ends.
the method file is exceeded.

DD Click here to cancel data

acquisition midway.

26
4 Data Analysis

4
Chapter
Data Analysis
After single run ends, check the data to see if the peaks have been detected correctly.
This chapter describes how to change the peak integration conditions of the data
file "Test.gcd" obtained by performing single run to optimize the peak integration
parameters.

1 Open the [Postrun Analysis] program.

2 Open the [Data Analysis] window.

DD Click here if the [Main] assistant bar is not
displayed.

The [Data Analysis] window opens. Continued on the following page

27
3 Display "Test.gcd".

Click on the [Data Explorer] sub-window, and

double-click "Test".

$$ Refer to "Data Analysis" chapter in Operators Guide for details on the "Data Analysis" window.

28
4 Data Analysis

4 Enter the peak integration parameters.

Click to edit each

parameter value.
Click to perform
processing on the data, and the
processing results are displayed
in [Chromatogram View] and
[Results View - Peak Table].

2 5 1
3
4
Width : 3 sec
Slope : 1000 uV/min

DD Width
values refer to the minimum half-width value (height 1/2 width) of the peak to detect.
Noise peaks are removed by optimizing the Width value.
Determine the start and end points of the peak by the Slope value.
The positions where the absolute values of the baseline slope become these values are the start and end
points of the peak.

$$ Refer to "Peak Integration Parameters" of the "Data Analysis" chapter in Operators Guide for
details on the Peak Integration Parameters.

Continued on the following page

29
5 Enter the quantitative parameters.

DD Click to enlarge the

window.

ZOOM
UP

1
2
3
Quantitative Method : External Standard

# of Calib. Levels : 3
5
X Axis of Calib. Curve : Conc.

DD • The [External Standard] method involves calculating concentrations

from the peak area (height) of unknown samples using a calibration
curve made based on a standard sample.
• At [# of Calib. Levels], set the number of concentration points for the
standard sample required for creating the calibration curve.
• When creating calibration curves with the least squares method, set
[X Axis of Calib. Curve] to [Conc.].

30
4 Data Analysis

6 Fill in the Compound Table.

ZOOM
UP

3
1
2

Click to
Name Type Ret. Time Conc.(1) Conc.(2) Conc.(3) change the cell
background color to
1-Propylalcohol Target 5.754 100.000 500.000 1000.000
yellow to fix the newly
Isobutylalcohol Target 6.674 100.000 500.000 1000.000 edited parameters.
Isoamylalcohol Target 8.705 100.000 500.000 1000.000

DD •• The result obtained by performing data acquisition is used for [Ret. Time].
Selecting the [Ret. Time] cell, and clicking the peak in [Chromatogram View] automatically
enters the retention time of that peak to the currently selected [Ret. Time] cell.
The retention time can be set by simply clicking the mouse.

$$ Refer to "Compound Table Retention Times Using the Mouse" of the "Data Analysis" chapter in Operators
Guide for details on setting retention times.

Continued on the following page

31
7 Save the processing results to a data file.
Click here to save the processing results
to "test.gcd".

8 Save the method file.

Click here to open the [Save Method As] Click here to save the new
sub-window. data processing parameters
to "Tutorial_Method.gcm".

4
6
2 5

Select "Tutorial_Method".

3
Set to

DD To
use saved data processing parameters for other data, perform either of the following operations to save the
new data processing parameters to the method file (in this example, "Tutorial_Method.gcm").
• Click [Save Data and Method File] on the [File] menu.

• Click (Apply to Method) on the [Data Analysis] assistant bar (operation in step 8 above).

32
5 Realtime Batch

5
Chapter
Realtime Batch
To perform data acquisition continuously on multiple samples (realtime batch), a Batch
Table must first be created. Batch Tables can be easily created by using the table easy
setting feature of LabSolutions.

5.1 Create a Batch Table

In the following example, create a Batch Table with standard samples set to 1st to 9th
rows, and unknown samples set to the 10th and 11th rows.

1 Open the [Realtime Analysis] program.

1 2

2 Open the [Realtime Batch] window.

DD Click here if the [Main] assistant bar is not
displayed.

The [Realtime Batch] window opens. Continued on the following page

33
3 Edit the Batch Table.
Set [Standard] to .
Vial# : 1 to 3
Injection Volume : 1 µL
Repetitions : 3
Select [New]. Data File : Tutorial_Std

3
1
4

5
Set [Unknown] to . Click here to create a
Vial# : 4 to 5 Batch Table made up
Injection Volume : 1 µL of 11 rows.
Data File : Tutorial_Unk

DD • In Batch Tables, you can set the sample information of each sample and output of reports.

$$ Refer
to "Edit Batch Tables" of the "Realtime Batch" chapter, "Edit Batch Tables" of the
"Calibration Curves" chapter in Operators Guide for details on the editing batch tables.

• When performing cleanup, enter "-1" in [Vial#] if the autosampler is used.

34
5 Realtime Batch

4 Copy a cell.
1
2
Select here.

3
4

5 Enter a numbered series.

Select here.

1 2

3
4

Continued on the following page

35
6 Directly enter remaining items to the Batch Table to
create the Batch Table shown below.

7 Save the batch file.

Enter "Tutorial_Batch".

2 3

36
5 Realtime Batch

LabSolutions

S UPPLEMENT
Create Batch Table Using
Quick Batch
You can also create a Batch Table using quick batch.

