Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

“Healthy soils are a basis for healthy food production” (FAO UN, 2015). From

the beginning of agriculture, the soil has been an integral part of farming. FAO also

added that 95% of farmed food was either produced directly or indirectly on the soil. Soil

is a substrate for plant growth, holds plant roots to be stable, provides a network of air

and water to plant roots, and originally, it is the main source of plant nutrients (Rhodes,

2014). It provides several nutrients like Nitrogen, Phosphorous, and Potassium, etc.

In crop production, soil fertility is necessary to achieve the optimum growth and

yield. As fertile soil provides essential nutrients for plant growth to produce healthy food

to cover nutrients human needs, it also helps “… reduce soil, water and air pollution,

regulate water resources availability, support a diverse and active biotic community,

increase vegetation cover and allows for carbon neutral footprint” (FAO UN, 2020).

However, to achieve a properly managed soil, there are specific physical and chemical

parameters that need to be maintained. In soil physical properties, bulk density, porosity,

and particle density must be considered. Bulk density in soil generally functions on soil

aeration, structural support, as well as water and solute movement (USDA, 2016). High

bulk density indicates compact soil and low porosity which is not suitable for crop

growth. This restricts proper root growth as well as poor water and air movement in soil.

Furthermore, USDA (2016) emphasized that the lower bulk density, the better. Increasing

soil organic matter (SOM) and decreasing soil disturbance was suggested to help improve

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soil bulk density. Another parameter in physical properties that must be

considered is the particle density of the soil. Another article published by USDA (2014),

stated that the particle density functions in ways such as, rooting depth or restrictions,

infiltration, water holding capacity, porosity, plant nutrient availability, and soil

microorganism activity. Another parameter in physical properties to be considered is

porosity. Porosity is determined from the spaces between the particles in soils filled with

air and water. A well-balanced porosity in soil results to the conduction of water, air, and

nutrients into the soil. However, too porous soil would lead to dry soil which could not

sustain crops. With regards to the chemical parameters, the macronutrients NPK and soil

pH must be considered. Nitrogen is a major component of amino acids, which form the

building blocks of plant proteins and enzymes. Chapman (2022) stated that it functions in

plant growth, metabolism, and creation of chlorophyll. Lack of N would lead to stunted

growth in plants as well as yellowing. On the other hand, too much N would lead to

nitrogen burn and unproductive plants in flowering. It would also cause a disruption in

groundwater and oceans. Another major plant nutrient is Phosphorous, a major element

of plant cells, essential for cell division and development of the plant. Lack of

phosphorous in soil would lead the plants to slowly grow and develop dull and yellow

foliage. Another major plant nutrient potassium which improves both the uptake of

nitrogen from the soil, and the conversion of nitrogen in the plant to amino acids and

ultimately protein. It also functions as the one which regulates the opening of stomata.

Lack of potassium in plants will lead to wilting during days with high temperature, as

well as chlorosis. The parameter that completes the chemical properties would be the soil

pH. Soil pH affects the availability of nutrients through its solubility. To add, some
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nutrients are more available under acid conditions while others are more available under

alkaline conditions. Neglect of these physical and chemical parameters would lead to

leaching of nutrients and increased chance of soil erosion. This would also result to a

lower crop yield which is a huge problem for farmers.

According to NSW (2020), soil degrades through poor management of soil,

intensive agriculture, fire, mining, natural disasters, intensive use of inorganic and

chemical inputs in farming, etc. These cause a major decrease in productivity of soil for

agriculture, adds pollution, destruction of species and habitat, soil erosion, and nutrient

runoffs (Adetunji, et al., 2018). To prevent and reverse soil degradation, the addition of

soil organic matter (SOM) which are the organic materials produced by living organisms

or microorganisms through decomposition is recommended. According to Fundenburg

(2001), SOM acts as a reservoir of water and nutrients in soil, aids in reducing

compaction and surface crusting, and increase water infiltration into the soil. Supporting

this statement, EIP AGRI (2016) reported that SOM also aid in the prevention and in

fighting soil-borne diseases and increased water holding capacity (WHC). It was also

mentioned that on the chemical level, SOM significantly improves the soil’s capacity to

store and supply essential nutrients, and to retain toxic elements. It enables the soil to

cope with changes in soil acidity and helps fasten soil mineral decomposition. In the

physical level, SOM is said to improves soil structure which helps in controlling soil

erosion and improves water infiltration and WHC. The EIP AGRI also suggested that

SOM could be improved by the inoculation with beneficial microorganisms which

stimulate biological activities in the soil. An example of beneficial microorganisms are

earthworms.
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Soil is also a home for organisms, especially earthworms. These organisms

perform nutrient cycling, break down crop residues, stimulate plant growth, maintain soil

health, etc., all of which are fundamental in the soil cycle and the fertility of the soil

(Roossinck, 2008). Earthworms act as one of the major decomposers of organic matter.

Not only this, it also helps with soil aeration, infiltration, plant growth, nutrient dynamics,

nutrient cycling, and water movement, and generally improves soil structure (Labenz,

2010). If there are active microorganisms in the soil, it means that there is organic matter

being broken down. Soil organic matter highly affects soil's physical and chemical

properties as well as its health. This majorly contributes to soil fertility, necessary for

healthy crop production. In addition, soil organic matter helps improve the soil's capacity

to store and supply essential nutrients, and to retain toxic elements. It also helps soil

minerals to decompose at a faster rate and it allows the soil to cope with changes in soil

acidity. In this study, African Night Crawlers, a species of Earthworms, was the subject

of the experiment. According to Worm Bucket (2022), it is popular in the fields of

vermicomposting, gardening, and fishing. It is native the warm regions of West Africa

but gained popularity all over the world due to its worm castings, known as vermicast

which contains nutritional values are beneficial to plants (Worm Facts, 2012).

