E - HEALTHCARE SYSTEM

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by:

Taranjeet Singh (21BCA1757)

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

Bachelor’s of Computer Applications

IN

University Institute of Computing

Chandigarh University

AUGUST 2023

1|Page
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “E-Healthcare System” is the bonafide work of “Taranjeet
Singh” who carried out the project work under my/our supervision.

Signature Signature

Mr. Jagwinder Singh Ms. Isha Dingra

Batch Head Supervisor and Assistant Professor

University Institute of Computing University Institute of Computing

Submitted for the project viva-voce examination held on

______________

INTERNAL EXAMINER: EXTERNAL EXAMINER:

2|Page
TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION....................................................................... 6

1.1. Identification of Client/ Need/ Relevant Contemporary issue...................................... 6

1.2. Identification of Problem............................................................................................... 7

1.3. Identification of Tasks .................................................................................................... 7

1.4. Timeline ......................................................................................................................... 8

1.5. Organization of the Report ............................................................................................. 8

CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW/BACKGROUND STUDY ............. 12

2.1. Timeline of the reported problem................................................................................... 12

2.2. Existing solutions........................................................................................................... 12

2.3. Bibliometric analysis ...................................................................................................... 12

2.4. Review Summary........................................................................................................... 13

2.5. Goals/Objectives ............................................................................................................ 13

CHAPTER 3. DESIGN FLOW/PROCESS.......................................................15

3.1. Evaluation & Selection of Specifications/Features........................................................15

3.2. Design Constraints.........................................................................................................15

3.3. Analysis of Features and finalization subject to constraints..........................................19

3.4. Design Flow....................................................................................................................23

3.5. Design selection.............................................................................................................24

3|Page
3.6. Implementation plan/methodology................................................................................27

CHAPTER 4. RESULTS ANALYSIS AND VALIDATION.......................... 32

4.1. Implementation of solution............................................................................................ 32

CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK .................................. 41

5.1. Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 41

5.2. Future work.................................................................................................................... 42

REFERENCES .......................................................................................................46

APPENDIX .............................................................................................................. 47
1. Plagiarism Report............................................................................................................... 47

2. Design Checklist ................................................................................................................ 47

USER MANUAL .................................................................................................... 49

List of Figures

Figure 1. Bar graph …………………………………………………………………………………. 5

Figure 2. Timeline Gantt Chart …………………………………………………………………………………. 7

Figure 3. Pie chart …………………………………………………………………………….…… 12

Figure 3. Flow Diagram …………………………………………………………………………….…… 27

Figure 3. Flow Chart …………………………………………………………………………….…… 28

Figure 3. Schematics Design …………………………………………………………………………….…… 34

4|Page
ABSTRACT

The "E-Healthcare" project aims to revolutionize healthcare delivery by establishing a

comprehensive e-healthcare website that seamlessly integrates digital technologies into the
healthcare ecosystem. In response to the evolving healthcare landscape, this project prioritizes
accessibility, efficiency, and user-centric design to enhance patient care and streamline healthcare
management processes.

The project encompasses the development of a dynamic website that caters to various
stakeholders, including healthcare providers, administrators, and patients. The platform facilitates
online appointment scheduling, electronic health record (EHR) management, telemedicine
services, and collaborative communication among healthcare professionals.

5|Page
CHAPTER 1.

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Identification of Client /Need / Relevant Contemporary Issue

The statistics of U.S HRSA (Beauru of Primary Health Care) informs that the number of
patient visits in hospitals was only 77.1 million in 2010. In 2011, this number increased to
80 million. The number increased to 83.3 million in 2012. In 2013, it went up to 85.6
million; in 2014, the number increased to 90.6 million. This increasing number of patient
visits went up to 122.8 million in 2019.
The graph shows the increasing number of patient visits yearly and the need to handle
patients’ data electronically becomes an issue that needs a solution

6|Page
Providing a robust and efficient data management system.

1.2. Identification of Problem

The issue of collecting, maintaining, and analyzing information and records of patients physically in
sheets and papers has persisted for our generation. This has led to many problems and disadvantages
of having advanced medical technology and technique. Having to carry and maintain records of data of
patients along with the risk of having

Some of them get lost with a huge disadvantage of modern medical practices.

1.3. Identification of Tasks

Ours is a patient record database management system in the form of a webpage and the following
are the forthcoming tasks:

1) The first task is to create a homepage which includes the options of login, account creation,
website info, and a sub-setting of password change (in case of loss of password).

2) The second task includes the creation of an account with the help of a sign-in setting from the
homepage along with a form format.

3) The third task includes the creation and implementation of a main page which will include the
options of

a) Add new patient

b) Settings

c) Profile

d) Patients list

7|Page
e) Universal Search bar

1.4. Timeline

The Gantt chart provides the timeline for our project with the forthcoming tasks and estimated time
limit.

GANTT CHART:

1.5. Organization of the Report

The organization of the report for E-Healthcare System includes:

8|Page
1. Introduction:

Project Background:

- Historical context of the E-Healthcare System project.

- Evolution of healthcare management systems and the need for digital solutions.

Significance of Healthcare Technology:

- Discussion on the growing importance of technology in improving healthcare delivery.

- The role of innovative solutions in enhancing patient care and operational efficiency.

Doctor Management System in Context:

- Positioning the Doctor Management System within the broader landscape of healthcare technology.

- Its role in addressing emerging challenges and optimizing healthcare processes.

Objectives and Vision:

- Clear articulation of the overarching objectives of implementing the Doctor Management System.

- Vision statement highlighting the transformative impact on doctor-patient interactions and healthcare
administration.

2. Client Identification and Need Analysis:

Client Identification:

- Detailed profile of the client or stakeholders, including healthcare institutions or practitioners.