Enter the sample Select a sample type

information. and vials.

2 3

4 Click here to add settings to a Batch Table.

In this figure, a Batch Table for the standard
sample (vial 1) and unknown samples (vial
2-4) is created.

Start realtime batch.

$$ Refer to Helb for details on operations ando the applicable mobile.

DD When [(Auto Filename)] is displayed in the [Data File Name] field, you cannot directly enter a data
file name. To enter a data file name directly, click [Settings] in the [Quick Batch] sub-window.
On the [Data File Name] tab page in the displayed
[Settings] sub-window, clear the [Create filenames
automatically with] checkbox.

37
5.2 Realtime Batch Processing
Execute realtime batch using the Batch Table you created.

1 Place the samples in the autosampler.

Vial 1 (level 1) Alcohol mixed sample 100 ppm solution (standard solution)

Vial 2 (level 2) Alcohol mixed sample 500 ppm solution (standard solution)

Vial 3 (level 3) Alcohol mixed sample 1000 ppm solution (standard solution)

Vial 4 Liquor (unknown sample)

Vial 5 Whiskey (unknown sample)

2 Start realtime batch processing.

1 Click here to open the [Realtime Batch] and [Data

Acquisition] windows simultaneously, and starts
data acquisition from the 1st row of the Batch Table.

Click here to cancel data acquisition midway.

To edit the content of the Batch Table during
realtime batch, click to pause realtime batch.

38
5 Realtime Batch

LabSolutions

S UPPLEMENT
Print a Summary Report

1 Add items to display in the Batch Table.

1
2
3

4
Click here to add [Summary Type] and
[Summary Report Format File] to the DD The order of display items in the
items to display in the Batch Table. Batch Table can be changed by
clicking [Up] or [Down].

2 Set up the summary report.

2 Row Number : 1 to 3

3
6

Select "SummaryReport_4".

1 4
5

DD After
setting the summary report at Row Number: 1
to 3, set Row Number: 4 to 6, 7 to 9, and 10 and 11
in the same way.
Repeat step 2 onwards in the same order.

Continued on the following page

39
3 Check the output configuration of the summary report.

When you have finished the output configuration of the summary report, execute realtime batch to
print the summary report.

$$ Refer to "5.2 Realtime Batch Processing" P.38 for details on executing realtime batch.
[Printout Example]
Standard samples

40
5 Realtime Batch

Unknown samples

41
6
Chapter
Multiple Data Analysis
The LabSolutions [Browser] program is handy for checking the quantitative calculation
results and chromatograms of multiple data.
In the [Quant Browser] window of the [Browser] program, you can check multiple data,
and change the data processing parameters of the currently displayed method file to
modify calibration curves and perform postrun batch on multiple data.

$$ Refer to "Quant Browser" chapter in Operators Guide for details on the "Quant Browser"
window.

1 Open the [Browser] program.

2 Open the [Quant Browser] window.

Open the [Quant Browser] window.

42
6 Multiple Data Analysis

3 Load the batch file.

Drag and drop this file to display the

quantitative results data.

Continued on the following page

43
4 Confirm quantitative results.

44
6 Multiple Data Analysis

LabSolutions

S UPPLEMENT
Modify Calibration Curves

1 Confirm peak integration parameters.

Confirm the peak integration parameters when peak detection is inappropriate.

ZOOM
Click here to perform
UP
postrun batch on all data.

3
2 1

Make sure that these

values are appropriate.

Continued on the following page

45
2 Confirm identification parameters.
Confirm the identification parameters and Compound Table when peaks are not identified correctly.

ZOOM
UP

2 4 1
3

Make sure that these

values are appropriate.

3 Confirm the Compound Table.

ZOOM
UP

2 4 1
3

Make sure that these time

settings are appropriate.

46
6 Multiple Data Analysis

4 Confirm calibration points.

ZOOM Confirm the calibration curve.

UP
2

Make sure that the

calibration point on the
1st row is set to .

5 Save the method file and data file.

47
LabSolutions

S UPPLEMENT
Export Quantitative Calculation Results
This section describes how to save quantitative calculation results as a text file.

Select [Output File], and

2 enter "QuantitativeResult"
as the file name.

Select [Items Displayed on

3 the Screen].

4 Select [All IDs].

Click here to save the "QuantResult.txt"

file in the Sample folder.

$$ Refer to "Export the Quantitative Results" of the "Quant Browser" chapter in Operators Guide for details on
exporting quantitative results.

48
6 Multiple Data Analysis

LabSolutions

S UPPLEMENT
Print the Quantitative Results Table
To print a browser report, select [Print] at [Print Table] on the [File] menu.

DD Select
[Edit Format] from
[Print Table] on the [File]
menu to edit the report
format.

49
7
Chapter
ShutDown
Last of all, this chapter describes how to exit LabSolutions.

1 Stop the GC.

50
7 ShutDown

2 Select [Exit] when the oven has cooled down.

3 Click [Yes].

DD When
there is a file that has not yet been saved, a window to
confirm whether or not to save the file when exiting the [Realtime
Analysis] program opens.

Continued on the following page

51
4 Exit LabSolutions.
If the [Postrun Analysis] program or [Browser] program is open, click [Exit] on the [File]
menu of each program to exit the respective program.

5 Shutdown Windows, and turn the PC and printer off.

6 Turn the GC and peripheral devices off.

7 Close the main valve of the carrier gas and other gases.

52