9.

RAY OPTICS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS

A Quick Recapitulation of the Chapter

1. Laws of Reflection
(i) The incident ray, reflected ray and the normal to the reflecting surface at the
point of incidence lie in the same plane.
(ii) The angle of incidence, ∠ i=¿ angle of reflection, ∠ r .
R
2. The focal length of a spherical mirror is half of its radius of curvature, i.e., f = .
2
3. Mirror Equation If an object is placed at a distance u from the pole of a mirror and its
image is formed at a distance v from a pole. Then, according to the mirror equation
given by
1 1 1
+ =
v u f
4. If a thin object of linear height h is placed perpendicular to the principal axis of a
mirror and the linear height of its image be h' , then linear magnification is given by
'
h −v
m= =
h u
5. Refraction of light is the phenomenon of bending of a ray of light while passing from
one transparent medium to another.

6. Laws of Refraction
(i) The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal to the interface at the point of
incidence, all lie in the same plane. (ii) The ratio of the sine of angle of incidence ( i
to the sine of angle of refraction (r ) is constant, i.e.,
sin ⁡i
=n
sin ⁡r 21
where, n21 is a constant, called the refractive index of the second medium with
respect to the first medium.
This is known as Snell's law of refraction.
7. A ray of light travelling from denser medium to a rarer medium is incident at the
interface of two media at an angle greater than the critical angle for the two media,
the ray is totally reflected back to denser medium, this phenomenon is called Total
Internal Reflection (TIR).
n1
8. sin ⁡c =
n2
where, c is the critical angle.
9. Refraction at a Spherical Surface If an object is placed in a medium of refractive
index n, at a distance u from the pole of a spherical surface of radius of curvature R
and after refraction, its image is formed in a medium of refractive index n2 at a
distance, v , then
n2 n1 n2 −n1
− =
v u R
This equation holds for any curved spherical surface.
10. Lens Maker's Formula is given by
1 1 1
= ( n21−1 ) −
f R 1 R2
11. The lens formula is given by
1 1 1
− =
v u f
12. Magnification (m) produced by lens is defined as the ratio of the size of the image to
that of the object.
'
h v
m= =
h u
13. Power of a lens is a measure of the convergence or divergence which a lens
introduces in the light falling on it.
1 100
P= = dioptre
f ( m) f ( cm)
It is also defined as the tangent of the angle by which it converges or diverges a
beam of light falling at unit distant from the optical centre.
tan ⁡δ=h/ f
14. If several thin lenses of focal length f 1 , f 2 , f 3 , … are in contact, the effective focal
length of their combination is given by
1 1 1 1
= + + ,… or P=P1 + P2 + P3 , …
f f1 f 2 f3
15. Angle of deviation through a prism, δ m=i+e− A where, i is the angle of incidence, e is
the angle of emergence and A is the angle of prism.
A+ δ m
sin ⁡
16. Refractive index of prism material, 2 where, δ m is minimum deviation.
n=
sin ⁡( A /2)
17. The phenomenon of splitting of light into its component colours is known as
dispersion.
18. Magnifying power of simple microscope,
D
m=1+
f
where, D is the least distant of distinct vision.
19. Angular magnification of simple microscope is
D θi
m= =
f θ0
20. Magnifying power of a compound microscope is
L D
m=mo me = 1+
fo fe
where, f 0=¿ the focal length of objective lens and f e =¿ the focal length of eyepiece.
21. Magnifying power of an astronomical telescope is
β fo
m= =
α fe
where, β=¿ angle subtended at the eye by the final image
α =¿ angle which the object subtends at the lens or the eye.
22. Length of the telescope tube ¿ f o +f e
Objective Questions Based on NCERT Text
Topic 1 : Reflection of Light by Spherical Mirrors
1. Human eye can sense
(a) a small range of electromagnetic rays
(b) a large range of electromagnetic rays
(c) cannot detect electromagnetic waves
(d) only longitudinal waves
2. Speed of light in vacuum is
(a) highest attainable speed
(b) attainable by small mass particles in vacuum
(c) attainable by dust particles in interstellar space
(d) None of the above
3. A beam of light is
(a) a ray of light
(b) a bundle of rays
(c) few rays moving in different directions (d) more than one ray
4. Earlier, we have studied that light is an electromagnetic wave but from our
interactive notion, we realise that light travels in a straight line. Which of the given
point justify both the contradictory facts?
(a) Of the order of wavelength of light
(b) Much larger than wavelength of light
(c) Of the order of one millimetre
(d) The wavelength of light is much smaller compared to the size of ordinary objects
5. If θ1 and θ2 are the angles of incidence and reflection respectively, then correct
relation between them is
π
(a) θ1= + θ2
2
(b) θ1 >θ 2
(c) θ1 <θ 2
(d) θ1=θ 2
6. Incident ray always lies in a plane
(a) perpendicular to plane containing normal and reflected ray
(b) perpendicular to normal
(c) perpendicular to plane containing reflected ray
(d) containing reflected ray and normal
7. Laws of reflection are valid in case of
(a) regular reflection
(b) irregular reflection
(c) reflection over a curved surface
(d) Both (a) and (c)
8. A plane mirror is placed along the X -axis facing negative Y -axis. The mirror is fixed.
A point object is moving with 3 í+ 4 ´j infront of the plane mirror. The relative velocity
of image with respect to its object is
(a) −8 ´j
(b) 8 j́
(c) 3 í−4 ´j
(d) −6 ´j
9. A ray of light gets reflected from the plane mirror. The incident ray and the
reflected ray are perpendicular to each other. The angle of incidence is
(a) 60∘
(b) 30∘
(c) 45 ∘
(d) 0∘
10. A ray of light is incident on a plane mirror along the direction given by vector,
A=2 í−3 ´j+ 4 ḱ . Find the unit vector along the reflected ray. (Take, normal to the
mirror along the direction of vector, B=3 í−6 ´j+ 2 ḱ ¿ .
−94 í+237 ´j+68 ḱ
(a)
49 √29
−94 í+68 ´j−273 ḱ
(b)
49 √ 29
´
3 í+6 j−2 ḱ
(c)
7
(d) None of these
1
11. A ray of light travelling in the direction ( í+ √ 3 ´j) is incident on a plane mirror. After
2
1
reflection, it travels along the direction ( í−√ 3 ´j). The angle of incidence is
2
[JEE Advanced 2013]
(a) 30∘
(b) 45 ∘
(c) 60∘
(d) 75∘
12. Two plane mirrors are inclined to each other such that a ray of light incident on the
first mirror and parallel to the second is reflected from the second mirror parallel to
the first mirror. The angle between the two mirrors is
(a) 30∘
(b) 45 ∘
(c) 60∘
(d) 75∘
13. Two plane mirrors are inclined at an angle θ . It is found that a ray incident on one
mirror at any angle is rendered parallel to itself after reflection from both the
mirrors. The value of θ is
(a) 30∘
(b) 60∘
(c) 90∘
(d) 120∘
14. Four identical mirrors are made to stand vertically to form a square arrangement as
shown in a figure. A ray starts from the mid-point M of mirror AD and after two
reflections reaches corner D . Then, angle θ

must be
(a) tan−1 ⁡(0.75)
(b) cot−1 ⁡(0.75)
(c) sin−1 ⁡(0.75)
(d) cos−1 ⁡(0.75)
15. In given diagrams, point F is

(III)
(a) focal in I, centre of curvature in II and focus in III
(b) focal in I and II and centre of curvature in III
(c) focal in I and centre of curvature in II and III
(d) focal in all I, II and III
16. In reflection over a spherical mirror, ray parallel to principal axis, after reflection
from mirror pass through
(a) focus
(c) pole of mirror
(b) centre of curvature
(d) any point 17. A ray passing through or directed towards centre of curvature of a
spherical mirror is reflected such that it trace back of its path, because
(a) it does not follow law of reflection
(b) angle of incidence is 0∘
(c) centre of curvature is midway between object and pole
(d) distance of centre of curvature from focus is equal to its distance from pole
17. If lower half of a concave mirror is blackened, then
(a) image distance increases
(b) image distance decreases
(c) image intensity increases
(d) image intensity decreases
18. An object is placed at 10 cm from a concave mirror of radius of curvature 15 cm , then
(a) it forms an erect image
(b) it forms a small and inverted image
(c) it forms a point image
(d) if forms a magnified, real and inverted image
19. Rear view mirror of a car is of radius of curvature R=2 m. A jogger approaches car
(from behind) at a speed of 5 ms−1. The speed of image, when jogger is 39 m from
the mirror, is
(a) 0.3 ms−1
(b) 0.1 ms−1
(c) 0.5 ms−1
(d) 0.5 cm s−1
20. A boy 1.5 m tall with his eye level at 1.38 m stands before a mirror fixed on a wall.
The minimum length of mirror required to view the complete image of boy is
(a) 0.75 m
(b) 0.06 m
(c) 0.69 m
(d) 0.12 m
21. A short linear object of length b lies along the axis of a concave mirror of focal
length f at a distance u from the pole of the mirror. The size of the image is
approximate equal to
u−f
(a) b
f
1/ 2
f
(b) b
u−f
u−f
(c) b
f
f
(d) b
u−f
22. A concave mirror of focal length f 1 is placed at a distance of d from a convex lens of
focal length f 2. A beam of light coming from infinity and falling on this convex lens-
concave mirror combination returns to infinity. The distance d must be equal
(a) f 1+ f 2
(c) 2 f 1 + f 2
(b) −f 1+ f 2
(d) −2 f 1 + f 2
[CBSE AIPMT 2012]
24. An object 2 cm high is placed at a distance of 16 cm from a concave mirror, which
produces a real image 3 cm high. What is the focal length of the mirror?
(a) −9.6 cm
(c) −6.3 cm
(b) −3.6 cm
(d) −8.3 cm
25. A rod of length 30 cm lies along the principal axis of a concave mirror of focal length
10 cm in such a way that its end closer to the pole is 20 cm away from the mirror.
The length of the image is [CBSE AIPMT 2012]
(a) 10 cm
(b) 15 cm
(c) 2.5 cm
(d) 5 cm
26. A concave mirror has a radius of curvature of 20 cm. The image of a object formed in
mirror is 2.50 times the size of the object. How far is the mirror from the object?
(a) 5.5 cm
(b) 40 cm
(c) 6 cm
(d) 10 cm
27. A container is filled with water (μ=1.33) upto a height of 33.25 cm. A concave mirror is
placed 15 cm above the water level and the image of an object placed at the bottom
is formed 25 cm below the water level. The focal length of the mirror is

(a) 10 cm
(b) 15 cm
(c) −18.3 cm( d )25 cm
Topic 2
Refraction and Total Internal Reflection
28. Incident ray, normal at the point of incidence and refracted ray are always
(a) mutually perpendicular
(b) inclined at acute angles
(c) parallel
(d) coplanar
29. A ray of light strikes an air-glass interface at an angle of incidence ( i=60 ∘) and gets
refracted at an angle of refraction r . On increasing the angle of incidence ( i>60∘ ), the
angle of refraction r
(a) decreases
(c) is equal to 60∘
(b) remains same
(d) increases 30. For the same angle of incidence, the angles of refraction in media
P , Q and R are 35∘ ,25 ∘ and 15∘, respectively. Which of the following relation hold true
for the velocity of light in medium P , Q and R ?
(a) v P < v Q <v R
(b) v P < v R < v Q
(c) v P > v Q >v R
(d) v P > v R > v Q
30. A divergent beam of light from a point source S having divergence angle α falls
symmetrically on a glass slab as shown in the figure. The angles of incidence of the
two extreme rays are equal. If the thickness of the glass slab is t and its refractive
index is n, then the divergence angle of the emergent beam is

(a) zero
(b) α
(c) sin−1 ⁡(1/n)
(d) 2 sin−1 ⁡( 1 / n)
32. A ray of light strikes a material's slab at an angle of incidence 60∘ . If the reflected
and refracted rays are perpendicular to each other, then which of the given options
is are correct?
(a) The angle of refraction is 45 ∘
(b) The angle of refraction is 30∘
(c) The refractive index of the material is √ 3
(d) Both (b) and (c)
33. A ray of light strikes a transparent rectangular slab of refractive index √ 2 at an
angle of incidence of 45 ∘. The angle between the reflected and refracted ray is
(a) 75∘
(b) 90∘
(c) 105∘
(d) 120∘
34. As you can seen from Fig. (i) and (ii) shows refraction of light from air to glass and
from air to water. Find out the value of the angle θ in the case of refraction as
shown in figure (iii) will be

(a) 30∘
(c) 40 ∘
(b) 50∘
(d) 45 ∘
35. For refraction through a plane glass slab, dimension d is called

(a) refraction shift

(b) lateral shift
(c) emergence shift
(d) incidence shift
36. When an object lying in a denser medium is observed from rare medium, then real
depth of object is
(a) more than that observed
(b) less than that observed
(c) equals to observed depth
(d) depends on angle of vision
37. A beaker contains water upto height h1 and kerosene of height h2 above water so
that the total height of (water +kerosene) is ( h 1+ h2 ). Refractive index of water is μ1
and that of kerosene is μ2. The apparent shift in position of the bottom of the beaker
shown viewed from above is
1 1
(a) 1− h2 +1− h1
μ1 μ2
1 1
(b) 1+ h1 +1+ h2
μ1 μ2
1 1
(c) 1− h1 +1− h2
μ1 μ2
1 1
(d) 1+ h2−1+ h1
μ1 μ2
real depth
38. The ratio is equal to
apparent depth
(a) refractive index of denser medium with respect to air
(b) refractive index of denser medium with respect to rare medium
(c) refractive index of rare medium with respect to air
(d) refractive index of rare medium with respect to denser medium
39. A beaker of depth a is half filled with olive oil of refractive index μ1 and the other
half is filled with water of refractive index μ2. The apparent depth of the beaker
when viewed from above is
a ( μ1 + μ2 )
(a)
2 μ 1 μ2
a μ 1 μ2
(b)
2 ( μ 1+ μ 2)
a μ 1 μ2
(c)
( μ1 + μ 2 )
2 a ( μ 1+ μ 2 )
(d)
μ 1 μ2
40. A vessel is filled with water to a height of 13 cm . The apparent depth of a screw lying
at the bottom of the vessel is measured by a microscope to be 8.5 cm. If water is
replaced by a liquid of refractive index 1.70 upto the same height. Find the distance
at which microscope have to be moved to focus on the screw again?
(a) 0.85 cm
(b) 0.52 cm
(c) 0.65 cm
(d) 1.02 cm
41. Early sunrise and delayed sunset are caused due to
(a) bending of light rays towards centre of earth due to gravity
(b) bending of light rays away from centre of earth due to refraction
(c) bending of light rays towards centre of earth due to refraction
(d) scattering of light from molecules of gases and dust particles in atmosphere
42. Time-period of rotation of earth on its own axis is 24 h. Time taken by sun to shift by
∘
1 , when viewed from earth is
(a) 36 min
(b) 24 /360 min
(c) 4 min
(d) around 1 min
43. A ray of light strikes an air-glass interface such that a part of it is reflected into air
and the rest enters glass as shown in the figure given below.

If angle of refraction and refractive index of glass with respect to air is r and μ
respectively, then value of α is
(a) r
(b) μ sin ⁡r
(c) sin−1 ⁡( μ sin ⁡r )
−1 sin ⁡r
(d) sin ⁡
μ
44. In total internal reflection,
(a) light ray travelling through a denser medium is completely reflected back to
denser medium
(b) light ray travelling through a denser medium is completely refracted to rare
medium
(c) light ray is partially reflected back to denser medium and partially refracted to
rare medium
(d) light ray is absorbed completely by denser medium
45. Total internal reflection of a light ray travelling from denser medium to rare medium
occurs only when angle of incidence is
(a) 45 ∘
(b) 90∘
(c) acute
(d) more than a certain value
46. A green light is incident from the water to the air-water interface at the critical
angle (θ). Select the correct statement.
[JEE Main 2014]
(a) The entire spectrum of visible light will come out of the water at an angle of 90∘
to the normal
(b) The spectrum of visible light whose frequency is less than that of green light will
come out of the air medium
(c) The spectrum of visible light whose frequency is more than that of green light
will come out to the air medium
(d) The entire spectrum of visible light will come out of the water at various angles
to the normal
47. Two transparent media A and B are separated by a plane boundary. The speed of
light in medium A is 2 ×108 ms−1 and in medium B is 2.5 ×10 8 ms−1. The critical angle
for which a ray of light going from A to B is totally internally reflected is
−1 1
(a) sin ⁡
2
−1 2
(b) sin ⁡
5
−1 4
(c) sin ⁡
5
−1 3
(d) sin ⁡
4
48. A ray of light is incident at the glass-water interface at an angle i, it emerges finally
parallel to the surface of water, then the value of μ g would be

(a) (4/3)sin ⁡i
(b) 1/sin ⁡i
(c) 4 /3
(d) 1
49. A ray of light from a denser medium strikes a rarer medium at an angle of incidence
i (see figure). The reflected and refracted rays make an angle of 90∘ with each other.
The angle of reflection and refraction are r and r ' . The critical angle is
(a) sin−1 ⁡(tan ⁡r)
(b) sin−1 ⁡(cot ⁡i)
(c) sin−1 ⁡( tan ⁡r ' )
(d) tan−1 ⁡(sin ⁡i)
50. A right-angled prism is to be made by selecting a proper material and angles A and
B(B ≤ A), as shown in figure. It is desired that a ray of light incident on face AB
emerges parallel to the incident direction after two internal reflections. What should
be the minimum refractive index n for this to be possible?

1
(a) n min =
sin ⁡A
1
(b) n min=
sin ⁡B
sin ⁡A
(c) n min=
sin ⁡B
(d) n min = √ sin ⁡A × sin ⁡B
51. A parallel sides slab ABCD of refractive index 2 is sandwiched between two slabs of
refractive indices √ 2 and √ 3 as shown in the figure. The minimum value of angle θ
such that the ray PQ suffers total internal reflection at both the surfaces AB and CD
is

(a) 30∘
(b) 45 ∘
(c) 60∘
(d) 75∘
52. A glass prism of refractive index 1.5 is immersed in water (refractive index 4/3). A
light beam incident normally on the face AB is totally reflected to reach the face BC ,
if
(a) sin ⁡θ> 8/9
(b) 2/3 sin ⁡θ< 8/9
(c) sin ⁡θ< 2/3
(d) None of these
53. A light source is placed at a depth of d below the surface of water (μ). A wooden disc
is placed on the surface so that light from the source is not visible from the surface.
Find out the radius of the wooden disc.
d
(a) 2 1 /2
( μ −1 )
2d
(b) 2 1 /2
( μ −1 )
d
(c) 1/ 2
2 ( μ −1 )
2

1 /2
(d) 2 d ( μ 2−1 )
54. If the critical angle for light going from medium A to B is θ . Then find the speed of
light in medium B, if speed of light is v in medium A .
(a) v (1−cos ⁡θ)
v
(b)
cos ⁡θ
v
(c)
sin ⁡θ
(d) v (1−sin ⁡θ)
55. A light beam is travelling from region I to region IV (refer figure). The refractive
index in

n0 n0 n0
regions I, II, II and IV are n 0 ,
, and , respectively. The angle of incidence θ for
2 6 8
which the beam just misses entering region IV is
Region Region Region Region
I II III IV

n0 n0 n0
n0
2 6 8
−1 3
(a) sin ⁡
4
−1 1
(b) sin ⁡
8
−1 1
(c) sin ⁡
4
−1 1
(d) sin ⁡
3
56. Mirage in hot deserts occurs due to
(a) reflection of light
(b) refraction of light
(c) total internal reflection of light
(d) scattering of light
57. A diamond piece has more brilliance than a glass piece of same shape and size,
because
(a) diamond has tetrahedral arrangement of carbon atoms
(b) diamond has more mass density than the glass
(c) diamond is more hard than glass
(d) critical angle for diamond is less than that of glass
58. Prisms are used in many optical instruments for bending light rays by 90∘ or 180∘.
This is possible because
(a) light undergoes total internal reflection
(b) light undergoes refraction while passing through a prism
(c) light shows dispersion while passing through a prism
(d) prism are easy to mount in corners
59. An optical fibre is
(a) a fibre optically visible in light
(b) a fibre optically invisible in light
(c) a fibre through which light can travel
(d) a fibre opaque to ordinary light
60. In an optical fibre (shown), correct relation of refractive indices of core and cladding
is

(a) n1=n2
(b) n1 >n 2
(c) n1 <n 2
(d) n1 +n 2=2
61. An optical fibre is used in
(a) telescope
(b) microscope
(c) endoscope
(d) periscope
62. Which of the following is based on the phenomenon of total internal reflection of
light?
(a) Sparkling of diamond
(b) Optical fibre communication
(c) Instrument used by doctors for endoscopy
(d) All of the above

Topic 3

Refraction at Spherical Surfaces and by Lenses

63. Consider a convex surface separating two media of refractive indices n1 and n2
respectively, n2 >n 1. Which of these is a correct diagram?