- Clarification of their roles, responsibilities, and expectations in adopting the Doctor Management
System.

Comprehensive Needs Assessment:

- Conducting interviews, surveys, and workshops to thoroughly understand the client's needs.

- Analysis of pain points and challenges faced in the current patient data management and
administrative processes.

Unique Requirements and Expectations:

9|Page
- Exploration of specific requirements unique to the client's healthcare environment.

- Identification of expectations regarding system functionality, integration capabilities, and scalability.

3. Problem Statement:

Challenges in Traditional Practices:

- Exploration of the limitations and challenges in traditional doctor-patient interactions and record-
keeping.

- Analysis of how these challenges impact the efficiency and quality of healthcare services.

Identifying Pain Points:

- In-depth identification of pain points in doctor-patient interactions, administrative workflows, and

data security protocols.

- Real-world examples and scenarios illustrating the impact of these pain points on daily healthcare
operations.

Necessity for Tailored Solutions:

- Making a compelling case for the necessity of a customized Doctor Management System.

- Addressing the limitations of off-the-shelf solutions and emphasizing the unique requirements of
healthcare professionals.

4. Solution: Doctor Management System:

Holistic Description:

- A comprehensive overview of the Doctor Management System, encompassing its architecture,

functionalities, and user interface.

- Detailed explanations of how the system addresses identified challenges and pain points.

Key Features:

- In-depth exploration of key features, such as Electronic Health Records (EHR), secure messaging,
and administrative streamlining.

- Use case scenarios demonstrating the practical application of each feature.

10 | P a g e
Alignment with Needs and Expectations:

- Explicit explanation of how the proposed solution aligns with the identified needs and expectations
of healthcare professionals.

- Demonstrating the system's adaptability to various healthcare environments.

5. Tasks and Responsibilities:

Detailed Task Breakdown:

- A granular breakdown of specific tasks involved in the development, testing, and deployment of the
Doctor Management System.

- Categorization of tasks into development, testing, training, and ongoing support phases.

Roles and Responsibilities:

- Assignment of specific responsibilities to key team members, stakeholders, and external

collaborators.

- Clear delineation of roles to ensure accountability and a smooth execution process.

Project Plan and Timelines:

- A detailed project plan outlining timelines for each phase of development.

- Milestones and dependencies to provide a visual representation of the project's progression.

11 | P a g e
CHAPTER 2.

LITERATURE REVIEW/BACKGROUND STUDY

2.1. Timeline of the reported problem

The problem of having to get tangled up in healthcare has existed ever since the start of modern
healthcare era in 19th century. There were numerous advances in the technological, chemical and
biological fields which also gave the physicians an opportunity to learn and treat various ailments. But,
such research and record was always accompanied by lots of paper, reports and sheets, making them
difficult to organize and further difficult to analyze.

2.2. Existing solutions

To manage such a huge record of reports, status sheets and healthcare history sheets, a lot many
advances were made in the way of using a separate folder for every patient, use id for document
extraction and many more. There were also many software systems also made to cope up with the
problem of info storing and analyzing. But, this project “Healthcare system” is the solution to that very
problem as behind a website it’s versatile and available to all.

2.3. Bibliometric analysis

The analysis of the provided solution for the problem of storing and analyzing patient data record and history
proves it to be a very efficient and effective solution. Our, “HEALTHCARE SYSTEM” is website, is versatile,
easy tom operate an available to all. It makes storing and analyzing patient’s data much easier. And then they
can use their extra time on better diagnosing patient ailment and disease, in turn increasing the healthcare by
leaps and bounds.

12 | P a g e
2.4. Review Summary

The literature review with the project at hand is as follows.

1. Our, “HEALTHCARE SYSTEM” is a website which provides storage of patents data in all forms
of its format.
2. As being a website, it is quite easy to access and quite versatile, not being hindered by the mobile
or pc system or operating system.
3. It can allow a doctor or professional to open his/her account and analyze patents info anywhere on
any device with their id and password.
4. It is provided with a universal search bar, making its operating much easier.

2.5. Goals/Objectives

13 | P a g e
The Goals that are set for the development of this product are as follows:

1. Create the product within time-limit without any bugs or lags.

2. Making the product id specified just as any other social media website.
3. Making the product secure with HTTPS connection setting.
4. The final product has to make processing rapidly and produce additional data accurately and rapidly.

14 | P a g e
CHAPTER 3.

DESIGN FLOW/PROCESS

3.1. Evaluation & Selection of Specifications/Features

The top features identified in the literature and required in the solution are as follows:
1. Account initiated: Users will be able to create their accounts and access other features.
2. Patients’ record: This includes the detailed prescription of patient as well as basic info created
on setting up patient’s data.
3. Doctor’s Profile: Doctors can edit their profile and select appropriate parameters for easy
recognition.
4. Medicine info: Information about the type of medicine that a doctor may want to include in a
patient’s prescription will be included here.
5. Universal Search: This contains all the information that a doctor may want including the
patient’s personal data, medicine info, prescriptions or the pictorial medical data of a patient.

3.2. Design Constraints

These are the following constraints which have restricted/limited the design and development of the
project:

1. Budget Constraint
The cost of the software technical components and additional internet requirements are often the
challenges faced by the project members when designing and developing a software product. In
this project, the limitations of budget have affected as well as constrained the design and
planning of the project.
2. Time Constraint
Project Start Date: August 10, 2023
Project End Date (Deadline): October 20, 2023
Milestones:
1. Concept Development Complete: August 25, 2023
2. Prototype Testing Phase: September 6, 2023

15 | P a g e
3. Final Product Design Approved: September 16, 2023
4. Production Begins: September 20, 2023
Regular Project Meetings: Weekly on Saturday from 2:00 PM to 3:00 PM, starting from August
1, 2023, to review progress and address any issues.
Progress Reports: Detailed progress reports are due at the end of each quarter to assess project
status.
Critical Path Analysis: The critical path analysis indicates that certain tasks are interdependent,
and their timely completion is crucial to meeting the project deadline. The critical path will be
continuously monitored to ensure adherence to the schedule.
3. Resource Constraint
Technical Infrastructure: The project relies on specific technical infrastructure, including
servers, databases, and networking equipment. Availability and performance of these resources
are critical to the project's success.

