Engineering Drawing

N1
Module 1: Drawing terminology, abbreviations
and Computer-aided Design (CAD)
INTRODUCTION
Engineering drawing is a type of technical drawing that is used to clearly and
fully define the individual requirements for engineered items. The
requirements are usually described in the form of drawn visual pictures.

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Module 1: Drawing terminology, abbreviations and
Computer-aided Design (CAD) (continued)

PLOTTERS AND PRINTERS USED IN ENGINEERING DRAWING

Printers come in different sizes and capabilities. Thermal and laser printers
are the most common types of printers used with recent technology.
A plotter is a printing device that draws images on a computer, on printable
material.

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Module 1: Drawing terminology, abbreviations and
Computer-aided Design (CAD) (continued)

STORAGE DEVICES
A storage device is computer hardware used to electronically store
information and data files. It serves as the memory of the computer where
information is stored to be used at a later stage.

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Module 1: Drawing terminology, abbreviations and
Computer-aided Design (CAD) (continued)

BACKUP SYSTEMS
A backup system is the storage device with data files that can be used to
repair and restore computer data to their original form. Backup systems allow
the user to select files and types of data that they want to back up.

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Module 2: Drawing equipment and techniques

DRAWING INSTRUMENTS USED IN ENGINEERING DRAWING

There are many different types of instruments used for engineering drawings
such as:
• Drawing boards; • Scale rulers;
• Drawing paper; • Pair of compasses and divider;
• Pencils; • Drawing clamps or masking tape;
• Erasers; • Protractors; and
• T- and set squares; • Stencils and templates.

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Module 2: Drawing equipment and techniques (continued)

LINE TYPES
All engineering drawings are required to meet a certain standard, which
includes the line types used to make a drawing. Different types of lines are
used to indicate different aspects of a drawing, and these are called line
conventions.

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Module 2: Drawing equipment and techniques (continued)

ALPHANUMERICAL PRINTING
Alphanumerical printing is the printing of letters and numbers in a systematic
way to add information on the drawing. Alphanumerical printing is done
freehand with an H or 2H pencil and in between two faint lines, called
guidelines.

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Module 3: Freehand drawing

INSTRUMENTS USED IN FREEHAND DRAWING

The drawing instruments used in freehand drawing are pencil, paper and
eraser. These instruments come in different sizes and shapes. Choosing the
right material for freehand drawing has an impact on the overall quality of the
drawing.

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Module 3: Freehand drawing (continued)

ASPECTS OF FREEHAND DRAWING

Every drawn sketch or figure has to meet certain standards, such as:
• Proportionality;
• Correctness;
• Neatness; and
• Accuracy.

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Module 3: Freehand drawing (continued)

TECHNIQUES IN FREEHAND DRAWING

A neat freehand drawing can be done in three steps – basic shapes, slight
detail, fill in detail to complete the picture.
• Small circles can be drawn freehand using squares or triangles.
• Freehand large circles require a piece of paper called the trammel.
• Arcs can be drawn with templates or by hand.
• Grid paper can help you develop the necessary skills to be able to draw in
freehand.
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Module 4: Geometric construction

BISECTING A LINE SEGMENT

Bisecting a line is to draw a line perpendicular to the original line that cuts the
line perfectly in two. A perpendicular line is a line which meets another line to
form a right angle.

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Module 4: Geometric construction (continued)

BISECTING AN ANGLE
Bisecting an angle means to divide an angle into two equal angles. To bisect
an angle, you will need a ruler, a compass, a pencil, a protractor and drawing
paper.

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Module 4: Geometric construction (continued)

CONSTRUCTING A PERPINDICULAR LINE

A perpendicular line is a line which meets another line to form a right angle
or a 90°angle. You will need a ruler, a compass, a pencil and paper to
construct a perpendicular line.

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Module 4: Geometric construction (continued)

PARALLEL LINES
Parallel lines are lines that run next to each other and never meet.

You will need your ruler, compass, pencil, some drawing paper and the 45°
set square to draw parallel lines.

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Module 4: Geometric construction (continued)

CONSTRUCTING A CIRCLE THROUGH THREE GIVEN POINTS

Step 1: Label three given points 1, 2 and 3. Connect them with straight lines.
Step 2: Draw the perpendicular bisector of each line.
Step 3: The centre of the circle is where these two perpendicular bisectors
meet. To draw the circle, place the needle point of the compass at the point
of intersection and the pencil point at any of the three points – 1, 2 or 3. Then
use the compass to draw the circle.

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Module 4: Geometric construction (continued)

CONSTRUCTING ARCS
In engineering products, the bends of items such as piping are not sharp
corners, but round, smooth bends or arcs. Arcs can be constructed from:
• Lines that form an acute angle;
• Lines that form a right angle;
• Lines that form an obtuse angle;
• An arc and a line; and
• Two other arcs.
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Module 4: Geometric construction (continued)

TRANSFERRING A GIVEN ANGLE

To transfer a given angle means to take an angle and move it to another line.