64. For the refraction shown below the correct relation is,

n2 n1 n2 −n1
(a) − =
v u R
n n n −n
(b) 1 − 2 = 2 1
v u R
n n n −n
(c) 1 − 2 = 1 2
v u R
n n n −n
(d) 2 − 1 = 1 2
v u R
65. Light from a point source in air falls on a spherical glass surface ¿ and radius of
curvature ¿ 20 cm ). The distance of the light source from the glass surface is 100 cm.
Image distance from the glass surface is
(a) 20 cm
(b) 50 cm
(c) 100 cm
(d) 75 cm
66. A magician during a show makes a glass lens with n=1.47 disappear in a trough of
liquid.
Refractive index of the liquid is
(a) 1.47
(b) 1.33
4
(c)
3
12
(d)
5
67. An object is placed in front of a sphere of radius R at a distance x from the first
surface. The value of x for which the light after refraction from the first surface
becomes parallel to the axis is
R
(a)
( μ−1)
R
(b)
μ +1
2R
(c)
(1+ μ)
Rμ
(d)
( μ+1)
68. A mark placed on the surface of a sphere is viewed through glass from a position
directly opposite as shown in the figure. The diameter of the sphere is 30 cm and
refractive index of glass is 1.5 . The position of the image is

(a) at a distance of 60 cm from surface ABC in the direction of incident light

(b) at a distance of 60 cm from the surface ABC opposite to the direction of incident
light
(c) at a distance of 30 cm from the surface AOC opposite to the direction of incident
light on ABC
(d) Both (b) and (c)
69. A parallel beam of light is incident on a solid transparent sphere of a material of
refractive index n. If a point image is produced at the back of the sphere, the
refractive index of the material of sphere is
(a) 2.5
(b) 1.5
(c) 1.25
(d) 2.0
70. A point source of light at the surface of a sphere comes as a parallel beam of light
and emerge from the opposite surface of the sphere. The refractive index of the
material of the sphere is
(a) 1.5
(b) 5/3
(c) 2
(d) 2.5
71. A wire mesh consisting of very small squares is viewed at a distance of 8 cm through
a magnifying converging lens of focal length 10 cm , kept close to the eye. The
magnification produced by the lens is
(a) 5
(b) 8
(c) 10
(d) 20
72. For a given lens, the magnification was found to be twice as large as when the
object was 0.15 m distant from it as when the distance was 0.2 m . The focal length of
the lens is
(a) 1.5 m
(b) 0.20 m
(c) 0.10 m
(d) 0.05 m
73. A diminished image of an object is to be obtained on a screen 1 m from it. This can
be achieved by using
(a) plane mirror
(b) a convex mirror of suitable focal length
(c) a convex lens of focal length less than 0.25 m
(d) a concave lens of suitable focal length
74. A real image of distant object is formed by a planoconvex lens on its principal axis.
Spherical aberration
(a) is absent
(b) is smaller, if the curved surface of the lens faces the object
(c) is smaller, if the plane surface of the lens faces the object
(d) is the same whichever side of the lens faces the object
75. A spherical aberration in a thin lens can be reduced by
(a) using a monochromatic light
(b) using a doublet combination
(c) using a circular annular mark over the lens
(d) increasing the size of the lens
76. A double convex lens, made of a material of refractive index μ1, is placed inside two
liquids of refractive indices μ2 and μ3 as shown μ2 > μ1 > μ3. A wide, parallel beam of
light is incident on the lens from the left. The lens will give rise to

(a) a single convergent beam

(b) two different convergent beams
(c) two different divergent beams
(d) a convergent and a divergent beam.
77. A plano-convex lens is made of material of refractive index n . When a small object is
placed 30 cm away in front of the curved surface of the lens, an image of double the
size of the object is produced. Due to reflection from the convex surface of the lens,
another faint image is observed at a distance of 10 cm away from the lens. which of
the following statement(s) is (are) true?
[JEE Advanced 2016]
(a) The refractive index of the lens is 2.5
(b) The radius of curvature of the convex surface is 45 cm
(c) The faint image is erect and real
(d) The focal length of the lens is 20 cm
78. A lens is made of flint glass (refractive index ¿ 1.5 ). When the lens is immersed in a
liquid of refractive index 1.25 , the focal length
(a) increases by a factor of 1.25
(b) increases by a factor of 2.5
(c) increases by a factor of 1.2
(d) decreases by a factor of 1.2
79. A concave lens of glass of refractive index 1.5 has both surfaces of same radius of
curvature R . On immersion in a medium of refractive index 1.75 , it will behave as a
(a) convergent lens of focal length 3.5 R
(b) convergent lens of focal length 3.0 R
(c) divergent lens of focal length 3.5 R
(d) divergent lens of focal length 3.0 R
80. A hollow double concave lens is made of very thin transparent material. It can be
filled with air or either of two liquids L1 or L2 having refractive indices n1 and n2 ,
respectively ( n 1> n2> 1 ). The lens will diverge a parallel beam of light if it is filled with
(a) air and placed in air
(b) air and immersed in L1
(c) L1 and immersed in L2
(d) L2 and immersed in L1
81. A thin lens of glass ( μ=1.5 ¿ of focal length ± 10 cm is immersed in water (μ=1.33).
The new focal length is
(a) 20 cm
(b) 40 cm
(c) 48 cm
(d) 12 cm
82. Which of the following is true for rays coming from infinity?
(a) Two images are formed
(b) Continuous image is formed between focal points of upper and lower lens
(c) One image is formed
(d) None of the above

83. Two identical thin plano-convex glass lenses (refractive index 1.5) each having
radius of curvature of 20 cm are placed with their convex surfaces in contact at the
centre. The intervening space is filled with oil of refractive index 1.7. The focal
length of the combination is
[CBSE AIPMT 2015]
(a) −20 cm
(b) −25 cm
(c) −50 cm
(d) 50 cm
84. A convex lens of focal length 1 m and a concave lens of focal length 0.25 m are kept
0.75 m apart. A parallel beam of light first passes through the convex lens, then
through the concave lens. Which of the following option is correct?
(a) The final image is formed at 0.5 m away from the concave lens
(b) The final image is formed at focus of the concave lens
(c) The rays after refraction from both the lenses becomes parallel to the principal
axis
(d) The final image is real and formed at 0.75 m from the concave lens.
85. Diameter of a plano-convex lens is 6 cm and thickness at the centre is 3 mm . If
speed of light in material of lens is 2 ×108 ms−1, the focal length of the lens is
[JEE Main 2013]
(a) 15 cm
(b) 20 cm
(c) 30 cm
(d) 10 cm
86. If two +5 D , lenses are mounted at some distance apart, the equivalent power will
always be negative, if the distance is
(a) greater than 40 cm
(c) equal to 40 cm
(b) equal to 10 cm
(d) less than 10 cm
87. Two thin lenses, when in contact, produce a combination of power +10 D . When they
are 0.25 m apart, the power is reduced to +6 D . The power of the lenses in dioptres,
are
(a) 1 and 9
(b) 2 and 8
(c) 4 and 6
(d) 5 each
88. The power of a biconvex lens is 20 dioptre and the radius of curvature of each
surface is 5 cm . Find the refractive index of the material of lens is
4
(a)
3
3
(b)
2
9
(c)
8
3
(d)
5
89. Two thin lenses, when in contact produces a combination of power +10 D . When they
are 0.25 m apart, the power reduces to +6 D . The focal length of the lenses are
(a) 0.125 m and 0.5 m
(b) 0.125 m and 1 m
(c) 1 m and 0.5 m
(d) 0.125 m and 0.4 m
90. A convex lens of focal length 40 cm, a concave lens of focal length 40 cm and a
concave lens of focal length 15 cm are placed in contact. The power of the
combination in dioptre is
(a) +1.5
(b) -1.5
(c) +6.67
(d) -6.67
91. A plano-convex lens fits exactly into a plano-concave lens. Their plane surfaces are
parallel to each other. If lenses are made of different materials of refractive indices μ1
and μ2 and R is the radius of curvature of the curved surface of the lenses, then the
focal length of the combination is
R
(a)
2 ( μ 1+ μ 2)
R
(b)
2 ( μ 1−μ2 )
R
(c)
( μ1−μ2 )
2R
(d)
( μ2−μ1 )
[CBSE AIPMT 2013]
92. A double convex lens whose refractive index is 1.33 has both radii of curvature of
magnitude 10 cm . If an object is placed at a distance of 5 cm from this lens, the
position of the image formed is
(a) 7.46 same side of the object
(b) 7.46 opposite side of the object
(c) 14.45 same side of the object
(d) 14.45 opposite side of the object

Topic 4 : Prism
93. A ray of light undergoes deviation of 30∘ when incident on an equilateral prism of
refractive index √ 2. The angle made by the ray inside the prism with the base of the
prism is
(a) 45 ∘
(b) 30∘
(c) 0∘
(d) 60∘
94. The refracting angle of a prism is A , and refractive index of the material of the
prism is cot ⁡( A/2). The angle of minimum deviation is
[CBSE AIPMT 2015]
(a) 180∘−3 A
(b) 180∘−2 A
(c) 90∘− A
(d) 180∘ +2 A
95. A ray of light passes through an equilateral prism such that, the angle of incidence
is equal to the angle of emergence and the latter is equal to 3/ 4 the angle of prism.
The angle of deviation is
(a) 25∘
(b) 30∘
(c) 45 ∘
(d) 35∘
96. A plot of angle of deviation D versus angle of incidence for a triangular prism is
shown below.
The angle of incidence for which the light ray travels

parallel to the base is

(a) 30∘
(b) 60∘
(c) 45 ∘
(d) Data insufficient
π π
97. A prism of prism angle gives a deviation of . If the velocity of light in vacuum is
4 4
−1
3 ×10 ms , then find the velocity of light in material of the prism.
8

(a) 1.25 ×108 ms−1

(b) 1.33 ×108 ms−1
(c) 2.4 × 108 ms−1
(d) 1.62 ×108 ms−1
98. A prism ( μ=1.57 ) gives a deviation of 5.5∘. The prism angle is
(a) 9.64 ∘
(b) 7.74 ∘
(c) 5.5∘
(d) 8.50∘
99. The angle of incidence for a ray of light at a refracting surface of a prism is 45 ∘. The
angle of prism is 60∘ . If the ray suffers minimum deviation through the prism, the
angle of minimum deviation and refractive index of the material of the prism
respectively, are [NEET 2016]
(a) 30∘ ; √ 2
(b) 45 ∘ ; √ 2
∘ 1
(c) 30 ;
√2
∘ 1
(d) 45 ;
√2
100. In an experiment for determination of refractive index of glass of a prism by i−δ
plot, it was found that a ray incident at an angle 35∘ suffers a deviation of 40 ∘ and
that it emerges at an angle 79∘. In that case, which of the following is closest to the
maximum possible value of the refractive index?
(a) 1.5
(b) 1.6
(c) 1.7
(d) 1.8
101. Which graph truly shows the relation between angle of incidence and angle of
deviation for a prism? [JEE Main 2013]

102. In vacuum,
(a) red travels faster
(b) yellow travels faster
(c) violet travels faster
(d) all colours have same speed
103. A monochromatic light is incident on the face of the prism at an angle of incidence
∘
i=60 .
Which of given statement is correct?
(a) Dispersion takes place
(b) Deviation takes place
(c) Both dispersion and deviation takes place
(d) Neither deviation nor dispersion takes place
104. A white light is incident obliquely on the face of the prism. The light emerging from
the other face of the prism consists of
(a) only white light
(b) a spectrum of light consisting of different components of colour namely violet,
indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange and red
(c) spectrum consisting of red, blue and green colour
(d) None of the above
105. White light is incident on one of the refracting surfaces of a prism of angle 5∘. If the
refractive indices for red and blue colours are 1.641 and 1.659 respectively, the
angular separation between these two colours when they emerge out of the prism is
(a) 0.9∘
(b) 0.09∘
(c) 1.8∘
(d) 1.2∘
106. When a beam of white light passes through a prism then the most deviated colour is
(a) red light
(b) violet light
(c) yellow light
(d) Both (a) and (b)
107. Thick lenses are not preferred because they
(a) are heavy
(b) breaks easily
(c) are costly to manufacture
(d) are prone to chromatic aberration defect
108. Chromatic aberration is
(a) formation of a dull image in white light
(b) formation of a tilted image in white light
(c) formation of a deformed image in white light
(d) formation of a coloured image in white light
109. Rainbow is formed due to
(a) refraction
(b) reflection
(c) dispersion
(d) All of these
110. The primary rainbow is a result of ...A... step process. Here, A refers to
(a) two
(b) one
(c) three
(d) four
111. When light rays undergoes two internal reflections inside a rain drop. Then,
secondary rainbow is formed due to ...A... step process. Here, A refers to
(a) one
(b) two
(c) three
(d) four
112. Which of the options correctly states the necessary condition for formation of
rainbow?
(a) Sun should be shining in part of sky while it is raining in opposite part of the sky
(b) The observer must stand with his back towards the sun
(c) The observer must be facing the sun
(d) Both (a) and (b)
113. The amount of scattering is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the
wavelength. This is known as
(a) Rayleigh scattering
(b) Maxwell scattering
(c) Oersted scattering
(d) Reynold scattering
114. At sunset or sunrise, the sun's rays have to pass through a larger distance because
(a) shorter wavelengths are removed by scattering
(b) longer wavelengths are removed by scattering
(c) less frequency of scattering wavelength
(d) Both (a) and (b)
115. If the ratio of amount of scattering of two light waves is 1 :4 , then the ratio of their
wavelengths is
(a) √ 2:1
(b) 2 :1
(c) 3 :1
(d) 2 √ 2:1
116. Red colour is used for danger signals because
(a) it causes fear
(b) it undergoes least scattering
(c) it undergoes maximum scattering
(d) None of the above
117. The sky would appear red instead of blue, if
(a) atmospheric particles scatter blue light more than red light
(b) atmospheric particles scatter all colours equally
(c) atmospheric particles scatter red light more than the blue light
(d) the sun was much hotter
Topic 5
Optical Instruments and Defects of Vision
118. The light enters the eye through a curved front surface, the ...A.... It passes through
the ... B … which is the central hole in the iris.
Here, A and B refer to
(a) cornea, aqueous homour
(b) cornea, pupil
(c) pupil, cornea
(d) pupil, aqueous homour
119. The retina contains rods and cones which sense
(a) light intensity
(b) color
(c) transmit electrical signals
(d) All of the above
120. When the object is brought closer to the eye, in order to maintain the same image
lens distance (≅ 2.5 cm) , so focal length become shorter by ciliary muscles. This
property of the eye is called ...A... .
Here, A refers to
(a) accommodation
(b) vitreous homour
(c) buffer
(d) retina
121. Near and far points of human eye are
(a) 25 cm and infinite
(b) 50 cm and 100 cm
(c) 25 cm and 50 cm
(d) 0 cm and 25 cm
122. An elderly person tries to read a book at about 25 cm, but the image appears
blurred. So, defect of the eye is called
(a) myopia
(b) hyperopia
(c) presbyopia
(d) Both (a) and (b)
123. Which is the corrective vision for shortsighted defect?
(d) Both (a) and (c)
124. Which one is the correct approach to correct the farsighted defect?

(d) Both (a) and (b)

125. Which is the corrective vision for astigmatic eye?

(d) Both (a) and (b)

126. What focal length should the reading spectacles have for a person for whom the
least distance of distinct vision is 50 cm ?
(a) +50 cm
(c) −50 cm
(b) −75 cm
(d) +75 cm
127. The far point of a myopic person is 80 cm infront of the eye. What is the power of the
lens required to enable him to see very distant objects clearly?
(a) 2 D
(b) 1.50 D
(c) 2.75 D
(d) −1.25 D
128. The near point of a hypermetropic person is 75 cm from the eye. What is the power
of the lens required to enable the person to read clearly a book held at 25 cm from
the eye?
(a) +2.67 D
(b) −3.42 D
(c) 4.62 D
(d) 5.42 D
129. The linear magnification m for the image formed at the near point i.e., 25 cm is
v
(a) 1−
f
d
(b) 1+
f
v
(c) 1+
f
d
(d) 1−
f
130. When an image is at infinity, then the magnification is
(a) linear
(b) angular
(c) polarised
(d) non-polarised
131. Identify the wrong descriptions of the below figures

(a) (i) represents far sightedness

(b) (ii) correction far short sightedness
(c) (iii) represents far sightedness
(d) (iv) correction for far sightedness
132. The nearer point of hypermetropic eye is 20 cm. Find the power of lens which can be
used for its correction?
(a) +2.5 D
(b) +5.0 D
(c) −1.5 D
(d) +1.5 D
133. A simple magnifier or microscope
(a) is a converging lens of small focal length
(b) is a diverging lens of small focal length
(c) gives an erect, magnified and virtual image
(d) Both (a) and (c)
134. A simple microscope has a limited maximum magnification
(a) greater than 9
(b) lesser than 9
(c) equal to 9
(d) Both (b) and (c)
135. In order to increase the angular magnification of a simple microscope, one should
increase
(a) the object size
(b) the aperture of the lens
(c) the focal length of the lens
(d) the power of the lens
136. A square card of side length 1 mm is being seen through a magnifying glass lens of
focal length 10 cm . The card is placed at a distance of 9 cm from the lens. The
apparent area of the card through the lens is
(a) 1 cm 2
(b) 0.81 cm2
(c) 0.27 cm2
(d) 0.60 cm2
137. In a microscope, the focal lengths of two lenses are 1.2 cm and 6.25 cm. If an object is
placed at 2 cm and the final image is formed at 25 cm from eye lens. The distance
between the two lenses is
(a) 6.00 cm
(b) 8.00 cm
(c) 7.75 cm
(d) 9.25 cm
138. The distance between the second focal point of the objective ( f o ) and first focal point
of the eyepiece i.e., f e is called
(a) tube length
(b) focal length
(c) image distance
(d) radius of curvature
139. In an astronomical telescope in normal adjustment a straight black line of length L
is drawn on inside part of objective lens. The eye-piece forms a real image of this
line. The length of this image is I . The magnification of the telescope is
[CBSE AIPMT 2015]
L
(a) +1
I
L
(b) −1
I
L+ 1
(c)
L−1
L
(d)
I
140. The image formed by an objective of a compound microscope is
(a) virtual and diminished
(b) real and diminished
(c) real and enlarged
(d) virtual and enlarged
141. For compound microscope, f o=1 cm, f e=2.5 cm. An object is placed at distance 1.2 cm
from object lens. What should be the length of microscope for normal adjustment?
(a) 8.5 cm
(b) 8.3 cm
(c) 6.5 cm
(d) 6.3 cm
142. In modern microscopes, the quality of image is improved by
(a) minimising optical aberrations in lens
(b) increasing focal length of objective lens
(c) decreasing focal length of objective lens
(d) increasing the radius of curvature of objective lens
143. Astronomical telescope depends on
(a) its light gathering power
(b) its resolution or resolving power
(c) area of objective lens
(d) All of the above
144. An observer looks at a distant tree of height 10 m with a telescope of magnifying
power of 20 . To observer the tree appears
[JEE Main 2016]
(a) 10 times taller
(b) 10 times nearer
(c) 20 times taller
(d) 20 times nearer
145. F 1 and F 2 are focal lengths of objective and eyepiece respectively, of the telescope.
The angular magnification of the given telescope is equal to
F1
(a)
F2
F2
(b)
F1
F1 F2
(c)
F1+ F2
F1+ F2
(d)
F1 F2
146. A astronomical telescope has objective and eyepiece of focal lengths 40 cm and 4 cm
respectively. To view an object 200 cm away from the objective, the lenses must be
separated by a distance
(a) 46.0 cm
(b) 50.0 cm
(c) 54.0 cm
(d) 37.3 cm 147. A telescope consists of two thin lenses of focal lengths 0.3 m and
3 cm, respectively. It is focused on moon which subtends an angle of 0.5∘ at the
objective. Then, the angle subtended at the eye by the final image will be
(a) 5∘
(b) 0.25∘
(c) 0.5∘
(d) 0.35∘
147. An astronomical telescope has an angular magnification of magnitude 5 for distant
objects. The separation between the objective and the eyepiece is 36 cm and the
final image is formed at infinity. The focal length f o of the objective and the focal
length f e of the eyepiece are
(a) f o=45 cm and f e =−9 cm
(b) f o=−7.2 cm and f e =5 cm
(c) f o=50 cm and f e =10 cm
(d) f o=30 cm and f e =6 cm
148. For a normal eye, the cornea of eye provides a converging power of 40 D and the
least converging power of the eye lens behind the cornea is 20 D. Using this
information, the distance between the retina and the cornea, eye lens can be
estimated to be
[CBSE AIPMT 2013]
(a) 5 cm
(b) 2.5 cm
(c) 1.67 cm
(d) 1.5 cm
150. If the focal length of objective lens is increased, then magnifying power of
[CBSE AIPMT 2014] (a) microscope will increase but that of telescope decrease (b)
microscope and telescope both will increase
(c) microscope and telescope both will decrease
(d) microscope will decrease but that of telescope will increase
151. Advantage of reflecting telescopes are
(a) no chromatic aberration
(b) parabolic reflecting surfaces are used
(c) weighs of mirror are much less than a lens of equivalent optical quality
(d) All of the above
152. Limitation of reflecting telescope is
(a) objective mirror focusses light inside the telescope tube
(b) objective mirror focusses light outside the telescope tube
(c) objective mirror has large focal length
(d) tube length is large
153. A reflecting telescope has an objective lens of focal length 150 cm and an eyepiece
of focal length 5.0 cm . What is the separation between the objective and the
eyepiece?
(a) 1.25 m
(b) 1.55 m
(c) 1.3 m
(d) 1.8 m
154. The largest reflecting telescope in the world are the part of ...A... . telescope in
Hawaii. Here, A refers to
(a) keck
(b) cassegrain
(c) tetra
(d) kistra
155. The largest telescope in India is in
(a) Kavalur
(b) Andhra Pradesh
(c) Madhya Pradesh
(d) Uttar Pradesh