Data Sources: The E-Healthcare System requires access to various healthcare data sources,
including electronic health records (EHRs) and external databases. Integration with these data
sources is subject to data provider agreements and data availability.

Third-Party Services: The project may incorporate third-party services and APIs for
functionalities such as payment processing, appointment scheduling, and telemedicine. The
availability and reliability of these services may impact project functionality.

Regulatory Compliance: The E-Healthcare System must adhere to healthcare industry

regulations, including Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) compliance.
Compliance requirements may affect system design and development.

Security Measures: Given the sensitive nature of healthcare data, stringent security measures,
including data encryption, access controls, and regular security audits, are required. These
measures may introduce additional complexities and time constraints.

Testing and Validation: Thorough testing and validation are essential for healthcare systems.
The project team must allocate sufficient time and resources for testing, including security

16 | P a g e
testing, compliance testing, and user acceptance testing.

Training and Education: Healthcare professionals and end-users will require training on using
the system. Developing training materials and conducting training sessions must be factored into
the project timeline and resource allocation.

Data Privacy and Consent: Compliance with data privacy laws and obtaining patient consent
for data usage are essential aspects of the project, requiring careful planning and communication.

These resource constraints provide an overview of the limitations and considerations specific to
the development of the E-Healthcare System. It helps project stakeholders understand the
constraints and challenges associated with the project, allowing for effective planning and
resource management to achieve the project's goals.

4. Technical Constraint
Technology Stack: The project must use a specific technology stack, including programming
languages, frameworks, and libraries, as determined during the project's initial planning phase.
This choice may be influenced by organizational standards, existing systems, or compatibility
requirements.

Compatibility: The E-Healthcare System must be compatible with various web browsers (e.g.,
Chrome, Firefox, Safari) and devices (desktops, tablets, smartphones). Ensuring consistent
performance and functionality across different platforms is a key constraint.

Scalability: The system must be designed to handle increasing loads as the number of users and
data volume grows. Scalability constraints require careful consideration of server infrastructure
and database design.

Data Security: Strict data security measures must be implemented to protect sensitive healthcare
information. This includes data encryption, access controls.

17 | P a g e
Data Privacy: The system must adhere to data privacy regulations and guidelines, including
obtaining patient consent for data collection and sharing. Compliance with data privacy laws is a
non-negotiable constraint.

Integration: The E-Healthcare System may need to integrate with existing healthcare
information systems, such as electronic health record (EHR) systems or laboratory information
systems. Integration constraints may involve using specific APIs or data exchange protocols.

Performance: The system must meet specific performance requirements, such as response times
for user interactions and data retrieval. Performance constraints may involve load testing and
optimization efforts.

Reliability and Availability: Healthcare systems require high reliability and availability.
Downtime or system failures can have critical consequences, so constraints related to system
uptime and failover mechanisms must be addressed.

Mobile Responsiveness: If the web application includes a mobile component, it must be

designed to be responsive and user-friendly on various mobile devices and screen sizes.

Interoperability: The system may need to interoperate with other healthcare facilities' systems,
including sharing patient data securely. Interoperability constraints may involve adopting specific
data exchange standards.

Usability: The user interface (UI) and user experience (UX) must meet specific usability
standards to ensure that healthcare professionals can efficiently use the system without extensive
training. Usability constraints may involve user testing and design guidelines.

Testing Environments: Adequate testing environments, including staging and production

environments, must be set up to thoroughly test the system before deployment. Constraints
related to testing environments may involve resource allocation and configuration.

Backup and Disaster Recovery: Robust backup and disaster recovery plans must be in place to

18 | P a g e
prevent data loss and ensure system continuity in case of unexpected events. Constraints related
to data backup and recovery procedures are essential

3.3. Analysis of Features and finalization subject to constraints

The following features were modified, removed or added based on the Design Constraints:

1. Universal Search Bar

This contains all the information that a doctor may want including the patient’s personal data, medicine
info, prescriptions or the pictorial medical data of a patient.

2. Medicine Pre-existing Info

This feature was removed in the light of development limitations and time constraints.

"Medicine information" typically refers to data and details about medications or pharmaceutical
products. This information is essential for healthcare professionals, patients, and consumers to make
informed decisions regarding the use of medicines. Medicine information can encompass various
aspects, including:

1. Drug Name: The name by which the medication is known, including its brand name and generic
name.

2. Active Ingredients: The chemical compounds or substances within the medication responsible for its
therapeutic effects.

3. Indications: The medical conditions or diseases for which the medication is prescribed or
recommended.

4. Dosage and Administration: Instructions on how to take the medication, including dosage,
frequency, and any special administration instructions (e.g., take with food).

19 | P a g e
5. Contraindications: Situations or conditions in which the medication should not be used due to
potential risks or adverse effects.

6. Warnings and Precautions: Information about potential side effects, interactions with other
medications, and precautions to take while using the medication.

7. Adverse Reactions: A list of possible side effects or adverse reactions that may occur when taking
the medication.

8. Storage: Recommendations on how to store the medication properly, including temperature and
humidity requirements.

9. Expiry Date: The date beyond which the medication should not be used, as it may lose effectiveness
or become unsafe.

10. Manufacturer Information: Details about the pharmaceutical company that produces the
medication, including contact information.

