Scribd
Upload
7 views

Nitration

Nitration is a chemical process that introduces nitro groups into organic compounds, crucial for producing various industrial chemicals. The process is primarily significant for aromatic compounds, leading to products like nitrobenzene, TNT, and nitroglycerin, which have applications in pharmaceuticals and explosives. Safety measures are essential during nitration due to the exothermic nature of the reactions and potential hazards.

Uploaded by

Marvin Angeles
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
7 views

Nitration

Nitration is a chemical process that introduces nitro groups into organic compounds, crucial for producing various industrial chemicals. The process is primarily significant for aromatic compounds, leading to products like nitrobenzene, TNT, and nitroglycerin, which have applications in pharmaceuticals and explosives. Safety measures are essential during nitration due to the exothermic nature of the reactions and potential hazards.

Uploaded by

Marvin Angeles
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 34

CHE332-V2

GROUP 1

ABAN, MARYTHEL
ALBURO, MARY IAZAH FAYE
ANGELES, MARVIN
ANGGOT, MARC KEEN JAY
Nitration is the class of chemical
processes that introduces the
nitro group into an organic
chemical compound. It plays a
crucial role in organic chemistry,
particularly in the production of
nitro compounds that serve as
precursors for various industrial
applications. General overview of the utility of nitration reactions
The term nitration is also sometimes misused to represent different
processes. The main difference between the final structure of nitrates
and nitro compounds is the nitrogen atom forms a chemical bond
with a non-oxygen atom, such as the carbon or other nitrogen atoms.
In the case of organic nitrates, the nitrogen is usually bonded with an
oxygen atom, which further has a bond to a carbon atom.
• Nitration involves replacing a hydrogen atom in an organic compound with one or more nitro groups (-NO₂).
• The reaction is typically exothermic and occurs at high temperatures, which can be dangerous due to the
large amount of heat released.
• Performing nitration on a large scale may lead to complications, as multiple nitrations can occur.
• To control the reaction and dissipate excess heat, systematic cooling is used.
• Continuous flow methods are often employed to improve selectivity and enhance safety during the reaction.
• For safety reasons, most nitration reactions are conducted at low temperatures.
• Nitration of aromatic compounds is more commercially significant than that of aliphatic compounds, as it is
essential in the production of various industrial chemicals.
Aromatic Nitration Aliphatic Nitration
Aromatic Nitration Aliphatic Nitration
Typical form of nitration synthesis Although less common, nitration can also
in which benzene reacts with occur in aliphatic compounds. For
concentrated nitric acid at 323- example, aliphatic alkanes or alkenes can
333K in the presence of undergo nitration under specific
conditions, forming nitroalkanes or
concentrated sulphuric acid as the
nitroalkenes. It's a free radical process
nitrating agent to form
and the reaction generally requires a
nitrobenzene. This reaction is
strong nitrating agent like fuming nitric
known as nitration of benzene acid
Nitrobenzene Synthesis: Nitration of

benzene with concentrated nitric and

sulfuric acids produces nitrobenzene, a key


intermediate for making aniline. Aniline is

then used in the production of dyes,


plastics, and pharmaceuticals like

paracetamol.
Hydroquinone Production: Nitrobenzene is

reduced to hydroquinone, which is an

important compound in the production of

photographic developers. It also serves as

an antioxidant in products like lotions and


in industrial applications.
Trinitrotoluene (TNT) Production:

Nitration of toluene produces TNT,


which is a highly effective explosive

used in military applications and

demolition. TNT is stable to handle but

releases significant energy upon

detonation.
Nitroglycerin Synthesis: Nitration of

glycerol produces nitroglycerin, a highly


sensitive explosive. Nitroglycerin is also
used medically as a vasodilator to treat

heart conditions such as angina by

relaxing blood vessels.


Drug Synthesis: Nitration is used to produce

nitrofurans and nitroimidazoles, which are

key components in the synthesis of

antibiotics and antifungal drugs. These

compounds help treat infections like


urinary tract infections and fungal diseases.
Anticancer Drug Development: Nitration

contributes to the synthesis of anticancer

drugs like mitomycin C, which is used in

chemotherapy. Mitomycin C works by

damaging the DNA of cancer cells,


preventing their replication and spread.
Picric Acid Synthesis: Nitration of phenol

produces picric acid, which is used in


dyeing textiles and leather. It creates
yellow and red pigments that are used

in products like military uniforms and

upholstery.
Azo Dye Production: Nitration of
aromatic compounds helps create

intermediates for azo dyes, which are

extensively used in the textile industry.

These dyes are prized for their bright,

vibrant colors and colorfastness in


fabrics.
1. Vapourtec Ltd., “Nitration - Vapourtec,” Vapourtec, Aug. 04, 2024. https://www.vapourtec.com/applications-

of-flow-chemistry/nitration/

2.Admin, “Benzene Reactions - Sulphonation Of Benzene, Nitration Of Nitrobenzene & Halogenation Of

Benzene,” BYJUS, Jul. 19, 2022. https://byjus.com/chemistry/benzene-reactions/

3.Admin, “Nitration - types, applications, nitration of benzene,” BYJUS, May 24, 2023.

https://byjus.com/jee/nitration/

4.“THE APPLICATIONS OF NITRATION by Unacademy,” Unacademy, Jul. 22, 2022.

https://unacademy.com/content/upsc/study-material/chemistry/applications-of-nitration/
CHE332-V2
GROUP 1

ABAN, MARYTHEL
ALBURO, MARY IAZAH FAYE
ANGELES, MARVIN
ANGGOT, MARC KEEN JAY

You might also like