Special Format Questions

Assertion and Reason
Directions (Q. Nos. 156-170) In the following questions, a statement of assertion is
followed by a corresponding statement of reason. Of the following statements,
choose the correct one.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is the correct explanation of
Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason is not the correct explanation
of Assertion.
(c) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
(d) Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct.
156. Assertion A ray of light incident along the normal to the plane mirror retraces its
path after reflection from the mirror.
Reason A ray of light along the normal has angle of incidence as π /2 and hence, it
retraces its own path after reflection from mirror.
157. Assertion Refractive index of glass with respect to air is different for red light and
violet light.
Reason Refractive index of a pair of media depends on the wavelength of light used.
158. Assertion Propagation of light through an optical fibre is due to total internal
reflection taking place at the core-clade interface.
Reason Refractive index of the material of the core of the optical fibre is greater
than that of air.
159. Assertion The refractive index of diamond is √ 6 and that of liquid is √ 3. If the light
travels from diamond to the liquid, it will initially reflected when the angle of
incidence is 30∘.
1
Reason μ= , where μ is the refractive index of diamond with respect to liquid.
sin ⁡c
160. Assertion Convergent lens property of converging remains same in mediums.
Reason Property of lens whether the ray is diverging or converging depends on the
surrounding medium.
161. Assertion By roughening the surface of a glass at sheet its transparency can be
reduced.
Reason Glass sheet with rough surface absorbs more light.
162. Assertion The focal length of the mirror is f and distance of the object from the
focus is u. The magnification of the mirror is f /u.
Size of image
Reason Magnification ¿
Size of object
163. Assertion Thin prisms do not deviate light much.
Reason Thin prism have small angle A and hence, Dm (minimum deviation) is also
[ ]
very small as D m = ( μ2−1 ) A , where 1 μ 2 is the refractive index of prism w.r.t.
1

medium 1.
164. Assertion A white light on passing through prism splits into its component colour
such that the red light emerges nearest to the base of the prism.
Reason Wavelength of red light is more than other component colours and hence,
red light deviates least.
165. Assertion Sunlight reaches us without dispersion in the form of white light and not
as its components.
Reason Dispersion takes place due to variation of refractive index for different
wavelength but in vacuum the speed of light is independent of wavelength and
hence vacuum is a non-dispersive medium.
166. Assertion In case of rainbow, the inner surface of the water drop get internally
reflected.
Reason The angle between the refracted ray and normal to the drop surface is
greater than the critical angle.
167. Assertion Secondary rainbow is fainter than primary rainbow.
Reason Secondary rainbow formation is four step process and hence, the intensity
of light is reduced at the second reflection inside the rain drop.
168. Assertion Light from a distant object arriving at the eye lens may get converged at
a point in front of the retina.
Reason The eye is producing too much divergence in the incident beam.
169. Assertion Owls can move freely during night.
Reason They have large number of rods on their retina.
170. Assertion The focal length of the objective of the telescope is larger than that of
eyepiece.
Reason The resolving power of telescope increases when the aperture of objective
is small.

Statement Based Questions Type I

Directions (Q. Nos. 171-182) In the following questions, a statement I is
followed by a corresponding statement II. Of the following statements,
choose the correct one.
(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct and Statement II is the correct
explanation of Statement I.
(b) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct but Statement II is not the correct
explanation of Statement I.
(c) Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect.
(d) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct.
171. Statement I All distances measured in direction of light are taken positive.
Statement II Velocity of incident light is positive according to sign convention used
in mechanics.
172. Statement I If n21 >1, refracted ray bends towards the normal and when n21 <1,
refracted ray bends away from the normal.
sin ⁡i
Statement II n21= , angle i is in medium 1 and angle r is in medium 2.
sin ⁡r
173. Statement I Speed of light is different in different medium.
Statement II Speed of light is more in water than in vacuum.
174. Statement I Refractive index of turpentine with respect to air is more than that of
water with respect to air.
Statement II Mass density of turpentine is more than that of water.
175. Statement I Critical angle of light while passing from glass to air is minimum for
violet colour.
Statement II The wavelength of violet light is greater than the light of other colours.
176. Statement I When white light passes through a prism, bending of red component is
most but for the violet it is least.
Statement II Red colour travels faster than violet in glass.
177. Statement I Rising and setting sun appears reddish because of scattering due to
dust particles and air molecules. Statement II The order of colour in secondary
rainbow is reverse of the order of colours in primary rainbow.
178. Statement I If a convex lens of glass is immersed in water its power decreases.
Statement II In water, convex lens behaves as concave lens.
179. Statement I Power of a lens is defined as p=1 /f , f =¿ focal length.
Statement II A lens of a high power has large focal length.
180. Statement I Astigmatism is occurred when the cornea is not spherical in shape.
Statement II Astigmatism is corrected by using cylindrical lens of desired radius of
curvature.
181. Statement I Focal length of the eyepiece of telescope is smaller as compared to the
objective which has a larger focal length and aperture.
Statement II For larger focal length of objective than eyepiece, magnification is
more in astronomical telescopes.
182. Statement I According to yerkes observation, the objective lens has a diameter of
40 inch (∼ 1.02 m). Statement II To make such large sized lenses, form images that
are free from chromatic aberration and distortions.

Matching Type
183. With reference to the figure given below, match the items in Column I with terms in
Column II and choose the correct option from the codes given below.

ABC ABC
(a) 1 2 3 (b) 3 2 1
(c) 2 3 1 (d) 2 1 3

184. A layer of ice (μ=1.33) lies on a glass plate (μ=1.5) . A ray of light makes an angle of
incidence 60∘ on the surface of ice as shown in the figure below.
With reference to the above figure, match the items in Column I with terms in
Column II and choose the correct option from the codes given below.

Match the following Column I and Column II.

ABC ABC
(a) 1 2 3 (b) 1 2 3
(c) 1 3 2 (d) 2 3 1
186. An optical component and an object S placed along its optic axis are given in
Column I. The distance between the object and the component can be varied. The
properties of images are given in Column II. Match all the properties of images from
Column II with the appropriate components given in Column I.
187. Two transparent media of refractive indices μ1 and μ3 have a solid lens shaped
transparent material of refractive index μ2 between them as shown in figures in
Column II. A ray traversing these media is also shown in the figures. In Column I
different relationships between μ1 , μ 2 and μ3 are given. Match them to the ray
diagram shown in Column II.
A B C D
(a) 1,3 2,4,5 1,3,5 2,4
(b) 4,1,5 2,1,3 2,5 2
(c) 1,3,5 4,5,1 3,5 1
(d) None of these
188. A light ray passes through triangular prism with angle A=60∘ and μ=1.5 . With
reference to the above situation, match the items in Column I with terms in Column
II and choose the correct option from the codes given below.
[Some useful data 2 sin−1 ⁡( 0.75)=97∘ ,
sin−1 ⁡(2/3)=42∘ ,sin−1 ⁡(0.463)=28 ∘]

189. Match the corresponding entries of Column I with Column II. (Where, m is the
magnification produced by the mirror)

Column Column II
I

1 Convex
A. m=−2
mirror

−1 2 Concave
B. m=
2 mirror

3
C. m=+2 Real image

+1 4
D. m= Virtual image
2

A BC D
(a) 1 ,3 1 , 4 1 , 2 3 , 4
(b) 1 , 4 2 , 3 2, 4 2 ,3
(c) 3 , 4 2 , 4 2, 3 1 , 4
(d) 2 , 32 , 3 2 , 4 1 , 4
190. Match Column I with Column II.
Column I Column II (Used
(Defect) Lens)
1
A. Myopia Cylindrical lens

2
B. Hypermetropia Concave lens

3
C. Astigmatism Convex lens

A BC
(a) 2 3 1
(b) 1 23
(c) 3 2 1
(d) 2 1 3
191. Some laws/processes are given in Column I. Match these with the physical
phenomena given in Column II.
Column I Column II

Intensity of light received 1 Radius of aperture

A.
by lens (R)

2
B. Angular magnification Dispersion of lens

3
C. Length of telescope Focal length f o , f e

4 Spherical
D. Sharpness of image
aberration

Codes
(a) 4,2 1,3,4 2,1 3,1
(b) 1 3 3 1,2,3
(c) 2 1 4 4,2,1
(d)1,4,3 4,1 2 1

Passage Based Questions

Directions (Q. Nos. 192-193) These questions are based on the following
situation. Choose the correct options from those given below.
For a rectangular slab, refraction takes place at two interfaces (air-glass and glass-
air). It is easily seen from figure that r 1=i , i.e., the emergent ray is parallel to the
incident ray, there is no deviation, but it does suffer
lateral displacement with respect to the incident ray.
192. If μ2 > μ1 > μ3, then which of the given relation is/are correct?
(a) i=e
(b) i≠ e
(c) r =r 1
(d) Both (b) and (c)
193. If μ1=μ3 < μ 2, then which of the given relation is/are correct?
(a) i=e
(b) r ≠ r 1
(c) r =r 1
(d) Both (a) and (c)
Directions (Q. Nos. 194-196) These questions are based on the following situation.
Choose the correct options from those given below.
A ray of light travelling in denser medium strikes the interface at an angle i c such that
the refracted ray grazes out of the surface.

194. The angle of refraction in rarer medium for angle of incidence i c in denser medium is
(a) 0∘
(b) 90∘
(c) 180∘
(d) 45 ∘
195. If the angle of incidence i in denser medium is greater than i c ( i . e . , i>i c ), then angle of
deviation of the incident ray is
(a) ( 90∘−i c ) clockwise
(b) ( 180∘−2 i ) clockwise
(c) ( 180∘ +2 i ) anti-clockwise
(d) Both (b) and (c)
196. The refractive index of rarer medium is μr (¿ 1.0) and refractive index of denser
medium is μd (¿ 1.5). The critical angle for the pair of media is
−1 3
(a) i c =sin ⁡
2
−1 2
(b) i c =sin ⁡
3
−1 1
(c) i c =sin ⁡
3
(d) None of these
Directions (Q. Nos. 197-198) These questions are based on the following situation.
Choose the correct options from those given below.
Material A has a critical angle θ A and material B has critical angle θ B ( θB >θ A ). The refractive
index of A and B with respect to air is μ A and μ B, respectively.
197. Light can be totally internally reflected when it passes from
(a) A to B
(b) B to A
(c) Either (a) or (b)
(d) total internal reflection is not possible
198. Critical angle between A and B is
−1 sin ⁡θ A
(a) sin ⁡
sin ⁡θ B
−1 sin ⁡θ B
(b) sin ⁡
sin ⁡θ A
−1 θ A
(c) sin ⁡
θB
−1 μ A
(d) sin ⁡
μB
Directions (Q. Nos. 199-201) These questions are based on the following situation.
Choose the correct options from those given below.
A ray of light is incident on the face of the prism (μ=1.5) at an angle of 60∘ . The
refracting angle of the prism is also 60∘ .
−1 1 ∘ '
[Some useful data sin ⁡ =35 16
√3
sin ⁡24 44 =0.42 ]
∘ '

199. The angle of emergence is

(a) 30∘
(b) 45 ∘
(c) 39∘
(d) 60∘
200. The angle of deviation is
(a) 39∘
(b) 45 ∘
(c) 63∘
(d) 27∘ 201. The angle of deviation for angle of incidence i=60∘ is D . The angle of
incidence other than i for which same deviation is produced is
(a) 39∘
(b) 45 ∘
(c) 27∘
(d) 30∘
Directions (Q. Nos. 202-203) These questions are based on the following situation.
Choose the correct options from those given below.
Len Powe Apertur
r e

L1 1D 0.1 m

L2 10 D 0.05 m
L3 10 D 0.02 m

L4 20 D 0.02 m

202. Which of the given lens will be preferred as an eyepiece of an astronomical

telescope?
(a) L1
(b) L2
(c) L3
(d) L4
203. Which of the given lens will be preferred as an objective of an astronomical
telescope?
(a) L1
(b) L2
(c) L3
(d) L4
Directions (Q. Nos. 204-207) These questions are based on the following situation.
Choose the correct options from those given below.
Total internal reflection is the phenomenon of reflection of light into denser medium
at the interface of denser medium with a rarer medium. Light must travel from
denser to rarer and angle of incidence in denser medium must be greater than
1
critical angle (c ) for the pair of media in contact, we can show μ= .
sin ⁡c
204. An astronomical refractive telescope has an objective of focal length 20 m and an
eyepiece of focal length 2 cm . Which of the following statement is not correct?
(a) The length of the telescope tube is 20.02 m
(b) The magnification is 1000
(c) The image formed is inverted
(d) An objective of a larger aperture will increase the brightness and reduce chromatic
aberration of the image
205. Critical angle for water air interface is 48.6 ∘. What is the refractive index of water?
(a) 1
(b) 3/2
(c) 4 /3
(d) 3/ 4
206. Light is travelling from air to water at ∠ i=50∘, which is greater than critical angle for
air water interface. What fraction of light will be totally reflected?
(a) 100 %
(b) 50 %
(c) 25 %
(d) None of these
207. Critical angle for glass air interface where refractive index μ of glass is 3/2 is
(a) 41.8 ∘
(b) 60∘
(c) 30∘
(d) 44.3 ∘
More than One Option Correct
208. In case of reflection over a spherical surface, which of these are correct?
(a) Normal is taken as perpendicular of tangent at point of incidence
(b) Perpendicular to incident ray which is perpendicular to plane of incident ray
(c) Line joining centre of curvature of mirror with point of incidence
(d) Line joining centre of curvature and pole of curved surface
sin ⁡i
209. If i=¿ angle of incidence and r =¿ angle of refraction, then the ratio is
sin ⁡r
(a) a constant for a pair of medium
(b) is called refractive index of medium 2 with respect to medium 1
(c) is called absolute refractive index of medium 2
(d) varies with temperature
210. Refractive index of a pair of media depends on
(a) nature of Ist medium
(b) nature of IInd medium
(c) angle of incidence
(d) temperature of medium
211. Which one of the following is/are correct relation?
1
(a) n21=
n12
(b) n32=n31 ×n 12
n1 a
(c) n21=
n2 a
n2 a
(d) n21=
n1 a
212. Which of the following statements is/are correct about a convex lens?
(a) Convex lens is converging for light for all wavelengths
(b) For virtual object, the image is also virtual
(c) For real object, the image is always real
(d) None of the above
3
213. A point object is at 30 cm from a convex glass lens μs = of focal length 20 cm. The
2
final image of object will be formed at infinity, if
(a) another concave lens of focal length 60 cm is placed in contact with the previous
lens
(b) another convex lens of focal length 60 cm is placed at a distance of 30 cm from
the first lens
(c) the whole system is immersed in a liquid of refractive index 4 /3
(d) the whole system is immersed in a liquid of refractive index 9 /8 214. Sunlight
reaches to us in composite form and not in it's constituent colours because
(a) vacuum is non-dispersive.
(b) speed of all colours is same in vacuum.
(c) light behaves like a particle in vacuum.
(d) light travels in a straight line in vacuum.
214. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct?
(a) In compound microscope, objective lens forms a real, inverted, magnified image
of the object
(b) Eyepiece lens, produces the final image which is enlarged and virtual
(c) The final image is inverted with respect to the original object
(d) None of the above

[NCERT & NCERT Exemplar Questions

NCERT
216. A small candle 2.5 cm in size is placed 27 cm infront of a concave mirror of radius of
curvature 36 cm. At what distance from the mirror should a screen be placed in
order to receive a sharp image? What is the size of the image?
(a) 54 cm ,5 cm
(b) −54 cm ,−5 cm
(c) −27 cm, 2.5 cm
(d) −54 cm ,−2.5 cm
217. A 4.5 cm needle is placed 12 cm away from a convex mirror of focal length 15 cm .
Find the magnification of this image.
5
(a)
9
9
(b)
5
(c) 5.5
(d) None of these
218. A tank is filled with water to a height of 12.5 cm . The apparent depth of a needle
lying at the bottom of the tank is measured by a microscope to be 9.4 cm. What is
the refractive index of water? If water is replaced by a liquid of refractive index 1.63
upto the same height, by what distance would the microscope have to be moved to
focus on the needle again?
(a) 1.32 ,7.7 cm
(b) 1.63 , 7.7 cm
(c) 1.32 ,1.7 cm
(d) 1.63 , 1.7 cm
219. A small bulb is placed at the bottom of a tank containing water to a depth of 80 cm.
What is the area of the surface of water through which light from the bulb can
emerge out? Refractive index of water is 1.33. (Consider the bulb to be a point
source.)
(a) 3.58 m2
(b) 2.58 m2
(c) 6 m2
(d) 4 m2
220. A prism is made of glass of unknown refractive index. A parallel beam of light is
incident on a face of the prism. The angle of minimum deviation is measured to be
∘
40 . What is the refractive index of the material of the prism? The refracting angle of
the prism is 60∘ . If the prism is placed in water (refractive index 1.33), predict the
new angle of minimum deviation of a parallel beam of light.
(a) 1.53 , 10∘ 20'
(b) 1.2 ,35 ∘ 10'
(c) 1.53 , 35∘ 10'
(d) 1.2 ,10 ∘ 20'
221. Double-convex lenses are to be manufactured from a glass of refractive index 1.55 ,
with both faces of the same radius of curvature. What is the radius of curvature
required if the focal length is to be 20 cm ?
(a) 20 cm
(b) 21 cm
(c) 22 cm
(d) 23 cm
222. A beam of light converges at a point P. Now a lens is placed in the path of the
convergent beam 12 cm from P. At what point does the beam converge if the lens is
a convex lens of focal length 20 cm ?
(a) 7.5 cm
(b) 8.5 cm
(c) 9.5 cm
(d) 6.5 cm
Directions (Q. Nos. 223-224) Answer the following questions which are based on given
paragraph. Choose the correct option from those given below.
An object of size 3.0 cm is placed 14 cm infront of a concave lens of focal length
21 cm . The image distance is v , magnification m and image height I .
223. With reference to the above situation, match the items in Column I with terms in
Column II and choose the option given below.
Column I Column
II