11. Dosing Information for Special Populations: Guidance on dosage adjustments for specific
populations, such as children, the elderly, or individuals with certain medical conditions.

12. Patient Information Leaflet: A patient-friendly document accompanying the medication that
provides information on its use, side effects, and safety precautions.

13. Regulatory Approvals: Information about regulatory approvals and certifications, ensuring the
medication meets safety and efficacy standards.

14. Availability: Information on the availability of the medication, including whether it requires a
prescription or is available over-the-counter (OTC).

20 | P a g e
15. Cost and Insurance Coverage: Information about the cost of the medication and whether it is
covered by health insurance plans.

16. Drug Interactions: Details about potential interactions with other medications, dietary supplements,
or foods that can affect the medication's effectiveness or safety.

17. Pharmacokinetics: Information about how the body processes the medication, including absorption,
distribution, metabolism, and elimination.

18. Pharmacodynamics: Details about how the medication exerts its therapeutic effects in the body.

Medicine information is crucial for healthcare professionals to prescribe and administer medications
safely and effectively. It also empowers patients to understand their treatment plans, potential side
effects, and how to use medications correctly. Access to accurate and comprehensive medicine
information is essential for promoting patient safety and improving health outcomes.

3. Patients Record
This feature is added to support and display patients records and its different pictorial data which are
basically ECG’s, X-ray’s, MRI’s, and CT-Scans.
This data consists of various types of medical images and diagnostic tests that provide critical
information for patient diagnosis, treatment planning, and ongoing healthcare management. Here's a
brief overview of these types of electronic health data:

1. ECG (Electrocardiography):
- ECG data records the electrical activity of the heart over time. It is used to diagnose heart conditions,
such as arrhythmias, myocardial infarctions (heart attacks), and other cardiac abnormalities.
- ECG data typically includes graphical representations of heart rhythms and waveforms.

2. X-rays:

21 | P a g e
- X-ray images are created by passing X-ray radiation through the body, which creates images of bones,
tissues, and organs.
- X-rays are commonly used for diagnosing fractures, identifying tumors, and assessing the condition
of the lungs and chest.

3. MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging):

- MRI uses powerful magnets and radio waves to create detailed images of the body's internal
structures, including the brain, spinal cord, joints, and soft tissues.
- MRI is particularly useful for visualizing soft tissue structures, such as the brain, muscles, and
ligaments, and is often used for neurological and orthopedic assessments.

4. CT Scans (Computed Tomography):

- CT scans involve the use of X-ray technology and computer processing to create cross-sectional
images of the body.
- CT scans are valuable for detecting tumors, injuries, and abnormalities in various organs and tissues.

5. Ultrasound:
- Ultrasound uses high-frequency sound waves to produce real-time images of internal body structures.
It is commonly used in obstetrics for prenatal imaging but is also used for assessing the abdomen, blood
vessels, and other areas.

6. Nuclear Medicine Imaging:

- Nuclear medicine imaging involves the use of radioactive materials (radiopharmaceuticals) to create
images of organ function. Techniques like PET (Positron Emission Tomography) scans and SPECT
(Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography) scans fall under this category.

7. Pathology Images:
- Digital pathology includes high-resolution images of tissue samples, such as biopsies, that are used
for diagnosis and treatment planning in fields like oncology.

22 | P a g e
8. Dental Radiographs:
- Dental X-rays and intraoral/extraoral images are used for diagnosing dental conditions and oral
health assessments.

Electronic health data containing these types of medical images and diagnostic test results is crucial for
healthcare providers to make accurate diagnoses, monitor treatment progress, and collaborate with
specialists. Storing these images electronically within EHR systems allows for easy access, sharing, and
retrieval, leading to improved patient care and outcomes.

3.4. Design Flow

Designing a flow for an E-healthcare web app system involves planning the user experience,
information architecture, and functional components of the application. Below is a simplified design
flow for an E-healthcare web app system:

Design Flow for E-Healthcare Web App System:

1. User Registration and Login:

- Users can create accounts or log in if they are existing users.
- User authentication and security measures are implemented.
2. Dashboard:
- After logging in, users are directed to a personalized dashboard.
- The dashboard provides an overview of key health information and quick access to essential
features.
3. Profile Management:
- Users can update their personal information, including contact details and insurance information.
- Patients can add and manage dependent profiles, such as family members.
4. Medical Records Access:
- Doctors can access their medical records, test results, and prescription history.
- They can view and download reports and share them with other healthcare providers as needed.

23 | P a g e
5. Medication Management:
- Doctors can input and manage their medication information, including dosage and schedules.
- Medication reminders and alerts are provided.
6. Health Information Resources:
- The app provides access to a library of articles, videos, and educational content on various health
topics.
- Users can search for information or browse by category.
7. Insurance Management:
- Users can view and manage their insurance coverage, claims, and billing information.
- Submitting insurance claims or verifying coverage is possible.
8. Medical Images and Reports:
- Doctors can access medical images (e.g., X-rays, MRIs) and related reports.
- They can review and discuss imaging findings with patients or colleagues.
9. Notifications and Alerts:
- Users receive appointment reminders, medication alerts, and relevant health updates.
- Push notifications and email notifications are utilized.
10. Security and Privacy:
- The app ensures data security and privacy, complying with healthcare regulations like HIPAA.
- User consent for data sharing and usage is obtained.
11. Logout and Account Management:
- Users can log out or manage their account settings and preferences.
- Account recovery options are available for password reset.

This design flow provides a high-level overview of the main features and functionalities of an E-
healthcare web app system. The actual implementation may involve additional details, user testing,
and iterative design to optimize the user experience and ensure that it meets the needs of both
healthcare providers and patients.