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Module 4: Geometric construction (continued)

DIVIDING A LINE SEGMENT INTO AN AMOUNT OF EQUAL SEGMENTS

A line segment is a part of a line. In order to divide the unknown length of a
line segment into an amount of equal segments you will need a ruler, a pencil
and a compass.

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Module 4: Geometric construction (continued)

CONSTRUCTION OF DIFFERENT ANGLES

It is important for you to know how to draw the following shapes accurately:
• An equilateral triangle: a three sided shape where all the sides are the
same length and all the angles are the same.
• A square: a figure with four equal straight sides and four right angles.
• A hexagon: a figure with six straight sides and six angles.
• An octagon: a figure with eight straight sides and eight angles.
• An ellipse: a regular oval shape.
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Module 5: Reproduction drawing

SCALE
Scale is used to make a drawing larger or smaller relative to its original size.
Scale is used when a component is too large to fit easily onto a sheet of
drawing paper or when the component is too small for the drawing to be read
easily. Scale is expressed as a ratio between the size of the drawing and the
actual size of the component such as 1:5.

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Module 5: Reproduction drawing (continued)

GEOMETRIC PLAIN FIGURES

Every kind of shape in this section is a polygon. A polygon is a closed shape
with three or more straight sides.

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Module 6: First-Angle Orthographic Projection
(CAD)
PRINCIPLES OF FIRST-ANGLE ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
Orthographic projection requires the projection of a three-dimensional object
onto an imaginary plane, resulting in the creation of a two-dimensional
shape. This shape is dependent on the location of the plane and the direction
from which the object is being observed.

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Module 6: First-Angle Orthographic Projection (CAD) (continued)

PROJECTION METHODS
In order to draw a 3-view engineering drawing you need to learn how to
correctly project the top and left-hand views from the front view. There are
two ways to do this:
• The 45° line method; and
• The circular arc method.

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Module 6: First-Angle Orthographic Projection (CAD) (continued)

STEPS TO SET UP AN ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION DRAWING

1. Select the correct size paper,
2. Calculate the total dimensions of the drawing,
3. Place the front view on the paper,
4. Construct the top and left views,
5. Add the dimensions to your drawing,
6. Add the title, scale and projection symbols to the drawing.

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Module 7: Axonometrical drawing (CAD)

OBLIQUE DRAWINGS
An oblique drawing is a drawing in which the vertical axis and the horizontal
axis are at 90° to each other. The third axis is at 45° to the horizontal axis.

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Module 7: Axonometrical drawing (CAD) (continued)

ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS
In an isometric drawing the height is drawn perpendicular to the horizontal.
The width and the length of an isometric drawing are drawn at a given angle
to the horizontal.

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Module 8: Orthographic projection of prisms and
pyramids
PRISMS AND PYRAMIDS
A prism is a geometrical solid object that has two identical faces and multiple
sides that are parallelograms. Unlike a prism, a pyramid only has one base.
The sides are triangular faces that join at the top to form a tip or apex, which
is a vertex. All the sides of a pyramid are also flat, which means that it has no
curves.

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Module 8: Orthographic projection of prisms and pyramids (continued)

TYPES OF PRISMS AND PYRAMIDS

Examples of prisms: Examples of pyramids:
• Triangular prism; • Triangular pyramids;
• Cube; • Square pyramids;
• Square prism; • Hexagonal pyramids;
• Hexagonal prism; • Octagonal pyramids;
• Octagonal prism; • Cone.
• Cylinder.
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Module 8: Orthographic projection of prisms and pyramids (continued)

DRAWING OF FIRST-ANGLE ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS OF

OBJECTS
• You should project objects with their axes perpendicular to the horizontal
plane and parallel to the vertical plane first.
• You should draw secondary views with normal outlines, should show
hidden details where required, and add the symbol for first-angle
orthographic projection.

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Module 9: Sectional drawing of single items

SECTIONING
Some of the uses and advantages of sectioning are as follows:
• It makes details of an object clearer.
• It shows the internal features of an object.
• It reduces the amount of hidden lines, or gets rid of them completely.
• It allows for the dimensioning of internal features.

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Module 9: Sectional drawing of single items (continued)

TYPES OF SECTIONAL VIEWS

There several ways of revealing the internal parts of an object. Two methods
you could use are the:
• The cross-section method involves cutting away a section of an object with
the use of a cutting plane.
• The assembly method involves separating or taking apart an object’s parts
(in layers) so that you can reveal its internal parts.

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Module 9: Sectional drawing of single items (continued)

APPLYING SECTIONING TECHNIQUES TO SECTIONAL VIEWS

• In sectioning, cutting plane lines are used to indicate where the cutting
planes of an object are.
• Sectional views are mainly identified by sectioning lines, which are also
known as hatching lines (hatching or cross-hatching).

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