v ¿ Image distance in
A 1. 0.6
cm ¿

I (Image height in
B 2. 8.4
cm ¿

C m (magnification) 3. 1.8

224. Which of the following statement correctly describes the object?

I. The image is virtual and erect.
II. Image is diminished.
III. If the object is moved further away from the lens between O and F , the image
moves towards the lens (never beyond focus) and the size of image decreases
gradually. Choose the correct answer from the options given below.
(a) I and III (b) I and II
(c) II and III
(d) I, II and III
225. The plano-convex lens of focal length 20 cm and 30 cm are placed together to from a
double convex lens. The final focal length will be
(a) 12 cm
(b) 60 cm
(c) 20 cm
(d) 30 cm
226. A person with a normal near point 25 cm using a compound microscope with an
objective of focal length 8.0 mm and eyepiece of focal length 2.5 cm can bring an
object placed at 9.0 mm from the objective in sharp focus. What is the separation
between the two lenses? How much is the magnifying power of the microscope?
(a) 7.2 , 89
(b) 9.4 ,88
(c) 8.6 , 90
(d) 9.4 ,75
227. A small telescope has an objective lens of focal length 144 cm and an eyepiece of
focal length 6.0 cm. What is the magnifying power of the telescope? What is the
separation between the objective and the eyepiece?
(a) −24,150 cm
(c) −24,160 cm
(b) −25,150 cm
(d) −25,160 cm
228. A giant refracting telescope at an observatory has an objective lens of focal length
15 m . If an eyepiece of focal length 1.0 cm is used, what is angular magnification of
the telescope?
(a) 1200
(b) 1000
(c) 1300
(d) 1500
229. If in the question 228 , this telescope is used to view the moon, what is the
diameter of the image of the moon formed by the objective lens? The diameter of
the moon is 3.48 ×106 m and the radius of lunar orbit is 3.48 ×10 8 m.
(a) 13.5 cm
(b) 13.2 cm
(c) 13.7 cm
(d) 13.9 cm
230. A small pin fixed on a table top is viewed from above from a distance of 50 cm . By
what distance would the pin appear to be raised if it is viewed from the same point
through a 15 cm thick glass slab held parallel to the table? Refractive index of glass
¿ 1.5. Does the answer depend on the location of the slab?
(a) 5 cm , yes
(b) 5 cm , no
(c) 10 cm , data insufficient
(d) None of the above
231. The image of a small electric bulb fixed on the wall to a room is to be obtained on
the opposite wall 3 m away by means of a large convex lens. What is the maximum
possible focal length of the lens required for the purpose?
(a) 3 m
(b) 0.75 m
(c) 0.45 m
(d) 0.25 m
232. A screen is placed 90 cm from an object, the image of the object on the screen is
formed by a convex lens at two different locations separated by 20 cm. Determine
the focal length of the lens.
(a) 20.5 cm
(b) 19.5 cm
(c) 23.2 cm
(d) 21.4 cm
233. At what angle should a ray of light be incident on the face of a prism of refracting
angle 60∘ so that it just suffers total internal reflection at the other face? The
refractive index of the material of the prism is 1.524 .
(a) 30∘ 75'
(c) 28∘ 75'
(b) 29∘ 75'
(d) 27∘ 75'
234. For a normal eye, the far point is at infinity and the near point of distinct vision is
about 25 cm infront of the eye. The cornea of the eye provides a converging power
of about 40 D and the least converging power of the eyelens behind the cornea is
about 20 D . From this rough data estimate the range of accommodation (i.e., range
of converging power of its eyelens) of a normal eye.
(a) 20-24 D
(c) 64−68 D
(b) 18−22 D
(d) 35−40 D
235. A myopic person has been using spectacles of power −1.0 D for distant vision.
During old age he also needs to use separate reading glass of power +2.0 D . Find the
near point of this person.
(a) +50 cm
(c) −100 cm
(b) −50 cm
(d) +100 cm
236. A person looking at a person wearing a shirt with a pattern comprising vertical and
horizontal lines is able to see the vertical lines more distinctly than the horizontal
ones. What is this defect called? How is such a defect of vision corrected?
(a) Astigmatism, convex lens
(b) Myopia, concave lens
(c) Astigmatism, cylindrical lens
(d) Presbyopia, cylindrical lens
237. A man with normal near point (25 cm) reads a book with small print using a
magnifying glass : a thin convex lens of focal length 5 cm . What is the closest and
the farthest distance at which he can read the book when viewing through the
magnifying glass?
(a) −4.2 cm,−5 cm
(b) 4.2 cm, 5 cm
(c) −4.2 cm, 5 cm
(b) 4.2 cm,−5 cm
238. What is the maximum and the minimum angular magnification (magnifying power)
possible using the above simple microscope?
(a) 6,2
(b) 7,5
(c) 6,5
(d) 6,3 239. A card sheet divided into squares each of size 1 mm2 is being viewed at
a distance of 9 cm held close to the eye.
(i) What is the magnification produced by the lens? How much is the area of each
square in the virtual image?
(ii) What is the angular magnification (magnifying power) of the lens?
(a) 2.8 , 10 cm2 ,2.8
(b) 10 , 1 cm2 , 2.8
(c) 10 , 1 cm2 , 10
(b) 10,100 cm2 , 2.8
239. An angular magnification (magnifying power) of 30 X is desired using an objective of
focal length 1.25 cm and an eyepiece of focal length 5 cm . How will you set up the
compound microscope?
(a) u0 =−1.5 cm , v 0=7.5 cm ,ue =−4.17 cm
(b) u0 =1.5 cm , v 0=−7.5 cm ,ue =4.17 cm
(c) u0 =−1.5 cm , v 0=−7.5 cm ,u e=−4.17 cm
(d) u0 =−1.5 cm , v 0=7.5 cm ,ue =4.17 cm
240. A small telescope has an objective lens of focal length 140 cm and an eyepiece of
focal length 5.0 cm . What is the magnifying power of the telescope for viewing
distant objects when
(i) the telescope is in normal adjustment (i.e., when the final image is at infinity).
(ii) the final image is formed at the least distance of distinct vision (25 cm).
(a) 14,28
(b) 5 , 1.2
(c) 28 , 28.7
(d) 28 , 33.6
242. (i) If the telescope used in Q. 241 is used to view a 100 m tall tower 3 km away, what
is the height of the image of the tower formed by the objective lens?
(ii) What is the height of the final image of the tower if it is formed at 25 cm ?
(a) 28 cm, 4.67 cm
(b) 5.32 cm , 14 cm
(c) 4.67 cm ,28 cm
(d) 6 cm, 30 cm
243. A Cassegrain telescope uses two mirrors as shown in figure. Such a telescope is
built with the mirrors 20 mm apart. If the radius of curvature of the large mirror is
220 mm and the small mirror is 140 mm , where will the final image of an object at
infinity be?

(a) 315 mm
(b) 415 mm
(c) 215 mm
(d) 115 cm
244. Figure shows an equiconvex lens (of refractive index 1.50) in contact with a liquid
layer on top of a plane mirror. A small needle with its tip on the principal axis is
moved along the axis until its inverted image is found at the position of the needle.
The

distance of the needle from the lens is measured to be 45 cm . The liquid is removed
and the experiment is repeated. The new distance is measured to be 30 cm. What is
the refractive index of the liquid?
(a) 1.42
(b) 1.50
(c) 1.26
(d) 1.33

NCERT Exemplar
245. A ray of light incident at an angle θ on a refracting face of a prism emerges from the
other face normally. If the angle of the prism is 5∘ and the prism is made of a
material of refractive index 1.5 , the angle of incidence is
(a) 7.5∘
(b) 5∘
(c) 15∘
(d) 2.5∘
246. A short pulse of white light is incident from air to a glass slab at normal incidence.
After travelling through the slab, the first colour to emerge is
(a) blue
(b) green
(c) violet
(d) red
247. An object approaches a convergent lens from the left of the lens with a uniform
speed 5 ms−1 and stops at the focus. The image
(a) moves away from the lens with an uniform speed 5 ms−1
(b) moves away from the lens with an uniform acceleration
(c) moves away from the lens with a non- uniform acceleration
(d) moves towards the lens with a non-uniform acceleration
248. A passenger in an aeroplane shall
(a) never see a rainbow
(b) may see a primary and a secondary rainbow as concentric circles
(c) may see a primary and a secondary rainbow as concentric arcs
(d) shall never see a secondary rainbow
249. You are given four sources of light each one providing a light of a single colour-red,
blue, green and yellow. Suppose the angle of refraction for a beam of yellow light
corresponding to a particular angle of incidence at the interface of two media is 90∘ .
Which of the following statements is correct, if the source of yellow light is replaced
with that of other lights without changing the angle of incidence?
(a) The beam of red light would undergo total internal reflection.
(b) The beam of red light would bend towards normal while it gets refracted through
the second medium. (c) The beam of blue light would undergo total internal
reflection
(d) The beam of green light would bend away from the normal as it gets refracted
through the second medium
250. The radius of curvature of the curved surface of a plano-convex lens is 20 cm. If the
refractive index of the material of the lens be 1.5 , it will
(a) act as a convex lens only for the objects that lie on its curved side
(b) act as a concave lens for the objects that lie on its curved side
(c) act as a convex lens irrespective of the side on which the object lies
(d) act as a concave lens irrespective of side on which the object lies
251. The phenomena involved in the reflection of radio waves by ionosphere is similar to
(a) reflection of light by a plane mirror
(b) total internal reflection of light in air during a mirage
(c) dispersion of light by water molecules during the formation of a rainbow
(d) scattering of light by the particles of air
252. The direction of ray of light incident on a concave mirror is shown by PQ while
directions in which the ray would travel after reflection is shown by four rays
marked 1,2,3 and 4 as shown in figure. Which of the four rays correctly shows the
direction of reflected ray?

(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4
253. The optical density of turpentine is higher than that of water while its mass density
is lower. Figure shows a layer of turpentine floating over water in a container. For
which one of the four rays incident on turpentine in figure, the path shown is
correct?
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4
254. There are certain materials developed in laboratories which have a negative
refractive index (figure shown below). A ray incident from air (medium 1) into such
a medium (medium 2) shall follow a path given by

255. Consider an extended object immersed in water contained in a plane trough. When
seen from close to the edge of the trough the object looks distorted because
(a) the apparent depth of the points close to the edge are nearer to the surface of
the water compared to the points away from the edge
(b) the angle subtended by the image of the object at the eye is smaller, than the
actual angle subtended by the object in air
(c) some of the points of the object far away from the edge may not be visible
because of total internal reflection
(d) All of the above
256. A rectangular block of glass ABCD has a refractive index 1.6. A pin is placed midway
on the face AB figure. When observed from the face AD. The pin shall
(a) appear to be near B
(b) appear to be near D
(c) appear to be at the centre of AD
(d) not be seen at all

257. A magnifying glass is used, as the object to be viewed can be brought closer to the
eye than the normal near point. This results in
(a) a larger angle to be subtended by the object at the eye and hence, viewed in
greater detail
(b) the formation of a virtual and erect image
(c) increase in the field of view
(d) infinite magnification at the near point
258. The near vision of an average is 25 cm. To view an object with an angular
magnification of 10, what should be the power of the microscope?
(a) 10 D
(b) 20 D
(c) 40 D
(d) 30 D 259. Three immiscible liquids of densities d 1 >d 2 >d 3 and refractive indices
h
μ1 > μ2 > μ3 are put in a beaker. The height of each liquid column is . A dot is made at
3
the bottom of the beaker. For near normal vision, find the apparent depth of the
dot?
h 1 1 1
(a) + +
3 μ1 μ2 μ3
1 1 1
(b) 3 h + −
μ 1 μ 2 μ3
h 1 1 1
(c) − +
3 μ1 μ2 μ3
1 1 1
(d) 3 h − −
μ 1 μ2 μ 3
259. For a glass prism (μ=√ 3), the angle of minimum deviation is equal to the angle of
the prism. Find the angle of the prism.
(a) 40 ∘
(b) 45 ∘
(c) 60∘
(d) 75∘
260. A thin convex lens of focal length 25 cm is cut into two pieces 0.5 cm above the
principal axis. The top part is placed at (0 , 0) and an object placed at (−50 cm, 0). The
coordinates of the image are
(a) (50 cm,−1 cm)
(b) (50 cm,+1 cm)
(c) (−50 cm,+1 cm)
(d) (−50 cm,−1 cm)
261. A jar of height h is filled with a transparent liquid of refractive index μ shown in
figure. At the centre of the jar on the bottom surface is a dot. Find the minimum
diameter of a disc, such that when placed on the top surface symmetrically about
the centre, the dot is invisible.

2h
(a)
√ μ 2−1
h
(b)
√ μ 2−1
h
(c)
2 √ μ2−1
2 √ μ2−1
(d)
h
263. A myopic adult has a far point at 0.1 m . His power of accomodation is 4 D.
(i) What power lenses are required to see distant objects?
(ii) What is his near point without glasses?
(iii) What is his near point with glasses? (Take the image distance from the lens of
the eye to the retina to be 2 cm .)
(a) −10 D , 0.07 m , 0.25 m (b) 50 D , 0.25 m ,0.07 m
(c) 10 D , 0.07 m , 0.25 m (d) −50 D ,0.07 m ,0.25 m
Answers
Answers
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (d) 6. (d) 7. (d) 8. (a) 9. (c) 10. (a)
11. (a) 12. (c) 13. (c) 14. (b) 15. (d)16. (a) 17. (b) 18. (d) 19. (d) 20. (a)
21. (a) 22. (d) 23. (c) 24. (a) 25. (d) 26. (c) 27. (c) 28. (d) 29. (d) 30. (c)
31. (b) 32. (d) 33. (c) 34. (c) 35. (b) 36. (a) 37. (c) 38. (b) 39. (a) 40. (a)
41. (c) 42. (c) 43. (c) 44. (c) 45. (d) 46. (d) 47. (c) 48. (b) 49. (a) 50. (b)
51. (c) 52. (a) 53. (a) 54. (c) 55. (b) 56. (c) 57. (d) 58. (a) 59. (c) 60. (b)
61. (c) 62. (d) 63. (d) 64. (a) 65. (c) 66. (a) 67. (a) 68. (b) 69. (d) 70. (c)
71. (a) 72. (c) 73. (c) 74. (b) 75. (c) 76. (d) 77. (a,d) 78. (b) 79. (a) 80. (d)
81. (b) 82. (a) 83. (c) 84. (c) 85. (c) 86. (a) 87. (b) 88. (b) 89. (a) 90. (d)
91. (c) 92. (a) 93. (c) 94. (b) 95. (b) 96. (c) 97. (d) 98. (a) 99. (a) 100. (a)
101. (d) 102. (d) 103. (b) 104. (b) 105. (b) 106. (b) 107. (d) 108. (d) 109. (d) 110.
(c)
111. (d) 112. (d) 113. (a) 114. (a) 115. (a) 116. (b) 117. (c) 118. (b) 119. (d) 120.
(a)
121. (a) 122. (c) 123. (a) 124. (b) 125. (c) 126. (a) 127. (d) 128. (a) 129. (b) 130.
(b)
131. (a) 132. (b) 133. (d) 134. (d) 135. (d) 136. (a) 137. (b) 138. (a) 139. (d) 140.
(c)
141. (b) 142. (a) 143. (d) 144. (d) 145. (a) 146. (c) 147. (a) 148. (d) 149. (c) 150.
(d)
151. (d) 152. (a) 153. (b) 154. (a) 155. (a) 156. (c) 157. (a) 158. (b) 159. (a) 160.
(d)
161. (c) 162. (d) 163. (a) 164. (d) 165. (a) 166. (a) 167. (a) 168. (c) 169. (c) 170.
(c) 171. (c) 172. (a) 173. (c) 174. (c) 175. (c) 176. (d) 177. (b) 178. (c) 179. (c) 180.
(a)
181. (a) 182. (a) 183. (c) 184. (b) 185. (d) 186. (c) 187. (a) 188. (c) 189. (d) 190. (a)
191. (b) 192. (d) 193. (d) 194. (b) 195. (d) 196. (b) 197. (a) 198. (a) 199. (c) 200.
(a)
201. (a) 202. (d) 203. (a) 204. (d) 205. (c) 206. (d) 207. (a) 208. (a,c) 209. (a,b,d)
210. (a,b,d)
211. (a,b,d)212. (a,b)213. (a,d)214. (a,b)215. (a,b,c)216. (b) 217. (a) 218. (c) 219.
(b) 220. (a)
221. (c) 222. (a) 223. (d) 224. (d) 225. (a) 226. (b) 227. (a) 228. (d) 229. (c) 230.
(b)
231. (b) 232. (d) 233. (b) 234. (a) 235. (b) 236. (c) 237. (a) 238. (c) 239. (b) 240.
(a)

Hints and Explanations

1. (a) Nature has endowed the human eye (retina) with the sensitivity to detect
electromagnetic waves within a small range of the electromagnetic spectrum.
2. (a) Light travels with a speed of c=2.99792458 × 108 ms−1. For many purposes, it
suffices to take c=3 × 108 ms−1 . The speed of light in vacuum is the highest speed
attainable in nature.
3. (b) A light wave can be considered to travel from one point to another along a
straight line joining them. The path is called a ray of light and bundle of such rays
constitutes a beam of light.
4. (d) The wavelength of light is very small compared to the size of ordinary objects
that we encounter commonly (generally of the order of a few centimetres or larger).
5. (d) According to law of reflection, the angle of reflection (i.e., the angle between
reflected ray and the normal to the reflecting surface or the mirror) equals the
angle of incidence (angle between incident ray and the normal). Hence, θ1=θ 2

6. (d) Normal, incident ray and reflected ray are coplanar lines.
7. (d) Laws of reflection are valid in case of regular reflection and over a curved
surface.
8. (a) Velocity of object, v ob=3 í+ 4 ´j
Velocity of image, v image =3 í−4 ´j
Relative velocity of image with respect to its object
v rel =v image −v ob =(3 í−4 ´j)−(3 í+4 ´j)=−8 j́
9. (c) From the law of reflection,

Let, angle of incidence ¿ angle of reflection ¿ θ Given, incident ray is perpendicular to

reflected ray (from figure)
∘ ∘
⇒ θ=90 ⇒θ=45
So, angle of incidence ¿ 45 ∘
10. (a) Given,
Incident ray is represented by vector A
A=2 í−3 ´j+ 4 ḱ
Similarly, normal is represented by
B=3 í−6 ´j+ 2 ḱ
Let reflected ray be represented by vector R .
R= ?
Here, normal can be represented by any vector pointing up from the mirror or
downwards.
We can verify, A ⋅ B=6+ 18+8=32(+ve )
Since, A ⋅ B>0, angle between incident
2 í−3 ´j+4 ḱ
Unit vector along A , Á=
√29
Unit vector along B,
3 í−6 ´j+2 ḱ 3 í−6 ´j+2 ḱ
B́= =
√ 49 7
Let ON and OM represent the unit vectors, hence
ON =OM −MN (from triangle law)
¿ MN ∨¿ 2 (projection length of vector ON along PN )
32
¿ 2( Á ⋅ B́)=2
7 √ 29
From Eq. (iii), Ŕ= Á−2( Á ⋅ B́) B́
Substituting the values of Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
2 í−3 ´j+ 4 ḱ 32 3 í−6 ´j+2 ḱ
R ¿ −2
√ 29 7 √ 29 7
´
98 í−147 j+ 196 ḱ−192 í+384 j́−128 ḱ
¿ ¿
49 √ 29
¿ ¿
11. (a)

1
2 1
tan ⁡i= = ⇒ i=30∘
√3 √3
2
12. (c) Let θ be the angle between mirrors M 1 and M 2. From figure, ABCD is a
parallelogram.
∴∠ BCA=90 ∘−( 90∘−θ )=θ
Also, ∠ BCA=∠ DAC ( AD ∥ BC )
⇒ i 1 +r 1=θ ⇒i 1=r 1=θ/2
So, ∠CAB=( 90 ∘−θ/2 )
From △ ABC , θ+θ+ ( 90∘−θ/2 ) =180∘
∘
3θ ∘ 90 ×2 ∘
⇒ =90 ⇒ θ= =60
2 3
13. (c )

Let θ be angle between the mirrors M 1 and M 2.

Since, rays LM and NS are parallel to each other.
∠ LMN =∠ SNQ=2 i
∘ ∘
⇒ 2 i 1+ 2i=180 ⇒ i 1+ i=90
∘
Also, in △ MBN ,θ+(90−i)+ ( 90−i 1 )=180
⇒ θ=i 1+i
On comparing Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
∘
θ=90
14. (b) The ray starting from point M at an angle θ reaches the corner D at the right
along a parallel path. Let a be the length of the side.
From figure,
x
tan ⁡θ=
(a/2)
a−x
tan ⁡θ=
y
a
tan ⁡θ=
a− y
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
2 x a−x 2
= ⇒ 2 xy =a − xa
a y
From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get
a−x a
=
y a− y
2
a − ya−xa+ xy= ya ⇒
a2−xa− ya+ xy= ya
3 xy=2 ay
2a
x=
3
Substituting this value of in Eq. (i), we get
x
(2a /3) 4
tan ⁡θ ¿ =
(a/2) 3
1 3
∴ cot ⁡θ ¿ = or θ=cot−1 ⁡(0.75)
tan ⁡θ 4
15. (d) In a concave mirror, the reflected rays converge at a point F on the principal
axis while in a convex mirror, the reflected rays appear to diverge from a point F on
its principal axis. This point F is called focal point or focus. So, in all cases F is the
focus.
16. (a) Parallel beam passes through focus after reflection. This can be shown in the
figure given below.