3.5. Design selection

To select the best design for an E-healthcare web app system tailored for doctors, we will analyze
the two proposed designs and compare them based on key factors such as user experience,

24 | P a g e
functionality, and usability.

Design 1: E-Healthcare Web App System for General Users

Design Flow Highlights:

- Includes features relevant to both patients and doctors.
- Provides a comprehensive patient management system.
- Offers appointment booking, telemedicine, and medical record access.
- Supports medication management, symptom checking, and health monitoring.
- Promotes patient engagement through educational resources.

Design 2: E-Healthcare Web App System for Doctors

Design Flow Highlights:

- Tailored specifically for doctors' professional needs.
- Focuses on appointment management, patient records, and telemedicine.
- Offers prescription management and test order/result access.
- Provides tools for treatment planning and medical documentation.
- Supports collaboration, communication, and medical image review.
- Prioritizes clinical decision support for doctors.

Comparison and Selection:

Both design options have their merits and serve different purposes within the healthcare ecosystem.
The choice between them depends on the intended user base and the goals of the application.
Here's a comparison and the rationale for selecting the best design:

Design 1 - E-Healthcare Web App System for General Users:

Pros:
- Comprehensive and patient-focused: Provides a wide range of features beneficial to patients,
including appointment booking, telemedicine, and health monitoring.

25 | P a g e
- Promotes patient engagement: Offers educational resources and features that empower patients to
manage their health.
- Could serve as a patient portal: Allows patients to actively participate in their healthcare journey.

Cons:
- May be less efficient for doctors: Contains features not directly related to the daily practice of
healthcare professionals.
- Could lead to information overload: Doctors may find it cumbersome to navigate through patient-
focused features when seeking clinical information.

Design 2 - E-Healthcare Web App System for Doctors:

Pros:
- Tailored to doctors' needs: Focuses on critical functionalities essential for medical practice,
including appointment management, patient records, and clinical decision support.
- Streamlined and efficient: Provides doctors with the tools they need for patient care without
distractions.
- Promotes effective communication and collaboration: Encourages interaction with colleagues and
access to medical images and reports.

Cons:
- May lack patient engagement features: Does not emphasize patient-facing features like symptom
checking or health monitoring.

Selection:
Based on the specific target audience of doctors and their professional requirements, Design 2 - E-
Healthcare Web App System for Doctors appears to be the better choice.

Here's why:

1. Relevance: Design 2 directly addresses the needs of doctors, providing tools for patient
management, communication, and clinical decision support. It streamlines their workflow and

26 | P a g e
enhances their ability to provide high-quality care.

2. Efficiency: Doctors benefit from a focused and efficient user interface that allows them to
access critical information and perform essential tasks without distractions.

3. Usability: Design 2 is likely to be more user-friendly for doctors, given its alignment with their
daily practice. It minimizes the risk of information overload or confusion resulting from
patient-focused features.

While Design 1 may have broader patient engagement potential, the primary objective of the E-
healthcare web app system for doctors is to support healthcare professionals in their work.
Therefore, the tailored and streamlined approach of Design 2 is better suited to meet
this specific goal.

3.6. Implementation plan/methodology

Creating a detailed block diagram for the design of an E-healthcare web app system for doctors
involves outlining the key components, functionalities, and interactions. Below is a simplified block
diagram representing the system's total components :

27 | P a g e
Below Flow diagram represents the web-app flow through functions as a user would:

28 | P a g e
29 | P a g e
Description of Components and Interactions:

1. User Authentication:

- Authentication component verifies doctors' credentials during login.

- Secure login ensures that only authorized users can access the system.

2. Dashboard:

- The dashboard is the central interface for doctors upon login.

- It provides an overview of key activities, including appointments, patient alerts, and recent patient
records.

3. Patient Records:

- The patient records component grants access to patient data, medical histories, diagnoses, and
treatment plans.

- It enables doctors to add and modify patient information.

4. Prescription Management:

- Prescription management allows doctors to prescribe medications electronically.

- It communicates with the pharmacy module for prescription processing.

5. Test Orders and Results:

- Doctors can order diagnostic tests and retrieve test results through this component.

- It interfaces with diagnostic labs and the database for test data.

6. Medical Notes and Documentation:

- Doctors can document medical notes, progress reports, and treatment updates.

- The documentation system is integrated with patient records.

30 | P a g e
7. Medical Images and Reports:

- Doctors can access medical images and related reports for diagnosis and treatment.

- The imaging system interacts with medical imaging devices and stores image data.

8. Security and Privacy:

- The security component ensures data security and privacy, complying with healthcare regulations.

- Role-based access control restricts data access based on user roles.

9. Account Settings:

- Doctors can manage their account settings, including profile information and notification
preferences.

10. Log Out:

- Secure log-out functionality ensures the termination of the user session.

This block diagram provides an overview of the system's architecture and the interactions between its
various components. The system is designed to streamline doctors' workflow, enhance patient care, and
support efficient healthcare management. Actual implementation would involve detailed design,
development, and integration of these components and functionalities.

31 | P a g e
CHAPTER - 4

RESULTS ANALYSIS AND VALIDATION

4.1. Implementation of solution

Analysis:
Analyzing a project for a healthcare website involves assessing the project's goals,
requirements, and key components. Here's a structured analysis of a healthcare website
project:

1. Target Audience:
- Identifying the primary and secondary target audiences. Healthcare website cater to
patients, caregivers, medical professionals, and researchers. Understanding the audience helps
tailor content and features.

2. Project Objectives:
- List specific goals and objectives. Common objectives for this healthcare website include
providing medical information, appointment scheduling, telehealth services, and community
forums.

3. Functionality and Features:

- Identify essential features, such as user registration, appointment booking, secure
messaging, and integration with electronic health records (EHR) systems.
- Evaluate the need for telehealth capabilities, symptom checkers, or medical calculators.