17. (b) As we know, angle i=0 ∘ and angle r =0∘, when light ray is passes through centre
of curvature of a spherical mirror is reflected such that it trace back its path.
18. (d) If lower half of a concave mirror is blackened, then image will now only half of
the object, but taking the laws of reflection to be true for all points of the remaining
part of the mirror, the image will be that of the whole object. However, as the area
of the reflecting surface has been reduced, the intensity of the image will be low
i.e., half.
−15
19. (d) The focal length, f = =−7.5 cm
2
The object distance i.e., u=−10 cm , v=¿ ?
1 1 1
According to mirror formula, we get + =
v u f
1 1 1 10× 7.5
⇒ + = ⇒ v= =−30 cm The image is 30 cm from the mirror on the same
v (−10) (−7.5) −2.5
−v −(−30)
side as the object. Also, magnification, m= = =−3.
u (−10)
Thus, the image is magnified, real and inverted.
fv
20. (a) From the mirror equation, we get v=
u−f
For convex mirror, since R=2 m, f =1 m .
(−39)×1 39
Then, u=−39 m , v= = m
−39−1 40
Since, the jogger moves at a constant speed of 5 ms−1, after 1 s the position of the image
v (for u=−39+5=−34 ¿ is (34 /35) m .
The shift in the position of image in 1 s is
39 34 1365−1360 5 1
− = = = m
40 35 1400 1400 280
Therefore, the average speed of the image when the jogger is between 39 m and 34 m
from the mirror, is (1/280)ms−1.
21. (a) Let AB represents the boy with height AB=1.5 m and C represents the eye level.

Let MN represents the minimum height of the mirror.

⇒
MN ¿ FC +CE
¿ ¿
∴ MN =0.75 m
22. (d) We know, from the mirror formula,
uf
v=
u−f
On differentiating Eq. (i) both sides w.r.t. u, we get
dv
¿
du
Here, image size ¿∨dv∨¿
object size =¿ du∨¿ b
On substituting values in Eq. (ii), we get
Image size =b ¿
23. (c) According to question, the ray diagram will be

So, distance d between convex lens and concave mirror is given by

d=2 f 1 +f 2
24. (a) Here, h1=2 cm ,u=−16 cm h2=−3 cm
(since image is real and inverted)
−h2 v
∴ m= =
h1 u
−h2 3
⇒ v= u= ×(−16)=−24 cm
h1 2
1 1 1 −1 1
Now, = + = −
f v u 24 16
−2−3 −5 −48
⇒ = ⇒f = =−9.6 cm
48 48 5
25. (d) By mirror formula image distance of A
1 1 1
+ = ⇒ f =−10 cm
v u f

1 1 1 1 1
+ = − = ⇒ v A =−15 cm
v A u f (−30) −10
Also, image distance of C ⇒ v C =−20 cm
The length of image ¿|v A−V C|=¿−15−(−20)∨¿ 15 cm
R
26. (a) For spherical mirror, f =
2
here,
R=20 cm , m=2.5
∴
R 20
f = = =10 cm
2 2
Now,
1 1 1
= +
f v u
−v
and magnification m= or v=−mu
u
1 1 1 1 1
∴ = − ⇒ u=f 1− =10 1− =6 cm
f u mu m 2.5
33.2
27. (c) Apparent depth of the object ¿ cm
1.33
33.5
Distance of object from the mirror ¿ 15+ =40 cm
1.33
25
Similarly, distance of image from the mirror ¿ 15+
1.33
¿ 33.8 cm
For concave mirror, u=−40 cm or v=−33.8 cm Applying mirror formula,
uv (−40)(−33.8)
f= = =−18.3 cm
u+v (−40−33.8)
28. (d) The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal to the interface at the point of
incidence, all lie in the same plane.

29. (d) From Snell's law of refraction,

a sin ⁡i
μg = = constant
sin ⁡r
Since, angle of incidence increase, the angle of refraction has to increase. So, that the
sin ⁡i
ratio is a constant according to Eq. (i).
sin ⁡r
30. (c) For same angle of incidence, the angle of refraction is minimum in medium R

sin ⁡i
As, μ=
sin ⁡r
1
or μ∝
sin ⁡r
⇒ μ is maximum for R , since r is minimum and hence, sin ⁡r is minimum.
c
Also, μ=
v
Therefore, if μ is maximum, v is minimum i.e., velocity of light is minimum in medium R
and order of velocity will be
v P > v Q >v R
31. (b) When a ray of light passes through the glass slab, the emergent rays are parallel
to the incident rays.

Here, from figure, i=e .

So, divergent angle of the emergent beam is also same i.e., α .
32. (d) Given, i=¿ angle of incidence ¿ 60∘ and ∠ BMC=90∘

⇒ ∠ CMR=r ¿ angle of refraction =180∘−( 60∘ +90 ∘)

⇒r ¿ 30∘
sin ⁡i μ slab
From Snell's law, =
sin ⁡r μair
sin ⁡60
∘
μ slab
⇒ ∘
¿
sin ⁡30 1.0

∴ μslab
√3
¿ × 2= √ 3
2
33. (c) Given,

sin ⁡i μ g
From Snell's law, '
=
sin ⁡r μ a
sin ⁡45 √ 2
∘
⇒ '
=
sin ⁡r 1
' 1 ' −1 1 ∘
sin ⁡r = ⇒ r =sin ⁡ =30
2 2
r +θ+r ' =180 ∘
i+θ+ 30∘=180∘
∘ ∘
From diagram, 45+θ+30 =180
θ=180∘−75∘=105∘
Hence, the angle between reflected and refracted ray is 105∘.
34. (c)
a sin ⁡50 ∘
μg ¿ ∘
sin ⁡40
a sin ⁡50 ∘
μw ¿
sin ⁡45∘
w sin ⁡45∘
μg ¿
sin ⁡θ
a w
μw × μg ¿ a μg
sin ⁡50∘ sin ⁡45∘ sin ⁡50∘
× ¿ (Using Eq. (i), (ii) and (iii)
sin ⁡45∘ sin ⁡θ sin ⁡40∘
sin ⁡θ ¿ sin ⁡40∘
θ ¿ 40∘
35. (b) For a rectangular slab, refraction takes place at two interfaces (air-glass and
glass-air). It is easily seen from diagram that r 2=i 1, i.e., the emergent ray is parallel
to the incident ray - there is no deviation, but it undergoes a lateral shift.

36. (a) When an object lying in a denser medium is observed from rare medium, then
real depth of object is more than that observed depth.
h1 h2
37. (c) Apparent depth of the bottom of the beaker ¿ +
μ1 μ2

∴ Apparent shift ¿ Real depth - Apparent depth

h1 h2
¿ ( h1 +h2 ) −
+
μ1 μ2
1 1
¿ h1 1− +h 2 1−
μ1 μ2
38. (b) As we know, refractive index of denser medium w.r.t. rare medium
Real depth
¿
Apparent depth
Real depth
39. (a) Refractive index, μ=
Apparent depth

a a a 1 1
Apparent depth, d apparent = + = +
2 μ1 2 μ2 2 μ1 μ2
a μ2 + μ1 a ( μ 1 + μ 2 )
¿ =
2 μ 1 μ2 2 μ1 μ 2
40. (a) Actual depth of the screw in water h1=13 cm and apparent depth is h2 =8.5 cm
h 1 13
μ water = = =1.53
h 2 8.5
When water replaced by a liquid of refractive index μ' =1.70
then the actual depth remains same, but its apparent depth changes.
Let h3 be the new apparent depth of the needle
' h1 h 1 13
μ = or h3 = ' = =7.65
h3 μ 1.7
here, h3 is less than h2. Thus for focus the microscope should be moved up.
Distance by which microscope should be moved up
¿ 8.5−7.65=0.85 cm
41. (c) The Sun is visible a little before the actual sunrise and until a little after the
actual sunset due to refraction of light through the atmosphere.
42. (c) Time taken for 360∘ shift ¿ 24 h
∘
Time taken for 1 shift =24 /360 h=4 min
43. (c) Applying Snell's law at air glass interface,
sin ⁡i
¿ a μ g=μ
sin ⁡r
sin ⁡i ¿ μ sin ⁡r ⇒i=sin−1 ⁡(μ sin ⁡r )
From laws of reflection, i=α =sin−1 ⁡( μ sin ⁡r )
44. (c) In total internal reflection, light travels from an optically denser medium to a
rarer medium at the interface, it is partly reflected back into the same medium and
partly refracted back to the second medium.
45. (d) When the angle of incidence is more than a certain value the angle of refraction
becomes more than 90∘ . It result into total internal reflection (critical angle).
46. (d) For total internal reflection of light take place, following conditions must be
obeyed.
(i) The ray must travel from denser to rarer medium.
(ii) Angle of incidence (θ) must be greater than or equal to critical angle (C) i.e.,
−1 μ rarer
C=sin ⁡
μdenser

Here,
1 b
sin ⁡C= and n water =a+ 2
n water λ
If frequency is less ⇒ λ is greater and hence, RI, n(water) is less and therefore, critical angle
increases. So, they do not suffer reflection and come out at angle less than 90∘ . 47.
(c) Given, velocity of light in medium A
Velocity of light in medium B=v B =2.5× 108 ms−1
v A μB 2 4
∵ = = =
v B μ A 2.5 5
⇒ B is rarer and A is denser medium.
μr −1
Since, critical angle for pair of media ¿ C=sin ⁡ ( where μr =¿ refractive index for rarer
μd
medium and μd =¿ refractive index for denser medium)
−1 4
∴ C=sin ⁡
5
48. (b) For glass-water interface, applying Snell's law

sin ⁡r 1 1
For water air interface, Angle of incidence in water ¿ r Again, = ⇒ sin ⁡r =
sin ⁡90 μ w μw
∘

1
( μw ) × μ
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), w 1
μ g= ⇒ μg =
sin ⁡i sin ⁡i
49. (a) Since, reflected ray and refracted ray make an angle of 90∘ with each other.
Hence θ=90∘
so r +θ+ r ' =180∘
' ∘ ' ∘
r +r =90 or i+r =90
(∵ i=r )
Applying Snell's law,

sin ⁡i μr
'
=
sin ⁡r μ d
−1 μr
Also, critical angle ¿ C=sin ⁡
μd
From Eqs. (i) and (ii),
−1 sin ⁡i
¿ sin ⁡
C '
[ r ' =90−i ] [sin ⁡(90−i)=cos ⁡i]
sin ⁡r
−1 sin ⁡i −1
⇒C ¿ sin ⁡ =sin ⁡(tan ⁡i)
cos ⁡i
¿ ¿
50. (b) For total internal reflection at AC , A >C

Where, C is critical angle

−1 1
⇒ A ¿ sin ⁡
n
⇒ ¿ ¿
Also, for total internal reflection at BC ,
−1 1 1
B>sin ⁡ ⇒ n>
n sin ⁡B
1 1
Since, A ≥ B ⇒ sin ⁡A ≥ sin ⁡B ⇒ ≤
sin ⁡A sin ⁡B
For total internal reflection at both surface i.e., for Eqs. (i) and (ii) both to be true
1
simultaneously, n>
sin ⁡B
1
n min=
sin ⁡B
51. (c) For total internal reflection at surface AB ,θ>C
⇒ θ> sin−1 ⁡ √
2
2
Also, for total internal reflection at surface CD ,
−1
θ> sin ⁡
√3
2
−1 √ 3 −1 √ 2
Since, sin ⁡ > sin ⁡
2 2

For both the relations (i) and (ii) to be correct.

θ>sin−1 ⁡√
3
2
∘ ∘
⇒ θ> 60 ⇒ θ min =60
52. (a) For total internal reflection at surface AC ,

where, C=¿ critical angle for glass water interface

−1 μr −1 μ water
⇒ θ> sin ⁡ ⇒ θ> sin ⁡
μd μglass
−1 4 /3
⇒ θ>sin ⁡
3 /2
8
⇒ sin ⁡θ>
9
1
53. (a) If critical angle is θC then sin ⁡θ C =
μ
1 r
so that tan ⁡θC = 1 /2 from diagram tan ⁡θC =
( μ −1 )
2
d
r=d tan ⁡θ C (r = radius of disc )
d 1
r= 2 1/ 2
∵ tan ⁡θC = 2 1/ 2
( μ −1 ) ( μ −1 )
μ2
54. (c) We know sin ⁡θ=
μ1
c v
As μ= , sin ⁡θ= '
v v
(here, v is speed in medium A and v ' is speed in medium B )
' v
v=
sin ⁡θ
55. (b) Since, light beam just misses entering region IV, it must strike the region III
region IV interface at critical angle (C) .
−1 μ r −1 n0 /8 −1 3
So, C=sin ⁡ =sin ⁡ =sin ⁡
μd n0 /6 4

Applying Snell's law at interface,

'
μ1 sin ⁡i=μ2 sin ⁡r ¿ μ3 sin ⁡r = constant ' n0 1 3 1 −
μ1 sin ⁡i=μ3 sin ⁡r ¿ ⇒ ¿ ¿¿ n0 sin ⁡θ= sin ⁡C ¿ ⇒ ¿ ¿ ¿ sin ⁡θ= × = ⇒ θ=sin
⇒ ¿ 6 6 4 8
Note For refraction at multiple surface in sequence, we can apply Snell's law directly for
any two region as in Eq. (i).
56. (c) Due to total internal reflection of light.
57. (d) As critical angle i c is less for diamond, so light ray suffers more TIR's before
emerging and diamond shows a brilliance much more then glass.
58. (a) Prisms are designed to bend light by 90∘ or by 180∘ by making use of total internal
reflection [Fig. (a) and Fig. (b). Such a prism is also used to invert images without
changing their size [Fig. (c).
In the first two cases, the critical angle i c for the material of the prism must be less than
∘
45 .
59. (c) Optical fibres are fabricated such that, light reflected at one side of inner surface
strikes the other at an angle larger than the critical angle.
Even if the fibre is bent, light can easily travel along its length. Thus, an optical fibre can
be used to act as an optical pipe.
60. (b) In optical fibres, core is surrounded by cladding, where the refractive index of
the material of the core is higher than that of cladding to bound the light rays inside
the core.
61. (c) Endoscope.
62. (d) Total internal reflection is the basis for following phenomenon
(i) sparkling of diamond.
(ii) optical fibre communication.
(iii) instrument used by doctors for endoscopy 63. (d) Figure shows the geometry of
formation of image I of an object O on the principal axis of a spherical surface with
centre of curvature C and radius of curvature R . The rays are incident from a
medium of refractive index n1, to another of refractive index n2 .

As before, we take the aperture (or the lateral size) of the surface to be small compared
to other distances involved, so that small angle approximation can be made.
64. (a) As refraction formula for curved surface is
n2 n1 n2 −n1
− =
v u R
65. (c) Here, u=−100 cm , v=¿ ?, R=+ 20 cm , n1=1 and n2 =1.5
As, refraction formula for curved surface, we have
1.5 1 0.5
+ = ⇒ v=+100 cm
v 100 20
The image is formed at a distance of 100 cm from the glass surface, in the direction of
incident light.
66. (a) The refractive index of the liquid must be equal to 1.47 in order to make the lens
disappear. This means n1=n2. This given 1/ f =0 or f → ∞ .
67. (a) Applying, Lens' maker formula, we get

68. (b) Given, for refraction at spherical surface ABC ,

u ¿ 2 R=−30 cm
μ1 ¿ 1.5 ⇒ μ2=1.0
v ¿?
μ 2 μ1 μ 2−μ1
Applying, − =
v u R
1 1.5 (1−1.5)
− ¿
v (−30) (−15)
1 1.5 −0.5 1 0.5 1.5
⇒ + ¿ ⇒ = −
v 30 −15 v 15 30
⇒v ¿−60 cm
The image is at a distance of 60 cm from surface ABC opposite to the direction of incident
light.
69. (d) From first surface, μ=∞
v=+2 R , where R is the radius of curvature.
μ 2 μ1 μ 2−μ1
− =
Using equations
v u R
n μ1 (n−1)
⇒ − = ⇒ n=2.0
2R ∞ R
70. (c) For refraction at surface AB,

μ ¿−2 R
v ¿+∞ ( μ1=μ ⇒ μ2=1 )
μ 2 μ1 μ 2−μ1
So, applying − =
v u R
1 μ 1−μ μ (μ−1)
⇒ − ¿= ⇒ =
∞ −2 R −R 2R R
⇒ μ ¿=2 μ−2
∴ μ ¿2
71. (a) Given, u=−8 cm
Converging lens, f =10 cm
¿
Magnification, ¿ m∨¿ ¿ v∨ ¿ u∨¿=¿ ¿ ¿ ?
v= ?
1 1 1
Applying lens equation, − =
v u f
uf (−8)×(10)
⇒ v ¿= = =−40 cm
u+ f (−8)+10
So, ¿ ¿
¿
72. (c) Magnification, ¿ m∨¿ ¿ v∨ ¿ u∨¿ ¿ ¿

Case I
u1 ¿−0.15 m=−15 cm
v1 ¿?
m1 ¿?
Case II
u2=−0.2 m=−20 cm
Given,
v2 ¿ ?
m2 ¿ ?
|v 1| |v2| |v 1| 2× 15 3
⇒ =2 ⇒ = =
|u1| |u2| |v 2| 20 2
3 3
⇒|v 1|= |v 2| or v 1= v 2
2 2
Applying lens equation,
1 1 1 1 1 1
− = or = −
v u f f v 1 u1
and
1 1 1
= −
f v 2 u2
1 1 1 1
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), − = −
v 1 u 1 v 2 u2
v 2−v 1 u 2−u1
⇒ =
v1 v2 u1 u2
3
v 2− v 2
2 −5
⇒ =
3 300
v ⋅v
2 2 2
−v 2 −5 −300
⇒ 2= or v 2= or v 2=+20 cm
3 v 2 300 15
Similarly, v 1=+30 cm
1 1 1 3
From Eq. (i), = − =
f +30 (−15) 30
∴ f =10 cm=0.10 m
73. (c) Image can be obtained on the screen if it is real. Real image of reduced size can
be formed by a concave mirror or a convex lens.

A diminished image by convex lens is obtained when object is beyond 2 f , the image is
between f and 2 f on other side. So, OI =¿ distance between object and screen ¿ d
⇒ d >2 f + 2 f ⇒ 4 f <1.0 m
1.0
⇒ f< ⇒ f <0.25 m
4
74. (b) In general, spherical aberration is minimum when the total deviation produced
by the system is equally divided on all refracting surfaces.
A planoconvex lens is used for this purpose. In order that the total deviation be equally
divided on two surfaces, it is essential that more parallel beam (or the incident and
refracted) be incident on the convex side.
Thus, when the object is far away from the lens, incident rays will be more parallel than
the refracted rays, therefore, the object should face the convex side, but if the
object is near the lens, the object should face the plane side.
This has been shown in figure.

75. (c) Spherical aberration is caused due to spherical nature of lens. Paraxial and
marginal rays are focused at different places on the axis of the lens. Therefore,
image so formed is blurred. This aberration can be reduced by either stopping
paraxial rays or marginal rays, which can be done by using a circular annular mark
over the lens.