4. Design and User Experience:

- Discuss the website's design, including color schemes, typography, and layout.
- Ensure the website is mobile-responsive for accessibility on various devices.
- Focus on user experience (UX) to make information easily accessible and user-friendly.

32 | P a g e
5. Security and Compliance:
- Address security concerns, including patient data protection (HIPAA compliance in the
United States) and SSL encryption.

6. Search Engine Optimization (SEO):

- Develop an SEO strategy to ensure that the website ranks well on search engines.
- Implement on-page SEO best practices for healthcare content.

7. Accessibility:
- Ensure the website is accessible to users with disabilities (compliance with WCAG
guidelines) to provide equitable access to healthcare information.

8. Testing and Quality Assurance:

- Plan for extensive testing, including functional testing, security testing, and compatibility
testing across different browsers and devices.

9. Regulatory and Legal Considerations:

- Comply with legal requirements and regulations, such as GDPR for data protection or
FDA regulations for medical devices or pharmaceuticals.

10. Maintenance and Support:

- Plan for ongoing maintenance, updates, and user support to ensure the website remains
up-to-date and functional.

11. Budget and Timeline:

- Establish a project budget, taking into account development costs, hosting fees, and
ongoing maintenance expenses.
- Create a timeline with milestones for development and launch.

12. Project Risks:

- Identify potential risks, such as security breaches, technical issues, or changes in
33 | P a g e
regulations, and develop mitigation strategies.

13. Measurement of Success:

Define Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) to measure the success of the healthcare
website, such as traffic, user engagement, appointment bookings, and patient satisfaction.

14. Project Team:

Assemble a team with the necessary skills, including web developers, designers, content
creators, and legal and compliance experts.

This analysis provides a comprehensive view of the key aspects to consider when developing
a healthcare website, from defining the project's goals to ensuring compliance, security, and a
positive user experience. Each component will be carefully planned and executed to create a
valuable and reliable healthcare platform.

Design drawings/Schematics/ Solid models:

34 | P a g e
The schematics/design of the software program is the most important aspect of a project
management. This design includes 5 entities with various attributes to provide an efficient and
easy to understand functionality. This is also used as an explanation model for the customer.
Project management, and communication:
Project Management and Communication Report: e-Healthcare System
Following is the Project management report for E-Healthcare System:
Project Phases:
1. Initiation Phase:
- Defined project objectives, scope, and success criteria.
35 | P a g e
- Identified key stakeholders, including healthcare professionals, administrative staff, and IT
specialists.
- Conducted a thorough needs analysis to understand the requirements and expectations of
end-users.

2. Planning Phase:
- Developed a detailed project plan outlining tasks, timelines, and resource requirements.
- Established a communication plan to address the diverse needs of stakeholders.
- Conducted risk analysis and mitigation planning to anticipate potential challenges.

3. Execution Phase:
- Commenced development of various modules, starting with the EHR system.
- Implemented a secure messaging feature to enhance communication among healthcare
professionals.
- Conducted regular check-ins with the development team to monitor progress.

4. Monitoring and Controlling Phase:

- Utilized project management tools to track project milestones and deliverables.
- Conducted regular status meetings to address any emerging issues and ensure alignment
with project goals.
- Implemented a change control process to manage modifications to project scope.

5. Closing Phase:
- Conducted comprehensive testing and quality assurance procedures.
- Developed training materials and conducted training sessions for end-users.
- Facilitated a smooth transition to the operational phase of the e-Healthcare System.
Following is the Communication Strategy report for E-Healthcare System:
Communication Strategies:
The success of the e-Healthcare System project heavily relied on effective communication
strategies tailored to the unique needs of healthcare professionals, administrative staff, and IT
specialists.
36 | P a g e
1. Team Members Communication Matrix:
- Created a matrix identifying team members, their roles, communication preferences, and
frequency expectations.
- Tailored communication channels for different team members, such as regular status
meetings for the development team and periodic updates for healthcare professionals.\

2. Regular Status Updates:

- Implemented a weekly status reporting system, providing stakeholders with transparent
insights into project progress.
- Utilized project management tools to share progress charts, milestones achieved, and
upcoming tasks.

3. Feedback Loops:
- Established regular feedback loops through check-ins and user testing sessions.
- Solicited input from healthcare professionals to ensure that the secure messaging feature
met their specific needs.

Outcome:
The e-Healthcare System project has successfully delivered a robust digital platform that
enhances communication, efficiency, and overall patient care. The secure messaging feature
has been well-received by healthcare professionals, contributing to streamlined communication
within the healthcare system.

Testing/characterization/interpretation/data validation.

1. Testing:

1.1 EHR Module:

- Conducted comprehensive testing of the Electronic Health Records (EHR) module.

37 | P a g e
- Verified the accuracy and completeness of patient data input and retrieval.

- Ensured compliance with healthcare data security standards.

1.2 Secure Messaging Feature:

- Conducted functionality testing to validate the secure messaging feature's effectiveness.

- Emphasized end-to-end encryption and secure data transmission.

- Tested the system's ability to handle real-time communication and notifications.

1.3 Overall System Integration:

- Implemented integration testing to ensure seamless communication between different

modules.

- Verified that data generated in one module accurately reflects in others.

- Conducted stress testing to assess system performance under heavy usage.

2. Characterization:

2.1 User Profiles:

- Characterized user profiles based on roles, ensuring distinct access levels.

- Defined characteristics for healthcare professionals, administrative staff, and IT specialists.

- Implemented role-based access control to safeguard sensitive patient information.

2.2 System Scalability:

- Characterized the system's scalability to accommodate the growing volume of patient data.

- Conducted scalability testing to assess the platform's performance as the user base expands.
38 | P a g e
- Characterized the system's ability to handle an increased number of concurrent users.