76. (d) As μ2 > μ1, the upper half of the lens will become diverging.
As μ1 > μ3, the lower half of the lens will become converging.
77. (a,d) Case 1

Using lens formula,

1 1 1 1 1 2
+ = ⇒ = + ⇒ f 1=20 cm
60 30 f 1 f 1 60 60
1 1 1 R
Further, =(n−1) − ⇒ f 1= =+20 cm
f1 R ∞ n−1
Case 2
Using mirror formula,
1 1 1 3 1 1 2
− ¿ ⇒ − = =
10 30 f 2 30 30 f 2 30
R
f2 ¿ 15= ⇒ R=30 ⇒ R=30 cm
2
R 30
¿+20 cm= ⇒ 2 n−2=3 ⇒ f 1=+20 cm
n−1 n−1
Refractive index of lens is 2.5 .
Radius of curvature of convex surface is 30 cm.
Image is erect and virtual. Focal length of lens is 20 cm.
78. (b) When lens is in air,
From Lens maker's formula,
1 a 1 1
=( μ g−1 ) −
f1 R1 R2
When lens is immersed in liquid,
1 l 1 1
=( μ g−1 ) −
f2 R 1 R2
On dividing Eq. (i) by Eq. (ii), we get
f2 (a μg −1 )
¿= l
f1 ( μg −1 ) ∵ l μ g= μ g ¿ ⇒ ( μ2 ¿=1.25 ¿ ¿ ¿ f 2 ¿ ¿= 0.5× 1.25 =2.5 or f 2=2.5 f 1 ¿
f2 μl f1 0.25
⇒ ¿
f1
Hence, focal length increases by a factor of 2.5 when immersed in liquid.
79. (a) Given, concave lens, μ g=1.5 ; μm=1.75
Refractive index medium
m μ g 1.5
μg = =
μ m 1.75
Applying Lens maker's formula,
1 1 1 1.5 1 1
¿ ( m μg −1 ) − = −1 −
f R 1 R2 1.75 −R + R
1 (1.5−1.75) 2
⇒ ¿ ×−
f 1.75 R
1.75 7
⇒f ¿ R= R=(+3.5 R)
0.25 ×2 2
Since, f is positive it behaves as convergent lens of focal length (+3.5 R).
80. (d) From Lens Maker's formula,
1 1 1 1
=( μ 2−1 ) −
f R1 R2
μ3 ) μ2 / μ1
For this concave lens to behave as diverging, f must be negative.
1 1
∵ ¿ − is negative
R 1 R2
¿ ( μ2−1 ) >0
1
So,
μ2
⇒ ¿ >1 or μ 2> μ 1
μ1
If the lens is filled with L2 having refractive index [ ( n2=μ2 ) ] and placed in L1 having
refractive index [ ( n1=μ2 ) ].
81. (b) When lens is immersed in water,
1 w 1 1
From Lens maker's formula, =( μ g−1 ) −
f2 R 1 R2
1 1.5 1 1
⇒ = −1 −
f 2 1.33 R1 R2
1 1 1
When lens is in air, =(1.5−1) −
f1 R1 R 2
On dividing Eq. (ii) by Eq. (i), we get
0.5× 1.33
f 2= × f 1=4 f 1=4 ×10=40 cm
0.17
82. (a) Since, lens is made of two layers of different refractive indices, for a given
wavelength of light it will have two different focal lengths or will have two images at
1
two different points as ∝( μ−1) (from Lens maker's formula).
f
83. (c) Given μ g=1.5

From Lens Maker's formula for the plano convex lens

1 1 1
=(μ−1) −
f R 1 R2
Here, R1=R
and for plane surface, R2=∞
1 1 1 0.5
∴ =(1.5−1) −0 ⇒ =
f lens R f lens R
When the intervening medium is filled with oil, then focal length of the concave lens
formed by the oil
1 1 1 2 −1.4
=(1.7−1)− − =−0.7 × =
f concave R R R R
Here, we have two concave surfaces
1 1 1 0.5 −1.4 1 1.4 −0.4
So, =2 × + =2× + = − =
f eq f f R R R R R
−R −20
∴ f eq = = =−50 cm
0.4 0.4
84. (c) At I , second focus of convex lens coincides with the first focus of concave lens.
Hence, rays will become parallel to the optical axis after refraction from both the
lenses.

85. (c) By Pythagoras theorem

¿
8
c 3 ×10
Refractive index of material of lens μ= =
v 2 ×10 8
Here c=¿ speed of light in vacuum
8 2
¿ 3 ×10 ms
v=¿ speed of light in material of lens
8 2
¿ 2 ×10 ms , μ=3 /2
From Lens Maker's formula
1 1 1
=(μ−1) −
f R 1 R2

Here, R1=R and R2=∞ (for plane surface)

1 3 1
⇒ ¿= −1
f 2 15
f ¿ 30 cm
86. (a) Given,
P1=P2=+ 5 D
100
⇒ f 1=f 2= =+20 cm
5
For lenses separated by distance d ,
1 1 1 d 1 1 1 d
= + − ⇒ = + −
F f 1 f 2 f 1 f 2 F 20 20 400

1
For ¿ P<0 ¿⇒ <0
F
1 d 1 d
⇒ ¿ − <0 ⇒ ¿ <
10 400 10 400
∴ ¿ ¿ ¿
1
87. (b) Case I When lenses are in contact, P= =+10 D
F1
1 1 1 1 1
= + ⇒ 10= +
F1 f 1 f 2 f1 f2
Case II When lenses are d=0.25 m apart
1 1 1 1 d
P= =+ 6 D ⇒ = + −
F2 F2 f 1 f 2 f 1 f 2
From Eq. (i),
0.25 0.25 1
6=10− or f 1 f 2= =
f 1f2 4 16 ¿=16 ¿ P1 P2 ¿ ¿=16 ¿
⇒ ¿
Hence, from Eq. (iii), only option (b) satisfies this relation. Hence, P1 and P2 is 2 and 8 .
100
88. (b) Power of lens (in dioptre ¿=
focal length f ( in cm)
100
f= =5 cm
20
1 1 1
from Lens maker's formula =(μ−1) − for biconvex lens, R1=+ R
f R 1 R2
R2 ¿−R
1 1 1 2
¿(μ−1) + =(μ−1)
f R R R
1 2
¿ (μ−1)
5 5
2 μ−2 ¿ 1 ⇒ 2 μ=3 ⇒ μ=(3 /2)
89. (a) When the lenses are in contact, the power of the system is
P=P1 + P2 or P 1+ P2=10
When lenses are separated by a distance
1
d=0.25 m= m
4
The power is P=P1 + P2−d P1 P2
P1 P2
⇒ P1 + P2− =6
4
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
P1 P2
10− =6 ⇒ P1 P2=16 P =8 D and P =2 D ¿∴ ¿ f = 1 m=0.125 m ⇒ f = 1 m=0.5 m¿
4 1 2 1
8 2
2
¿
90. (d) For equivalent focal length,
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= + + ¿ + +
f f1 f 2 f3 (+ 40) (−40) (−15)
1 1
⇒ ¿− ⇒ F=−15 cm
f 15
1 −100 −20
Since, power i.e., P( in D) ¿ = =
F ( in m) 15 3
¿−6.67 D
91. (c) Focal length of the combination
1 1 1
= +
f f1 f 2
1 1 1 μ1 −1
We have =( μ1−1 ) − =
f1 ∞ −R R
and
1 1 1 − ( μ 2−1 )
=( μ2 −1 ) − =
f2 −R ∞ R
1 1
Putting these values of and in Eq. (i)
f1 f2
1 ( μ1 −1 ) ( μ 2−1 ) R
¿ −
f R R = μ −μ ¿
1 2
¿ ¿
1 1 1
92. (a) Using =(μ−1) −
f R 1 R2
here, R1=10 cm , R2=−10 cm ,u=−5 cm and μ=1.33
1 1 1
=(1.33−1) +
f 10 10
1 2 0.33
=0.33 × = ⇒ f =15.15 cm
f 10 5
uf −5 ×15.15
Now, from lens formula, v= =
u+ f −5+ 15.15
−75.75
¿ =−7.46
10.15
⇒ v is → ve hence image will be formed on the same side.
93. (c) Let Dm be the angle of minimum deviation. Then,
A+ Dm
sin ⁡
2
μ=
A
sin ⁡
2
Given, A=60 for equilateral prism and μ= √2
∘

∘
60 + Dm
sin ⁡
2
√ 2= ∘
60
sin ⁡
2
∘
On solving, we get Dm =30
The given deviation, D=30 ∘
Hence, the ray suffers minimum deviation and under minimum deviation, the ray
travels parallel to the base of the prism inside the prism.
Hence θ=0.
A+ Dm
sin ⁡
2
94. (b) As, we know that μ=
A
sin ⁡
2
A + Dm
sin ⁡
A 2
⇒ cot ⁡ =
2 A
sin ⁡
2
A A + Dm
cos ⁡ sin ⁡
2 2
⇒ =
A A
sin ⁡ sin ⁡
2 2
π A A + Dm
sin ⁡ − =sin ⁡
2 2 2
π A A D m
⇒ − = +
2 2 2 2
∘
⇒ Dm =π−2 A ⇒ Dm=180 −2 A
95. (b) Given, equilateral prism i.e., A=60∘
3 3 ∘ ∘
i=e= A ⇒= ×60 =45
4 4
From relation, A+ D=i+ e
We have, 60∘ + D=2× 45∘
∘ ∘ ∘
⇒ D=90 −60 =30
96. (c) When light ray travels parallel to the base, the light suffers minimum deviations.
So, for minimum deviation, Dmin =40 ∘
∘
i=e=45 (from graph)
sin ⁡( A +δ m ) /2
μ=
97. (d) Using A
sin ⁡
2
π ∘ π ∘
Here, A= =45 , sin= =45
4 4
8 −1
c ¿ 3× 10 ms
sin ⁡(45+ 45)/2 0.707
∴μ ¿ ⇒ μ= =1.85
45 0.3826
sin ⁡
2
8
c 3 ×10 8 −1
Therefore, v= = ⇒ v =1.62× 10 ms
μ 1.85
98. (a) Here, μ=1.57 , δ=5.5 ∘
δ ¿(μ−1) A
using δ 5.5
A ¿ = =9.64 ∘
μ−1 1.57−1
99. (a) Consider a ray of light PQ incident an the surface AB and moves along RS , after
passing through the prism ABC . It is given that the incident ray suffers minimum
deviation. Therefore, the ray inside the prism must be parallel to the base BC of the
prism.
From the geometry of the prism and the ray diagram, it is clear that angle of incidence,
∘
i=45
angle of refraction r =r ' =30∘
angle of emergence, e=45∘
Therefore, minimum deviation suffered by the ray is
δ min =i+ e−( r +r ' )=90∘−60∘=30 ∘
Also we know that
A+δ m
sin ⁡
2
μ=
A
sin ⁡
2
where, μ=¿ refractive index of the material of the prism.
∘
A ¿ angle of prism =60
60∘+ 30∘
sin ⁡
sin ⁡45 1/ √ 2 2
∘
2
∴μ ¿ = = = =√ 2
60
∘
sin ⁡30
∘
1/2 √ 2
sin ⁡
2
100. ¿ a ¿ δ=( i 1 +i 2 )− A ⇒ 40∘=( 35∘ +79∘ )− A
∘
⇒ A=74
Now, we know that
A+δ m
sin ⁡
2
μ=
A
sin ⁡
2
If we take the given deviation as the minimum deviation, then
∘ ∘
74 + 40
sin ⁡
2
μ= =1.51
74 ∘
sin ⁡
2
The given deviation may or may not be the minimum deviation. Rather it will be less
than this value. Therefore, μ will be less than 1.51 .
Hence, maximum possible value of refractive index is 1.51 .
101. (d) Angle of deviation first decreases and then increases with increase in angle of
incidence.
102. (d) In vacuum, all colours have same speed which is equal to the speed of light i.e.,
−1
c=3 × 10 ms .
8

103. (b) For monochromatic light having single wavelength, only deviation takes place
and no dispersion occurs.
104. (b) When a white light is incident on a glass prism, the emergent light is seen to be
consisting of several colours but broadly the different component colours that
appear in sequence are violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange and red (given by
the acronym VIBGYOR).
105. (b) Given, angle of prism ¿ 5∘ ; μ r=1.641 , μb=1.659 g for this angle prism,
D ≈( μ−1) A
=( μb−1 ) A ¿ ⇒ ¿ D r ¿ ¿=( μr −1 ) A ¿
So, ¿
Angle between the emergent blue and red rays
¿ Db−D r=( μ b−μr ) A
¿(1.659−1.641)×5
∘ ∘
¿ 0.018 ×5 =0.09
106. (b) The bending of red component of white light is least while most for the violet
component.
107. (d) A lens can be viewed as a prism, it disperse light and image formed has
coloured edges this is called chromatic aberration defect.
108. (d) Chromatic aberration occurs when a coloured image is formed by a lens in white
light.

109. (d) The rainbow is an example of the dispersion of sunlight by the water drops in
the atmosphere. This is a phenomenon due to combined effect of dispersion,
refraction and reflection of sunlight by spherical water droplets of rain.
110. (c) The formation of primary rainbow occurs when red light from drop I and violet
light from drop II reach the observers eye. The violet light from drop II and red light
from drop II are directed at level above or below the observer. Thus the observer,
say a rainbow with red colour on the top and violet on the bottom.
Thus, the primary rainbow is a result of three step process, that is, refraction, reflection
and refraction as shown in figure.

111. (d) When light rays undergoes two internal reflections inside a raindrop instead of
one as in the primary rainbow, a secondary rainbow is formed as shown in figure. It
is due to four step process. The intensity of light is reduced at the second reflection
and hence, the secondary rainbow is fainter than the primary rainbow. Further, the
order of the colours is reversed in it.

112. (d) The necessary condition for formation of rainbow is

(i) Sun should be shining in part of the sky while it is raining in the opposite part of the
sky.
(ii) The observer must stand with his back towards the Sun.
113. (a) The amount of scattering is inversely proportional of the fourth power of the
wavelength. This is known as Rayleigh scattering.
114. (a) At sunset or sunrise, the Sun's rays have to pass through a larger distance in the
atmosphere. Most of the blue and other shorter wavelengths are removed by
scattering. The least scattered light reaching our eyes, therefore, the Sun looks
reddish. This explains the reddish appearance of the Sun and full Moon near the
horizon.
115. (a) We know, from Rayleigh's scattering.
1
Amount of scattering ∝ 4
λ
⇒¿¿
4
1 λ2 λ 2 1 1/ 4 1
⇒ = ⇒ = =
4 λ1 λ1 4 √2
∴ λ1 : λ2= √ 2 :1
1
116. (b) From Rayleigh's scattering, amount of scattering ∝ λ
4 Since, red is more, it is
λ
least scattered and hence, suitable for indication signals.
1
117. (c) Amount of scattering ∝ 4
λ
(Rayleigh's law)
Thus, sky appears blue as blue light (short wavelength) is scattered more than red and
predominates. If red light will be scattered more, sky would appears red.
118. (b) Light enters the eye through a curved front surface, the cornea. It passes
through the pupil which is the central hole in the iris.
119. (d) The retina contains rods and cones which sense light intensity and colour,
respectively, and transmit electrical signals via the optic nerve to the brain which
finally processes this information.
120. (a) This property of the eye is called accommodation.
121. (a) For distinct vision for human eye near point ¿ D=25 cm Far point is at infinity.
122. (c) He might be suffering from presbyopia.
123. (a) To rectify the short sighted defect, by using concave lens between the eye and
the object, with the diverging effect desired to get the image focused on the retina.
124. (b) If the eye lens focusses the incoming light at a point behind the retina, a
convergent lens is needed to compensate for the defect in vision. This defect is
called farsightedness or hypermetropia.
125. (c) Another common defect of vision is called astigmatism. This occurs when the
cornea is not spherical in shape. If a person with such a defect in eye lens looks at a
wire mesh or a grid of lines, focusing in either the vertical or the horizontal plane
may not be as sharp as in the other plane.
126. (a) The distance of normal vision is 25 cm. So, if a book is at u=−25 cm , its image
should be formed at v=−50 cm . Therefore, the desired focal length is given by
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= − ⇒ = − =
f v u f −50 −25 50
∴ f =+50 cm (convex lens)
127. (d) The person should use a concave lens of focal length
−80
¿−80 cm= m= 1 −100
100 = =−1.25 D ¿
focal length 80
¿
128. (a) Here, u=−25 cm , v=−75 cm
1 1 1
= − i.e., f =37.5 cm
f 25 75
1 1
P= = =2.67 D
f 37.5
So, the corrective lens needs to have a converging power of +2.67 D .
129. (b) The linear magnification m , for the image formed at the near point d , by a simple
microscope can be obtained by using the relation.
v 1 1 v
m= =v − =1−
u v f f
Now, according to our sign convention, v is negative, and is equal in magnitude to d .
Thus, the magnification is
d
m=1+
f
Since, d is about 25 cm, to have magnification of six, one needs a convex lens of focal
length, f =5 cm.
130. (b) A single lens simple magnifier achieves is that it allows the object to be brought
closer to the eye than D then the magnification when the image is at infinity. In this
case, we will obtained the angular magnification. 131. (a) Fig. (i) describes myopia
or short sightedness in which rays after refraction from lens meet (focussed) before
the retina.
131. (b) Hypermetropia is corrected by using convex lens. Focal length of lens used f =+¿
defected near point ¿
f ¿+ d=+20 cm
100 100
∴ Power of lens ¿ = =5 D
f ( cm) +20
133. (d) A simple magnifier or microscope is a converging lens of small focal length. In
order to use such a lens as a microscope, the lens is held near the object, one focal
length away or less, and the eye is positioned close to the lens on the other side.
The idea is to get an erect, magnified and virtual image of the object at a distance
so that it can viewed comfortably, i.e. at 25 cm or more.
134. (d) A simple microscope has a limited maximum magnification (≤ 9) for realistic focal
lengths.
135. (d) For least distance of distinct vision, the angular magnification of simple
microscope is
D 1
M =1+ ⇒ M =1+ DP ∴ Power ⁡(P)=
f t
D
and for normal adjustment M = ⇒ M =DP.
f
Hence, if the angular magnification of simple microscope increases, then the power of
the lens should increase.
136. (a) For magnification, a simple microscope may be used as magnifying glass having
converging lens.
f =+10 cm=−9 cm¿
¿
uf −9 ×10
From lens formula, v= = =−90
u+ f −9+10
v −90
Magnification, m= = =10
u −9
∴ Apparent area of the card through the magnifying
2 2
¿ 10 ×10 ×1 ×1=100 mm =1 cm
137. (b) Here, f o=1.2 cm, f e=6.25 cm
uo =−2 cm , v e =−25 cm
1 1 1 1 1 1
For objective − = ⇒ = −
v o uo f o v o 1.2 2
⇒ v o=3 cm
1 1 1
For eyepiece − =
ve ue f e
1 1 1
⇒ − =
−25 ue 6.25
−1 1 1
= +
u e 6.25 25

Distance between two lenses ¿|v o|+|u e|=3+5=8 cm

138. (a) The first image is formed near the focal point of the eyepiece. The distance L,
i.e., the distance between the second focal point of the objective and the first focal
point of the eyepiece (focal length f e ) is called the tube length of the compound
microscope.
139. (d)

We know, magnification of telescope,

fo
m ¿= , −I fe −I fe I L
fe = ¿⇒ ¿ ¿= ¿ ⇒¿ ¿= i.e., m= ¿
L f e −( f o + f e ) L fo L I
Here ¿
140. (c) Objective of a compound microscope is a convex lens. Convex lens forms real
and enlarged image when an object is placed between focus and radius of
curvature.
141. (b) When final image formed at normal adjustment, then length of compound
microscope,
uo f o D ⋅f e
L ¿ v o +u e = +
( u o +f o ) D+ f e
−1.2 ×1 25 ×2.5
¿ ¿ + =6+2.27
−1.2+1 25+2.5
¿ ¿
142. (a) In modern microscopes, multicomponent lenses are used for both the objective
and the eyepiece to improve image quality by minimising various optical
aberrations (defects) in lenses.
143. (d) Astronomical telescope depends on
(i) light gathering power
(ii) resolution power
(iii) area of objective lens
144. (d) Telescope resolves and brings objects closer. Hence, telescope with magnifying
power of 20 , the tree appears 20 times nearer.
145. (a) Given, f o=F 1 , f e =F2
We know, angular magnification for telescope

¿ M ∨¿
| || |
fo
fe
=
F1
F2
⇒
F1
F2
146. (c) According to question,
Focal length of objective lens ( f 0 )=+ 40 cm
Focal length of eyepiece lens ( f e )=4 cm
Object distance for objective lens ( u 0) =−200 cm

Applying lens formula for objective lens

1 1 1 1 1 1
− ¿ ⇒ − =
v u f v −200 40
1 1 1 5−1 4
⇒ ¿ − = = ⇒ v=50 cm
v 40 200 200 200
Image will be form at first focus of eyepiece lens.
So, for normal adjustment distance between objectives and eye-piece lense (length of
tube) will be
147. (a) For a telescope,
v+ f e =50+ 4=54 cm
β fo
Angular magnification ¿ =
α fe
β 0.3 ∘
∴ ∘= ⇒ β=5
0.5 0.03
|f o|
148. (d) For telescope ¿ m∨¿ =5
|f e|
and length of the telescope
From Eqs. (i) and (ii),
L=|f o|+|f e|=36
⇒ f e =6 cm and f o=30 cm
149. (c ) Given, power ( P1 ) =40 D and power ( P2 ) =20 D
We have Peq =P1 + P2=40 D+20 D=60 D
So,
1 1 1
= +
f eq f 1 f 2