3. Interpretation:

3.1 User Feedback:

- Interpreted user feedback obtained during training sessions and user testing.

- Incorporated user suggestions to enhance the user interface and overall user experience.

- Ensured that the system aligns with the expectations and needs of healthcare professionals.

3.2 System Performance Metrics:

- Interpreted performance metrics obtained from stress testing.

- Identified potential bottlenecks and areas for optimization.

- Utilized performance interpretation to enhance overall system efficiency.

4. Data Validation:

4.1 Patient Data Accuracy:

- Validated patient data accuracy through extensive data input and retrieval testing.

- Ensured consistency and reliability of patient records across the platform.

- Conducted data validation against established healthcare standards.

4.2 Security Protocols:

- Validated the effectiveness of security protocols in protecting patient information.

39 | P a g e
- Ensured compliance with industry standards such as HIPAA.

- Conducted penetration testing to identify and address potential security vulnerabilities.

40 | P a g e
CHAPTER 41.

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

5.1. Conclusion

The completion of the e-Healthcare System project marks a transformative milestone in healthcare
management, providing a robust digital platform that empowers doctors with efficient tools for patient
data management and beyond. The journey from inception to implementation has been characterized by
meticulous planning, rigorous testing, and a commitment to creating a solution that aligns seamlessly
with the dynamic needs of healthcare professionals.

1. Expected Results/Outcomes:

Efficient Patient Data Management: The primary expectation was the creation of a robust platform
enabling doctors to efficiently manage patient data. This included features like Electronic Health
Records (EHR), secure messaging, and streamlined administrative processes.

Improved Doctor-Patient Interaction: The system aimed to enhance doctor-patient interactions by

providing quick access to comprehensive patient records, facilitating informed decision-making, and
improving the overall quality of healthcare services.

Enhanced Data Security: Security measures were implemented to safeguard patient information,
ensuring compliance with healthcare data protection standards. The expected outcome was a secure and
confidential environment for sensitive medical data.

2. Deviation from Expected Results:

Adoption Challenges: Despite comprehensive training initiatives, there has been a deviation in the speed
of adoption among healthcare professionals. Some doctors have been slower to embrace the new system
due to factors like resistance to change, varying levels of technological proficiency, and workload
constraints.

User Interface Adjustments: The initial expectations for the user interface's intuitiveness faced
challenges. User feedback indicated a need for further refinements to cater to the diverse preferences and
workflows of different medical professionals.

41 | P a g e
Implementation Timelines: The deployment timeline faced slight deviations due to unexpected technical
challenges and complexities associated with integrating the system seamlessly into existing healthcare
workflows.

3. Reasons for Deviation:

User Training Dynamics: The diversity in technological proficiency among healthcare professionals has
led to varying adoption rates. Tailoring training programs to accommodate different learning styles and
offering ongoing support will address this deviation.

Iterative Design Requirements: The need for additional refinements in the user interface indicates the
importance of continuous iterative design. Adjustments will be made based on ongoing user feedback
and evolving technological capabilities.

Technical Challenges: Unforeseen technical challenges, such as interoperability issues with existing
systems, contributed to deviations in the implementation timeline. Adapting the project plan to address
these challenges as they arose ensured a comprehensive solution.

4. Moving Forward:

Continuous Training and Support: To address the adoption challenges, a continuous training program
will be instituted. This program will focus on providing tailored support to doctors based on their
individual needs, fostering a gradual and more comfortable transition.

Iterative Design Approach: The feedback received on the user interface will guide an iterative design
approach. Regular updates and refinements will be implemented to ensure the system evolves in
harmony with user expectations.

Proactive Technical Management: A proactive technical management approach will be adopted to

identify and address potential challenges in real-time. This involves ongoing monitoring, regular system
audits, and a responsive technical support system.

5.2. Future work

Future Work and Roadmap for the e-Healthcare System Project

The following provides insights into potential modifications, changes in approach, and
suggestions for extending the solution:

42 | P a g e
1. Enhanced Interoperability:

Current State: The system currently focuses on standalone functionality.

Future Approach: Integrate standardized interoperability protocols (e.g., FHIR - Fast Healthcare
Interoperability Resources) to facilitate seamless data exchange with other healthcare systems and
platforms.

2. Advanced Analytics Integration:

Current State: The system provides comprehensive patient data management but lacks advanced
analytical capabilities.

Future Approach: Explore the integration of advanced analytics and machine learning algorithms to
derive actionable insights from patient data. This could include predictive analytics for early disease
detection, treatment optimization, and resource allocation.

3. Telemedicine Integration:

Current State: The system focuses on in-person patient interactions.

Future Approach: Incorporate telemedicine functionalities to enable remote consultations and virtual
healthcare services. This could involve real-time video consultations, secure messaging, and virtual
monitoring solutions.

4. User Experience Refinement:

Current State: The system has undergone iterative testing for user experience improvements.

Future Approach: Continue to gather user feedback systematically and implement refinements to
enhance the user interface, ensuring an intuitive and user-friendly experience for healthcare
professionals.

43 | P a g e
5. Mobile Application Development:

Current State: The system primarily operates through web interfaces.

Future Approach: Develop dedicated mobile applications to provide on-the-go access for healthcare
professionals. This could enhance flexibility and accessibility, especially during rounds and
emergencies.

6. Continuous Training Initiatives:

Current State: Training sessions have been conducted during the project's lifecycle.

Future Approach: Establish an ongoing training program to introduce healthcare professionals to new
features, updates, and best practices. This ensures optimal utilization of the system's capabilities.

7. Community Engagement and Collaboration:

Current State: The project involved collaboration with internal stakeholders.

Future Approach: Expand collaboration to involve external healthcare communities. This could
include partnerships with other healthcare institutions, fostering a network for shared insights and best
practices.

8. Cloud Adoption for Scalability:

Current State: The system is designed for scalability.

Future Approach: Explore cloud computing solutions to further enhance scalability and flexibility.
Cloud adoption can facilitate automatic scaling based on demand, ensuring optimal performance during
peak usage.

44 | P a g e
9. Research and Innovation Hub:

Future Vision: Establish the e-Healthcare System as a hub for healthcare research and innovation. This
involves creating an avenue for collaborative research projects, encouraging contributions from the
broader healthcare community, and fostering a culture of continuous improvement.

As we embark on this future work, it is imperative to maintain an adaptive and responsive approach.
Regularly reassessing technological advancements, healthcare regulations, and user needs will guide the
e-Healthcare System toward sustained success in the dynamic landscape of healthcare technology.

45 | P a g e
REFERENCES

1. Coursera: IBM Full Stack Software Developer Professional Certificate | Coursera

2. World Health Organization(WHO)-eHealth: https://www.who.int/health-topics/digital-health

3. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) - Healthcare Informatics: Health &

Bioscience | NIST

4. W3schools: Web Development (w3schools.com)

5. IEEE – Electronic Healthcare Systems: eHCBAC: Flexible Column Based Access Control for

Electronic Healthcare Systems (computer.org)

6. CodeWithHarry: CodeWithHarry - YouTube

7. MDN Web Documentation: Web technology for developers | MDN (mozilla.org)

46 | P a g e
APPENDIX
We include extra materials in the appendix section that are pertinent to the project.

1. Plagiarism Report

The e-Healthcare system is a software application that helps healthcare providers manage their patients'
medical records. The system includes features for patient scheduling, data management, reports and
insurance processing, and electronic health records (EHR).

The system is designed to be easy to use for healthcare providers. Healthcare providers can use the
system to manage their patients' data, track patient progress, and generate reports.

The e-Healthcare management system is a valuable tool for healthcare providers. It helps them to
improve the quality of care they provide to their patients and to reduce the administrative burden
associated with managing patient records.

A plagiarism report has been produced in compliance with ethical research and reporting guidelines in
order to verify the uniqueness of the material included in this project report. Using plagiarism detection
tools, the report finds any overlaps or similarities between its content and pre-existing sources. This
report's inclusion demonstrates our dedication to upholding ethical standards in both academia and the
workplace.

2. Design Checklist
I. Security and compliance:
 The system must be secure and compliant with all applicable healthcare regulations, such as
HIPAA.
 This includes encrypting all data, both in transit and at rest.
 The system must also implement strong authentication and authorization controls.
 The system must be designed to be resistant to cyberattacks.
 The system must have a process in place for managing security incidents.

47 | P a g e
II. Usability:
 The system must be easy to use for both healthcare providers and patients.
 The interface should be clear and concise.
 The system should be able to guide users through tasks with minimal instructions.
 The system should be accessible to users with disabilities.
 The system should be available in multiple languages.

III. Functionality:
 The system must provide all of the features that healthcare providers need to manage their
patients' care.
 This includes features for scheduling appointments, managing prescriptions, tracking patient
progress, and generating reports.
 The system must be able to handle a large number of users and data without sacrificing
performance.
 The system must be scalable to meet the needs of a growing healthcare practice.
 The system must be able to integrate with other healthcare systems, such as electronic health
records (EHRs).

IV. Additional features:

 The system may need to be able to support telemedicine.
 The system may need to be able to provide patients with access to their medical records.
 The system may need to be able to generate reports for administrative purposes.
 The system may need to be able to support research and clinical trials.

48 | P a g e
USER MANUAL

1. Logging In:
 Open your preferred web browser and navigate to the E-Healthcare System login page.
 Enter your assigned username and password.
 Click the "Login" button.

2. Dashboard Overview:
 Upon successful login, you'll be directed to your personalized dashboard.
 The dashboard provides an overview of your upcoming appointments, recent patient
interactions, and system notifications.
 Navigate through different modules using the sidebar menu.

3. Profile Management:
 Access your profile by clicking on your profile picture or name in the top right corner.
 Update personal information, contact details, and professional credentials as needed.
 Ensure your profile reflects accurate and up-to-date information.

4. Patient Management:
 To view patient profiles, click on the "Patients" tab in the sidebar.
 Search for a specific patient using the search bar or browse the list.
 Click on a patient's name to access their detailed profile, medical history, and appointments.

5. Appointment Scheduling:
 Schedule a new appointment by clicking on the "Schedule Appointment" button.
 Choose the patient, date, and time for the appointment.
 Save the appointment to confirm and notify the patient.

6. Electronic Health Records (EHR):

 Access a patient's EHR by navigating to their profile and selecting the "EHR" tab.
 View and update medical records, diagnoses, prescriptions, and treatment plans.

49 | P a g e
 Ensure all entries are accurate and comprehensive.

7. Secure Messaging:
 Communicate securely with patients and other healthcare professionals through the "Messages"
module.
 Select the recipient, compose your message, and click "Send."
 Keep all communication within the platform for security and compliance.

8. Administrative Tools:
 Utilize administrative tools under the "Admin" or "Settings" section for tasks like password
updates, notifications, and system preferences.
 Ensure you have the necessary permissions for administrative actions.

9. Notifications and Alerts:

 Stay informed about upcoming appointments, messages, and system updates through
notifications.
 Check the notification icon regularly for alerts and updates.

10. Logout:
 Always log out when you're done using the system to ensure data security.
 Click on your profile picture or name and select "Logout" from the dropdown menu.

11. Technical Support:

 For any technical issues or questions, contact the system administrator or IT support.
 Provide detailed information about the problem to expedite assistance.

50 | P a g e