L D 1
150. (d ) For microscope, m= ⇒ m∝
f0 fe f0
For telescope,
f0
m=
, m∝ f 0
fe
The magnifying power of microscope will decrease but the magnifying power
telescope will increase.
151. (d) Reflecting telescopes are used because of following advantages
(i) no chromatic aberration.
(ii) parabolic reflecting surfaces are used.
(iii) Weighs of mirror are much less than a lens of equivalent optical quality.
152. (a) The main limitation of reflecting telescope is that the objective mirror
focusses light inside the telescope tube.
153. (b) The separation between the objective and therefore piece ¿ length of the
telescope tube
⇒ f ¿=f o + f e
here, , ¿ f o=150 cm ¿ 1.5 m, f e=5 cm=0.05 m
f ¿ ¿ 1.5+0.05=1.55 m
154. (a) The largest reflecting telescopes in the world are the part of keck telescopes in
Hawaii.
155. (a) The largest telescope in India is in Kavalur, Tamilnadu ( D=2.34 m ¿.
156. (c ) Angle of incidence ¿ Angle between incident ray and normal to the mirror ¿ 0∘

⇒ Angle of reflection ¿ 0∘ (from laws of reflection) Hence, the reflected ray retraces its
path along the normal at an angle 0∘ with normal.
157. (a) Refractive index of any pair of media is inversely proportional to wavelength of
light.
Hence, λv < λ r
⇒ μv > μr
where, λ v and λ r are the wavelengths of violet and red light and μr and μv are refractive
index of violet and red light.
158. (b) Optical fibre communication is based on the phenomenon of total internal
reflection at core-clad interface.
The refractive index of the material of the cladding, hence, light striking at core-cladding
interface gets totally internally reflected. The light undergoes and reaches the other
end of the fibre.
159. (a) Refractive index of diamond w.r.t. liquid
l 1 μd √ 6 1
μ d ¿= = ⇒ = 1 ∘ ∘
sin ⁡C μ l √ 3 sin ⁡C = =sin ⁡45 ¿ ∴ ¿C ¿=45 ¿
√ 2
⇒ ¿
160. (d) In air or water a convex lens made of glass behaves as a convergent lens but
when it is placed in carbon disulfide, it behaves as a divergent lens. Therefore,
when a convergent lens is placed inside a transparent medium having refractive
index greater than that of material of lens, it behaves as a divergent lens.
161. (c) When glass surface is made rough, then light incident on it is scattered in
different directions. Due to which its transparency decreases. There is no effect of
roughness on absorption of light. 162. (d) Magnification produced by mirror,
I f f
m= = = .
O f −u x
where, x is distance from focus.
and
Size of image ( I )
m=
Size of object (O)
163. (a) For thin prisms, angle of prisms A is small For small A , Dmin (minimum deviation)
is also small.
A+ D min
sin ⁡
2
So, μ=
sin ⁡( A/2)
A + Dmin A + Dmin
sin ⁡ ≈ (∵ sin ⁡θ ≈ θ for small θ)
2 2
A A
and sin ⁡ ≈
2 2
Using above approximations,
A+ D min
μ= ⇒ D min=( μ−1) A
2
A/2
Hence, it can be seen that if A is small, Dmin is also small.
164. (d) Dispersion takes place because the refractive index of medium for different
wavelengths (colours) is different. The refractive index is inversely proportion to λ
by Cauchy's expression as
b c
μ(λ )=r + 2 + 4
λ λ
Hence, deviation (D)=(μ−1) A
Since λ red is more than other colours wavelength.
So, deviation is least for red and have it appears farthest from the base of the prism.
165. (a) In vacuum speed of light is independent of wavelength. Hence, no dispersion
takes places in vacuum. Thus, vacuum is a non-dispersive medium in which all
colours travel with the same speed.
166. (a) The rainbow is formed when the inner surface of the water drop get internally
reflected if the angle between the refracted ray and normal to the drop surface is
greater than the critical angle.
167. (a) I. Primary rainbow is a result of three-step process.
(i) Refraction at the first surface of raindrop.
(ii) Total internal reflection from the second surface of raindrop.
(iii) Again refraction from the first surface of raindrop from where the light finally
emerges out. The intensity of light is reduced at the second reflection and hence,
the secondary rainbow is fainter than the primary rainbow.
168. (c) The light from a distant object arriving at the eye lens may get converged at a
point in front of the retina. This type of defect is called nearsightedness or myopia.
This means that the eye is producing too much convergence in the incident beam.
169. (c) Owl can move freely during night, because they have large number of cones on
their retina which helps them to see in night.
fo
170. (c) The magnifying power of telescope is m= . So, for high magnification, the focal
fe
length of objective lens should be larger than eyepiece.
d
Resolving power of a telescope ¿ .
1.22 λ
For high resolving power, diameter (d ) of objective should be higher.
171. (c) According to sign convention, all distances are measured from the pole of the
mirror or the optical centre of the lens.

172. (a) If n21 >1 , r <i, i.e. the refracted ray bends towards the normal. In such a case
medium 2 is said to be optically denser (or denser, in short) than medium 1.
On the other hand, if n21 <1 , r >i, the refracted ray bends away from the normal. This is the
case when incident ray in a denser medium refracts into a rarer medium.
173. (c) Speed of light depends on refractive index of medium. The highest speed
attainable in nature is c=3 × 108 ms−1 which is speed of light in vacuum. Thus speed of
light in water is less than speed of light in vacuum.
174. (c) It is possible that mass density of an optically denser medium may be less than
that of an optically rarer medium (optical density is the ratio of the speed of light in
two media). e.g., Turpentine and water. Mass density of turpentine is less than of
water but its optical density is higher.
−1 μ r
175. (c) As, critical angle, C=sin ⁡
μd
1 C
In this case, sin ⁡C= ∵ μ=
μd λ
Since, refractive index of material is inversely proportional to the wavelength of the
light. Wavelength of violet ( λ v ) is least and hence, refractive index is maximum for
violet. Thus critical angle is minimum from Eq. (i).
176. (d) When white light pass through a prism, bending of red component of white light
is least while it is most for the violet. Equivalently, red light travels faster than violet
light in a glass prism.
177. (b)
I. At sunset or sunrise, the Sun's rays have to pass through a larger distance in the
atmosphere. Most of blue and other shorter wavelengths are removed by scattering.
The least scattered light reaches our eyes, therefore Sun looks reddish.
II. In secondary rainbow light undergoes two internal reflections inside a raindrop and
hence the order of colour gets reversed.
178. (c) From Lens maker's formula,
1 μ lens 1 1
In air = −1 −
f 1 μ air R1 R 2
1 μlens 1 1
In water = −1 −
f 2 μ water R1 R 2
μlens (3 /2) μlens (3 /2)
∵ <
μ water (4 /3) μair (1)
1
⇒ or power is less in water but f 2 is positive, hence it
f2
behaves as convex lens and not as concave lens.
179. (c) A lens with large focal length have less power.
1
i.e., P ∝
f
1
or f∝
P
180. (a) Astigmatism can be corrected by using cylindrical lens of desired radius of
curvature with an appropriate directed axis.

181. (a) For astronomical telescope, ¿ m∨¿ ||fo

fe
.

So, magnification is inversely proportional to focal length of the eyepiece and directly
proportional to focal length of objective. The larger f o and smaller f e will given better
magnification.
182. (a) The largest lens objective in use has the diameter 40 inch (∼1.02 m). It is at the
Yerkes observatory in Wisconsin, USA. Such big lenses tend to be very heavy and
therefore, difficult to make and support by their edges. Further, it is rather difficult
and expensive to make such large sized lenses which form images that are free
from any kind for chromatic aberration and distortions.
183. (c) From laws of reflection,

(A) Angle of incidence ¿ Angle of reflection ¿ α

(B) The value of angle β=π /2−α
(C) Angle of deviation ¿ φ=π−2 α
(From figure)
184. (b) In this case, the light gets refracted twice from air to ice at A and from ice to
glass at B. We have find angle r 2. At A , Air - ice interface
At B, Ice - glass interface
Applying Snell's law,
sin ⁡r 1 ice μglass
= μglass =
sin ⁡r 2 μice
On multiplying Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
sin ⁡60 sin ⁡r 1 μice μglass sin ⁡60
∘ ∘
sin ⁡60 ( √ 3 /2) √ 3 /2 1
∘
× = × ⇒ =μ glass
sin ⁡r 1 sin ⁡r 2 1 μ ice sin ⁡r 2 sin ⁡r 2= = = = ¿
μ glass 1.5 3 /2 √ 3
¿
Also, refractive index of ice w.r.t. glass
glass air μ ice 4 /3 8
⇒ μ ice = air = =
μ glass 3 /2 9
185. (d) A → 2, B →3 ,C → 1 is correct option. If the object is at a distance f , the image is at
infinity. However, if the object is at a distance sightly less than the focal length of
the lens, the image is virtual and closer than infinity. Although the closest
comfortable distance for viewing the image is when it is at the near point (distance
D ≅ 25 cm ), it causes some strain on the eye. Therefore, the image formed at infinity
is often considered most suitable for viewing by the relaxed eye.
186. (c) In case of concave mirror or convex lens (A), (C) and (D) image can be real,
virtual, diminished, magnified or of same size. In case of convex mirror (B), image is
always virtual (for real objects).
187. (a)
(A) → Since μ1 < μ2, the ray of light will bend towards normal after first refraction.
(B) → μ 1> μ 2, the ray of light will bend away from the normal after first refraction.
(C) → since μ2=μ3 means in second refraction there will be no change in the path of ray
of light.
(D) → Since μ2 > μ3, ray of light will bend away from the normal after second refraction.
Therefore the correct options are as under
(A) → 1, 3
(C) → 1, 3 , 5
(B) → 2 , 4 , 5
(D) → 2 , 4
8. (c) Minimum Deviation
The angle of minimum deviation occurs when i=e and r 1=r 2 and is given by
( A+ D min )
sin ⁡
2 A
μ= ⇒ D min =2 sin−1 ⁡sin ⁡ × μ− A
A 2
sin ⁡
2
Substituting μ=1.5 and A=60∘
−1 ∘ ∘
Dmin =2 sin ⁡(0.75)−60 =37
Hence, the angle of minimum deviation is 37∘.
Maximum Deviation ...(B) and (C)
The deviation is maximum when i=90 ∘ or e=90 ∘ that is at grazing incidence or grazing
emergence.

Let i=90 ∘
So, r 1 must be at critical angle for pair (air glass) interface.
−1 μr −1 1
⇒ r 1=c=sin ⁡ =sin ⁡
μd μ
−1 2 ∘
⇒ r 1=sin ⁡ =42
3
∘ ∘ ∘
Also, r 1 +r 2= A ⇒ r 2= A−r 1=60 −42 =18
sin ⁡r 2 1 ∘
Using = ⇒ sin ⁡e=μ sin ⁡r 2=1.5 sin ⁡18
sin ⁡e μ
∘
⇒ sin ⁡e=0.463 ⇒ e=28
Deviation ¿ Dmax =i+ e− A=90 ∘+28 ∘−60∘=58∘
Hence, the maximum deviation for the prism is 58∘.
189. (d) A concave mirror forms real and virtual images, whose magnification can be
negative or positive depending upon the position of the object. If object is placed
between focus and pole the image obtained will be virtual and its magnification will
be positive. In all other cases, concave mirror forms real images whose
magnification will be negative. A convex mirror always forms a virtual image whose
magnification will always be positive.
190. (d) Applying Snell's law at interface AB
sin ⁡i μ 2
=
sin ⁡r μ 1
Again, applying Snell's law at interface DC
sin ⁡r 1 μ3
=
sin ⁡e μ 2
From figure, r =r 1 (alternate angles)
sin ⁡r μ 3
⇒ =
sin ⁡e μ 2
On multiplying Eqs. (i) and (iii), we get
sin ⁡i μ 3
=
sin ⁡e μ 4
Since, μ3 ≠ μ 1 ⇒ sin ⁡i ≠ sin ⁡e or i≠ e
193. (d) From relation (iv), in above answer.
sin ⁡i μ
¿ 3
sin ⁡e μ 4 =μ 1 ⇒ sin ⁡i=sin ⁡e ¿ i ¿ i¿=e ¿ Also, ¿ r ¿=r 1 (alternate angle, from figure) ¿
⋱ ¿
194. (b) At angle of incidence i C i.e., critical angle for pair of media in the denser medium
corresponding to which angle of refraction in the rarer medium is 90∘ .
195. (d) So, for i>i c, total internal reflection takes place. Hence, the ray gets reflected
into the denser medium.

From figure, angle of deviation ¿ ( 180∘−2 i ) clockwise

¿ ( 180∘ +2 i ) anti-clockwise
−1 μ r
196. (b) As, critical angle ¿ i C =sin ⁡
μd
−1 1.0 −1 2
¿ sin ⁡ =sin ⁡
1.5 3
197. (a) For total internal reflection, the light must pass from the denser to rarer
medium.
∵ μ A > μ B, so material A is denser than material B. So, light must travel from A to B.
198. (a) For pair of media A and B, critical angle ¿ C
μ r Refractive index of rarer medium
⇒ sin ⁡C ¿ = 1 1 sin ⁡θ A −1 sin ⁡θ A
μd Refractive index of denser medium = μ and sin ⁡θ B = μ ¿ ∴ sin ⁡C ¿= sin ⁡θ ⇒ C=sin ⁡ sin ⁡θ ¿
A B B B
¿ ¿
199. (c) Given, μ=1.5
Angle of incidence ¿ i=60∘
Refracting angle of prism ¿ A=60∘
Angle of emergence ¿ e=¿ ?
Angle of deviation ¿ D=¿ ?
Applying Snell's law at P,
sin ⁡60∘
¿=
1.5 √3 2 1
⇒ sin ⁡r 1= × = −1 1 ∘ '
sin ⁡r 1 1 2 3 √3 sin ⁡ =35 16 ¿
√3
⇒r 1 ¿
Using r 1 +r 2= A , we get,
r 1 +r 2 ¿ A , we get,
r2 ¿ 60 −35∘ 16 ' =24∘ 44 '
∘

sin ⁡r 2 1
At point Q , =
sin ⁡e 1.5
⇒ sin ⁡e=1.5 sin ⁡24∘ 44' ( sin ⁡24 ∘ 44' =0.42 )
⇒ sin ⁡e=0.63 ⇒ e=39∘
200. (a) ∵
A+ D ¿ i+ e
∘ ∘ ∘
D ¿ i+ e−A=60 +39 −60
∘
¿ ¿ 39
201. (a) From the principle of reversibility of path it can be verified that, if i and e are
interchanged, deviation remains same. Hence, same deviation is obtained for angle
of incidence 60∘ and 39∘.
202. (d) The eyepiece lens of an astronomical telescope should have least possible focal
length and small aperture. Hence, we shall use lens L4 as the eyepiece whose focal
1
length ¿ m=5 cm and aperture is 0.02 m .
20
203. (a) The objective lens of an astronomical telescope should have highest possible
focal length as well as aperture. Hence, we shall select L1 of power 1 D (or focal
length 1 m ) and aperture 0.1 m .
204. (d) Here, f o=20 m and f e =2 cm=0.02 m.
In normal adjustment, length of telescope take
L=f o + f e =20.02 m
f 20
Magnification = o = =1000
f e 0.02
The image formed in inverted with respect to the object.
1 1 1 4
205. (c) Critical angle i.e., μ= = = = .
sin ⁡C sin ⁡48.6 0.75 3
206. (d) Light cannot undergoes total internal reflection when it is travelling from air to
water, i.e., from rarer to denser medium.
207. (a) From total internal reflection of light,
1 1
As we know that, μ= ⇒ sin ⁡C=
sin ⁡C μ
2
As, sin ⁡C=1 /(3/2)= =0.666 7
3

208. (a ,c ) Normal is perpendicular to the tangent to surface at the point of incidence i.e.,
the normal is along the radius, the line joining the centre of curvature of the mirror
to the point of incidence.
209. (a ,b ,d ) The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of angle of
refraction is constant.
sin ⁡i
hence =n
sin ⁡r 21
where, n21 is a constant, called the refractive index of the medium 2 w.r.t. the medium 1.
Eq. (i) is the well known Snell's law of refraction and on depends on temperature.
210. (a ,b ,d ) Refractive index depends on optical densities of mediums 1 and 2, it also
depends on temperature (or optical density varies with temperature), but it is
independent of angle of incidence. Refractive index for a pair of medium is same for
all angle of incidence.
211. (a ,b ,d ) If n21 is the refractive index of medium 2 with respect to medium 1 and n12 the
refractive index of medium 1 with respect to medium 2 , then it should be clear that
1
n12=
n21
It also follows that if n32 is the refractive index of medium 3 with respect to medium 2 ,
then n32=n31 ×n 12, where, n31 is the refractive index of medium III with respect to
medium I.
n2 a
n21=
n1 a
212. (a ,b) I. Convex lens is a converging lens provided refractive index of the material of
the lens is greater than the surrounding medium in which the lens is kept.
1 1 1
From Lens makers formula, = ( μ2−1 ) −
f R 1 R2
Refracting index of lens varies inversely with the wavelength of light used.
II. For virtual object, image is real for convex lens.

III. For object (real) between and O , image is virtual.

213. (a ,d ) Final image is formed at infinity if the combined focal length of the two lenses
1 1 1
(in contact) becomes 30 cm. Thus, from Lens maker's formula, = + i.e. when
30 20 f
another concave lens of focal length 60 cm is kept in contact with the first lens.
Similarly, let μ be the refractive index of a liquid in which focal length of the given
lens becomes 30 cm. Then,
1 3 1 1
= −1 −
20 2 R1 R2
1 3 /2 1 1
= −1 −
30 μ R1 R 2
9
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), μ=
8
214. (a ,b) In vacuum, the speed of light is independent of wavelength. Thus, vacuum (or
air approximately) is a non-dispersive medium in which all colours travel with the
same speed.
215. (a ,b ,c ) In compound microscope objective lens forms a real, inverted, magnified
image of the object. This serves as the object for the second lens, the eyepiece,
which functions essentially like a simple microscope or magnifier, produces the final
image, which is enlarged and virtual. The first inverted image is thus meet (at or
within) the focal plane of the eyepiece, at a distance appropriate for final image
formation at infinity, or a little closer for image formation at the near point.
Clearly, the final image is inverted with respect to the original object.
216. (b) Here, h1=2.5 cm ,u=−27 cm, R=−36 cm
R
f = =−18 cm
2
By mirror formula, ¿ is - ve for a concave mirror)
1 1 1 1 1 −3+ 2 −1
= − = + = =
v f u −18 27 54 54
or
v=−54 cm
Thus the screen should be placed at 54 cm from the mirror on the same side as the
object.
Magnification,
h2 −v −−54
m= = = =−2
h1 u −27
Size of image,
h2 =−2× 2.5=−5 cm
Negative sign shows that the image is real and inverted.
217. (a) Given, focal length of convex mirror f =+15 cm (Focal length of convex mirror is
taken as positive)
Distance of object u=−12 cm
Size of object O=4.5 cm
Using the mirror formula,
1 1 1 1 1 1
= + ⇒ = −
f v u 15 v 12
1 1 1 4 +5 9
⇒ = + = =
v 15 12 60 60
Distance of image from the mirror v=6.7 cm
The positive sign shows that the image is formed behind the mirror. Using the formula of
magnification.
−v I −6.7 I
m= = ⇒ =
u O −12 4.5
Size of images I =2.5 cm
As I is positive, so image is erect and virtual
Magnification m is given by
I 2.5 25 5
m= = = =
O 4.5 45 9
218. (c) When tank is filled with water:
Real depth ¿ 12.5 cm
Apparent depth ¿ 9.4 cm
Refractive index of water is
a Real depth
μw = =1.32
Apparent depth
When tank is filled with liquid
Real depth ¿ 12.5 cm
Real depth
Refractive index of liquid ¿
Apparent depth
or
12.5
1.63=
Apparent depth
12.5
Apparent depth with liquid ¿ cm=7.669 cm ≃ 7.7 cm
1.63
Distance through which the microscope has to be moved
¿ 9.4−7.7=1.7 cm
219. (b) Use relation between critical angle and refractive index. When light is incident at
an angle of incidence equal to the critical angle. The angle of refraction is 90∘ and
light will pass through the interface of the two media.
Let the bulb is placed at point O
AB= AC=r
If the light falls at an angle of incidence equal to critical angle i C , then only a circular
area is formed because if angle of incidence is less than the critical angle it will
refract into air and when angle of incidence is greater than critical angle then it will
be reflected back in water.
The source of light is 80 cm below the surface of water i.e.,
AO=80 cm , μw =1.33
Using the formula for critical angle,
1 1
sin ⁡i C ¿ ⇒ sin ⁡iC = =0.75
μw 1.33
iC ¿ 48.6 ∘
AB r
In △ OAB tan ⁡i C = or tan ⁡i c=
AO l
r =l tan ⁡i C =80 tan ⁡48.6
r =80 ×1.1345=90.7 cm
Area of circular surface of water, through which light will emerge
2
A ¿π r
A ¿
220. (a) When the prism is placed in air
∘ ∘
δ m=40 , A=60
∴ Refractive index of the prism material is
A+ δ m ∘
60 + 40
∘
sin ⁡ sin ⁡ ∘
a 2 2 sin ⁡50 0.7660
μg = = ∘
= ∘
= =1.532
A 60 sin ⁡30 0.5000
sin ⁡ sin ⁡
2 2
When the prism is placed in water
' ∘ '
A+ δ m 60 +δ m
sin ⁡ a sin ⁡
ω 2 μg 2
μ g= or a = ∘
A μω 60
sin ⁡ sin ⁡
2 2
60∘+ δ 'm
sin ⁡
1.532 2
=
1.33 sin ⁡30
∘

60∘+ δ 'm 1.532

or sin ⁡ = × 0.5=0.5759
2 1.33
'
∘ δm −1 ∘ ' ' ∘ '
∴ 30 + =sin ⁡(0.5759)=35 10 or δ m=10 20
2
221. (c) Given, the refractive index of glass with respect to air a μg =1.55 ¿ both faces have
same radius of curvature ¿ For double convex lenses R1=R , R2=−R
(For double convex lens, one radius is taken positive and other negative)
Focal length of lens, f =+20 cm

Using the Lens maker's formula

1 1 1 1 1 1
¿ ( μ g−1 ) − ⇒ =(1.55−1) +
a
f R 1 R2 20 R R
1 2
¿ 0.55× ⇒ R=0.55× 2 ×20=22 cm
20 R
Thus, the required radius of curvature is 22 cm .
222. (a) Here, the point P is on the right side of lens acts as vertical object.
Given, distance of object from the lens u=12 cm

Focal length of convex lens f =+20 cm

1 1 1 1 1 1
− ¿ ⇒ − =
v u f v 12 20
Using Lens formula, 1 1 1 3+5 8
¿ + = =
v 20 12 60 60
v ¿ 7.5 cm
Thus, the beam converges on the right side of lens at a distance of 7.5 cm .
223. (d) Given, concave lens, f =−21 cm , u=−14 cm
Object size
Applying lens formula,
uf (−14)×(−21) −42
v= = = cm=−8.4 cm
u+ f (−14)+(−21) 5
Using the formula of magnification of lens
v I
m= = , where I = height of image
u O

v −8.4
Magnification of a lens, M = = =0.6
u −1.4
224. (d) Since, v is negative and I is positive, the image is virtual and erect and at a
distance of 8.4 cm from the lens on the same side as object and height of the image
is 1.8 cm and hence, diminished.
If the object is moved further away from the lens between O and F , the image moves
towards the lens (never beyond focus). The size of image decreases gradually.
225. (a) Given, f 1=+20 cm , f 2 =+30 cm
So, for equivalent focal length
1 1 1 1 1 1
= + ⇒ = + 20 ×30 600
f f 1 f 2 f 20 30 = = =12 cm¿
20+30 50
¿
226. (b) Here, f 0=0.8 cm, u0 =−0.9 cm , v 0=¿ ?
1 1 1
As − ¿
v 0 u0 f0
1 1 1 1 1 0.9−0.8 0.1
∴ ¿ + = − = =
v0 f 0 u 0 0.8 0.9 0.9 ×0.8 0.8 × 0.9
0.8 × 0.9
or v 0 ¿ =7.2 cm
0.1
Now for the eye-piece, we have
fe ¿ 2.5 cm , v e =−D=−25 cm , ue =?
1 1 1 −1 1 −1−10 −11
∴ ¿ − = − = =
ue v e f e 25 2.5 25 25
or
−25
ue = =−2.27 cm
11
Hence the separation between the to lenses

Magnifying power,
¿ v 0+|ue|=7.2+2.27=9.47 cm
v0 D 7.2 25
m=m0 ×me = 1+ = 1+ =88
|v 0| f e 0.9 2.5
227. (a) Given, focal length of objective lens f o=144 cm .
Focal length of eye-piece f e =6 cm
Magnifying power of the telescope in normal adjustment (i.e., when the final image is
formed at ∞ )
−f o −144
m= = =−24
fe 6
∴ Separation between lenses L=f o + f e =144+ 6=150 cm
228. (d) Here, f 0=15 cm, f e =1.0 cm=0.01 m
f 0 15
Angular magnification, m= = =1500
f e 0.01
229. (c) Let d be the diameter of the image in metres. Then angle subtended by the
moon will be
6
Diameter of moon 3.48 ×10
α= =
Radius of lunar orbit 3.48 ×108
Angle subtended by the image formed by the objective will also be equal to α and is
given by
Diameter of image of moon d
α ¿ =
f0 15
6
d 3.48 ×10
∴ ¿ 8
15 3.8 ×10
Diameter of image of moon,
6
3.48 ×10 × 15
d ¿ 8
3.8 ×10
¿ ¿
230. (b) Given, thickness of glass slab (real depth) ¿ 15 cm
Refractive index of glass a μg with respect to air ¿ 1.5
a Real depth 15
Using the formula μg = Apparent depth = a
μg
15
Apparent depth of pin y= =10 cm
1.5
Distance by which the pin appears to be raised
¿ Real depth − Apparent depth =15−10=5 cm
The answer does not depend on the location of the slab.
231. (b) The minimum distance between an object and its real image is 4 f .
D 3 m
∴ 4 f max =D or f max = = =0.75 m
4 4
232. (d) As shown in figure, let O and I be the positions of object and image respectively
and L1 and L2 be the two conjugate positions of the lens.

Obviously, x +20+ x=90 cm or x=35 cm

When the lens is in position L1, we have
u=−x=−35 cm , v =20+ x=20+35=55 cm 1 = 1 − 1 = 1 + 1 = 7+11 = 18 ¿ or ¿ f = 385 =21.4 cm¿
¿ f v u 55 35 385 385 18
∘
233. (b) Angle of prism, A=60
Refractive index of prism μ=1.524
Let i be the angle of incidence. The critical angle is i c because it just suffers total internal
refraction, so we use critical angle,
1 1 ∘
sin ⁡i C = = =0.6561 ⇒ i C =41
μ 1.524

For a prism r 1 +r 2= A here r 2=i c

∘ ∘ ∘
∴ r 1 +i C = A ⇒ r 1 + 41 =60 ⇒ r 1=19
sin ⁡i1
Using the formula, μ=
sin ⁡r 1
or sin ⁡i 1=1.524 sin ⁡19 ∘=1.524 ×0.3256
or i 1=sin−1 ⁡(0.4962)
∘ '
⇒ i 1=29 75
Thus, the angle should be 29∘ 75' .
234. (a) To see objects at infinity, the eye uses its least converging power ¿ 40+ 20=60
dioptres
∴ Approximate distance between the retina and the cornea eyelens
¿ focal length of the eyelens

To focus an object at the near point on the retina, we have

5
u=−25 cm , v= cm
3
∴ Focal length f should be given by
1 1 1 3 1 15+1 16 25
= − = + = = ⇒f = cm
f v u 5 25 25 25 16
Corresponding converging power ¿ 64 D .
Power of the eye-lens ¿ 64−40=24 D
Thus the range of accommodation of the eyelens is roughly 20 to 24 D .
235. (b) Initially power of spectacles ¿−1 D , i.e., focal length is (−100)cm. It means that far
point of the person is 100 cm and near point is normal i.e. 25 cm. Due to the old age
the person use +2 D spectacles i.e., focal length f =50 cm
So, u=−25 cm and f =50 cm
1 1 1
From the lens formula, = +
50 v 25
1 1 1 1−2 −1
⇒ = − = = ⇒ v =−50 cm
v 50 25 50 50
The near point is a 50 cm .
236. (c) This defect is called astigmatism. It arises because the curvature of the cornea
plus eyelens refracting system is not the same in different planes. The eyelens is
usually spherical,
i.e., has the same curvature in different planes but the cornea is not spherical in case of
an astigmatic eye. The defect can be corrected by using a cylindrical lens with its
axis along the vertical.
237. (a) For the closest distance, v=−25 cm, f =5 cm , u=¿ ?
As
1 1 1
− =
v u f
1 1 1 1 1 −25
= − = − =¿ u= cm=−4.2 cm
u v f −25 5 6

or

This is the closest distance at which the man can read the book. For the farthest image
v ¿ ∞ , f =5 cm , u=?
1 1 1 1 1 1 −1
¿ − = − =0− =
u v f ∞ 5 5 5
u ¿−5 cm
This is the farthest distance at which the man can read the book.
238. (c) Maximum angular magnification is
d 25
= =6
umin 25/6
Minimum angular magnification is
D 25
= =5
umax 5
239. (b) (i) Here, area of each square (or object) ¿ 1 mm2
u ¿ ¿−9 cm , f =+10 cm
1 1 1
As − ¿
v u f
1 1 1 1 1 9−10 −1
∴ ¿= + = − = =
v f u 10 9 90 90
or v ¿=−90 cm
Magnitude of magnification is
v
m=
90
¿ u∨¿= =10 ¿
9
Area of each square in the virtual image
¿¿
D
M=
(ii) Magnifying power, 25
¿ u∨¿= =2.8 ¿
9
240. (a) We assume the microscope in common usage, i.e., the final image is formed at
the least distance of distinct vision,
D=25 cm , f e =5 cm
∴ Angular magnification of the eye piece is
D 25
me =1+ =1+ =6
fe 5
As total magnification, m=me ×m0
∴ Angular magnification of the objective is
m 30
m 0= = =5
me 6
As real image is formed by the objective, therefore,
or
v0
m0= =−5
v0
1 1 1
Now, − =
v 0 u0 f 0
1 1 1 −6 1
or − = or =
−5u 0 u 0 1.25 5u 0 1.25
or
−6 × 1.25
u0 = =−1.5 cm
5
Thus, the object should be held at 1.5 cm in front of the objective lens.
Also v 0 ¿−5 u0=−5 ×(−1.5)=7.5 cm 1 1 1 1 1 −1−5 −6 −25
¿= − = − ( ∵ v e=−D=−25 cm ) ¿= = ¿u e ¿ ¿=
As ¿ ¿ u e v e f e −25 5 25 25 6
∴ Separation between the objective and the eyepiece
¿|u e|+|v 0|=4.17+7.5=11.67 cm
241. (d) Here, f 0=140 cm and f e =5 cm
(i) In normal adjustment, magnifying power,
f 0 140
m= = =28
fe 5
(ii) When the final image is formed at the least distance of distinct vision (25 cm)
f0 fe
m ¿ 1+
fe D
¿ ¿
242. (c) (i) Angle subtended by the 100 m tall tower at 3 km away is
100 1
α ≈ tan ⁡α = = rad
3 ×10 30
3

Let h be the height of the image of tower formed by the objective. Then angle subtended
by the image produced by the objective will also be equal to α and is given by
h h
α= = h 1 140 14
f 0 140 = or h= = =4.67 cm¿
140 30 30 3
¿
(ii) Magnification produced by the eyepiece is
D 25
me=1+ =1+ =6
fe 5
14
∴ Height of the final image =h ×me = × 6=28 cm
3
243. (a) Given, distance between objective mirror and another mirror d=20 mm
Radius of curvature of objective mirror ¿ R1=220 mm
220
∴ Focal length of objective mirror, f 1= =110 mm
2
Radius of curvature of small mirror ¿ R2=140 mm
140
∴ Focal length of small mirror, f 2= =70 mm
2
The image of an object placed at infinity, formed by the objective mirror will act as a
virtual object for small mirror.
So, the object distance for small mirror u=f 1−d
i.e., u=110−20=90 mm
Using mirror formula
1 1 1 1 1 9−7 2
= − = − = =
v f 2 u 70 90 630 630
v=315 mm or v=31.5 cm
Thus, the final image is formed at 315 mm away from small mirror.
244. (d) Distance of the needle from the lens in the first case ¿ Focal length F of the
cmbination of the convex lens and planoconcave lens formed by the liquid i.e.,
f =45 cm
Distance measured in second case
¿ Focal length of the convex lens
i.e.,
f 1=+30 cm
The focal length f 2 of the plano-concave lens is given by
1 1 1 1 1 1
+ = or = −
f1 f2 F f2 F f1
1 1 2−3 −1
¿ − ⇒= =
45 30 90 90
f 2=−90 cm
Now for the equiconvex lens, we have
R1=R , R2=−R , f =30 cm, μ=1.5
Using lens maker's formula
1 1 1 1 1 1
=(μ−1) − or =(1.5−1) +
f R1 R2 30 R R
1 2
=0.5 ×
30 R
or R=0.5 × 2× 30 cm=30 cm
For plano-convex lens, f =−90 cm
For concave surface, R1=−R=−30 cm
For plane surface, R 2=∞
1 1 1
As =(μ−1) −
f R 1 R2
1 1 1 −30 +1
∴ =(μ−1) − or μ−1= =
−90 −30 ∞ −90 3
1
or μ=1+ =1.33
3
245. (a)
Given, i=θ ; A=5∘ ; μ=1.5
For ray emerging normally from AC , e=0
From relation, A+ D=i+ e, we have
∘ ∘
⇒ 5 + D=θ+0 ⇒i=θ=5 + D
Also, for small angles, D=( μ−1) A=0.5 x=2.5∘
So,
∘ ∘ ∘
i=θ=5 + 2.5 =7.5
246. (d) Since, v ∝ λ, the light of red colour is of highest wavelength and therefore of
highest speed. Therefore, after travelling through the slab, the red colour emerge
first.
247. (c) When an object approaches a convergent lens from the left of the lens with a
uniform speed of 5 ms−1, the image moves away from the lens with a non-uniform
acceleration.
248. (b) A passenger in an aeroplane may see a primary and a secondary rainbow like
concentric circles. 249. (c) Here, for yellow light r =90∘ when i=C . As i is kept same,
1
C must be smaller for total internal reflection from μ= will be smaller, when μ is
sin ⁡C
larger out of given colours, μ is largest for blue colour critical angle will be smallest
for blue colour. Therefore, blue light would undergo total internal reflection.
249. (c) Here, μ=1.5
If object lies on plane side

(a)
R1=∞, R2=−20 cm
1 1 1 1 1 1
=(μ−1) − =(1.5−1) + =
f R 1 R2 ∞ 20 40

The lens behaves as convex.

If object lies on its convex side R1=20 cm , R2 =∞ .

(b)
1 1 1 1 1 1
=(μ−1) − =(1.5−1) − = ⇒
f
'
R1 R 2 20 ∞ 40
'
f =40 cm
Thus, lens behaves as convex.
251. (b) The phenomenon involved in the reflection of radiowaves by ionosphere is
similar to total internal reflection of light in as during a mirage (angle of incidence ¿
critical angle)
252. (b) In the given figure PQ is a ray of light passing through focus and falling on the
surface of a concave mirror. On reflection from the mirror, the ray becomes parallel
to principal axis of the mirror.
253. (b) Ray number 2 follows the correct path according to the laws of refraction.
Since, μturpentine > μwater > μair
So, as light travels from air to turpentine (i.e. from rarer to denser medium), it bends
towards the normal after refraction. Again when it strikes the turpentine water
interface it must bend away from the normal as it travels from denser to rare
medium.
254. (a) For materials with negative refractive index, the deviation produce after
refraction is D=(i+r )i .e., light bends such that, it is on other side of normal.
For negative refractive index i.e., μ2 is negative (refractive index of medium 2 w.r.t.
medium 1=1 μ2 )
Applying Snell's law,
sin ⁡i 1
= μ 2= negative sin ⁡r= sin ⁡i = positive = negative ¿
sin ⁡r 1
¿ μ 2 negative
Since, sin ⁡r is negative, it means r must be on other side of normal such that, total
deviation of ray is, D=i+r .
255. (d) Here, an extended object lies immersed in water contained in a plane trough.
When seen from close to the edge of the trough, the object looks distorted on an
account of refraction of light from denser to rarer medium. Therefore, apparent
depths of the points close to the edge and nearer to the surface of water is more
compared to points away from the edge.
Further, the angle subtended by the image of the object at the eye is smaller than the
actual angle subtended by the object in air. Again,some of the points of the object
far away from the edge may not be visible because of total internal reflection.
256. (d) Here, in the adjacent figure, a pin is hold at L, mid-point of AB. When seen from
face AD (as long as i<C ) image of L appears to be at L' closer to A .

1 1 −1
From sin ⁡C= = =0.625 , sin ⁡(0.625)=38.7
μ 1.6
So, when angle of incidence becomes greater than C ( ¿ 38.7 ∘ ) the rays starting from L will
undergo total internal reflection and pin shall not be seen at all.
257. (a ,b) A magnifying glass is used, as the object to be viewed can be brought closer to
the eye than the normal near point. This results in a larger angle to be subtended
by the object at the eye and hence, viewed in greater detail. Moreover, the
formation of a virtual erect and enlarged image, takes place.
258. (c) The least distance of distinct vision of an average person (i.e., D) is 25 cm, in
order to view an object with magnification 10 .
Here, v=D=25 cm and u=f
D
But the magnification m=v /u=D /fm=
f
D 25 1
⇒ f = = =2.5=0.025 m⇒ P= =40 D
m 10 0.025
This is the required power of lens.
μ2 h
259. (a) Let the apparent depth be O1 for the object seen from m2, then O1= Since,
μ1 3
apparent depth ¿ real depth/refractive index, μ. Since, the image formed by Medium
1 ,O 2 act as an object for Medium 2.
If seen from μ3, the apparent depth is O2.
Similarly, the image formed by Medium 2, O2 act as an object for Medium 3
μ3 h μ3 h μ 2 h h μ3 μ 2
O 2= + O 1= + = +
μ2 3 μ 2 3 μ 1 3 3 μ2 μ 1
If seen from outside, the apparent height is
1 h 1 h h μ 3 μ3
O3 ¿ + O 2= + +
μ3 3 μ 3 3 3 μ 2 μ1
¿ ¿
This is the required expression of apparent depth.
260. (c) The relationship between refractive index, prism angle A and angle of minimum
deviation is given by
( A+ Dm )
sin ⁡
2
μ ¿ Here, Dm= A
A
sin ⁡
2
sin ⁡A
∴μ ¿
sin ⁡A /2
A A
2 sin ⁡ cos ⁡
2 2 A
On solving, we have ¿ =2 cos ⁡
A 2
sin ⁡
2
A A
2 sin ⁡ cos ⁡
sin ⁡A 2 2 A
∴ μ= ¿ =2 cos ⁡
A A 2
sin ⁡ sin ⁡
2 2
For the given value of refractive index, we have,
¿ √ or =30∘
A 3 A
∴ cos ⁡
2 2 2
∘
∴ A ¿ 60
This is the required value of prism angle.
261. (a) Given, convex lens (f =+25 cm). Since the lens is cut along X X ' (0.5 cm) above
principal axis P P' , let us imagine the lens as if there is no cut. The point object
placed at A(−50 ,0) be treated as linear object AB. Also, u=−50 cm.
1 1 1
Using lens equation, − =
v u f
uf (−50)×(+25) −1250
⇒ v= = = =+50 cm
u+f −50+25 −25
v +50
Also, m= = =−1
u −50
Thus, the image of A would have been formed at 50 cm from the pole and 0.5 cm below
principal axis.
So, coordinates of image ≡(+50 cm ,−1 cm)
262. (a) Let d be the diameter of the disc. The spot shall be invisible if the incident rays
from the dot at O to the surface at d /2 at the critical angle.
Let i be the angle of incidence.
1
Using relationship between refractive index and critical angle, then, sin ⁡t=
μ
Using geometry and trigonometry.
d /2 d −1
¿ tan ⁡i ⇒ =h tan ⁡i=h ( √ μ −1 )
2
Now,
h 2
2h
∴ d ¿ 2
√ μ −1
This is the required expression of d .
263. (a) (i) Let the power at the far point be Pf for the normal relaxed eye of an average
person. The required power
1 1 1
Pf = = + =60 D
f 0.1 0.02
By the corrective lens the object distance at the far point is ∞ . The power required is
' 1 1 1
Pf = ' = + =50 D
f ∞ 0.02
So for eye +lens system, we have the sum of the eye and that of the glasses P g
'
∴ Pf ¿ P f + P g
∴ P g ¿−10 D
(ii) His power of accommodation is 4 D for the normal eye. Let the power of the normal
eye for near vision be Pn.
Then 4=P n−Pf or Pn=64 D
Let his near point be x n, then
1 1 1 1
+ =64 or + 50=64 ⇒ =14 1
x n 0.02 xn xn = =0.07 m¿
14
¿
(iii) With glasses P'n=P'f + 4=54
1 1 1 1
54= + = ' + 50⇒ ' =4
xn 0.02 x n
'
xn
' 1
∴ x n= =0.25 m
4