Various research has related inorganic fertilizers to the abundance of earthworm

and ANC population, all of which are abundant in presence of Nitrogen. Research

conducted by Borza and Iordache (2010), resulted in a higher presence of worms in the

treatment which had the highest dose of Nitrogen while the presence of Phosphorous

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generally declined the worm biomass. This topic is not well-researched in the field of

organic agriculture.

The purpose of this research is to provide a better understanding of the linkages

between ANC population and physicochemical properties of a soil planted with green

leafy vegetable, specifically Pechay using organic, inorganic, and combined farming

practices. In addition, the research intended to bridge the gap in the dynamics of ANC, as

well as the changes in soil abundance, fertility, and biomass in conditions of organic,

inorganic, and combined farming practices, provided that all production requirements

will be met in two cropping periods. Hence, this study would show the use of organic

fertilizer on soil physicochemical properties as well as the organisms that thrive in the

soil.

Background of the Study

Soil fertility management and soil structure are two interesting topics that goes

hand in hand. Ahmad (1953) stated that “…intensive agriculture is not the problem but,

ignorance of soil fertility management is”. When soil is not properly managed, nutrient

leaching is evident along with soil erosion. Generally, it leads to soil degradation. This

loss of fertile soil would lead to a less productive agriculture, instead of the optimum.

Degraded soils decrease root depth, the available water and nutrient reserves, and soil

erosion. This leads to yield loss by affecting soil organic carbon, NPK contents, and soil

pH.

Various studies have resulted to an abundance of earthworm and ANC population

when soil is supplied with N, through inorganic fertilizers. However, there is a lack of

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study that utilizes organic fertilizers. Given that, this study aims to provide a better grasp

of interaction between soil physicochemical properties and ANC population on a green

leafy vegetable, specifically on Pechay using organic, inorganic, and combined farming

practices. In addition, the research may bridge the gap in the dynamics of earthworms, as

well as the changes in soil abundance, fertility, and biomass in conditions of organic,

inorganic, and combined farming practices.

Research Objectives

General Objective:

To determine the ANC population and physicochemical properties of soil planted

with pechay in San Antonio, Quezon.

Specifically, it aimed:

1. to determine the effect of different fertilizer materials on the soil physicochemical

properties under different ANC population,

2. to determine the effect of different ANC population on the soil physicochemical

properties under different fertilizer materials,

3. to determine if there will be significant effect on the soil physicochemical

properties brough about by different fertilizer materials and ANC population,

4. to find out if there will be interaction effect between fertilizer materials and ANC

population on the soil physicochemical properties,

5. to determine the effect of different fertilizer materials on the ANC population, and

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6. to find out if there will be significant differences between the effect of fertilizer

materials on ANC populations.

Hypothesis

The following null and alternative hypothesis were tested in this study:

Ho1: There is no significant effect on the application of different fertilizer media

in the physicochemical properties of soil.

Ho2: There is no significant effect on the application of ANC in the

physicochemical properties of soil.

Ho3: There is no significant effect on the application of different fertilizer

medium and ANC application in the physicochemical properties of soil.

Ha1: There is a significant effect on the application of different fertilizer mediums

in the physicochemical properties of soil.

Ha2: There is a significant effect on the application ANC in the physicochemical

properties of soil.

Ha3: There is a significant effect on the application of different fertilizer medium

and ANC application in the physicochemical properties of soil.

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Conceptual Framework

The first figure also shows the independent and dependent variables of the study. The

independent variables are located at the left side which include the different types of

fertilizers and ANC population; the dependent variable in right side includes the physical

and chemical properties of the soil observed in the study.

The second figure shows the independent and dependent variables of the study.

The independent variables are located at the left side which include the different types of

fertilizers; the dependent variables on the right side include the earthworm population

was observed in the study.

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

I. Fertilizers I. Physical Properties of
1. No fertilizer Soil
2. Inorganic Fertilizer 1. Bulk Density
3. Organic Fertilizer 2. Porosity
4. Combination of II. Chemical Properties of
Organic and Soil
Inorganic 1. Nitrogen
II. ANC population 2. Phosphorous
1. No ANC 3. Potassium
2. With ANC 4. pH

Figure 1: Conceptual Framework on the Interaction Between the Physicochemical

Properties of Soil and ANC Population

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

1. No fertilizer 1. ANC population

2. Inorganic Fertilizer
3. Organic Fertilizer 8
4. Combination of Organic and
Inorganic
Figure 2: Conceptual Framework on the ANC Population Affected by the Types of
Fertilizer

Significance of the Study

The study may help society in the exploration and discovery of new information

regarding the physicochemical properties of soil as affected by the presence of ANC in

different types of fertilizers.

The extension workers of the Municipal Agriculture Office in San Antonio,

Quezon, may also benefit from the results of this study as their sources of new technical

information that can be shared with the farmers during their farming training activities.

The study may help the researchers in filling the research gap in previous related

studies conducted which lacked focus on the use of organic fertilizers and a better

understanding of the dynamics of ANC.

Should other researchers decide to work with similar aspects of this study, results

can serve as additional reference materials.

Scope and Limitations

The study is centered on the assessment of the physicochemical properties of soil

and ANC population only. The study followed the recommended practices of pechay

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production. The study followed the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD)

experimental design which has six (6) treatments and three (3) replications. Thus, it has a

total of twenty-four (24) observations. The study used organic, inorganic, and a

combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers, following the recommended fertilizer

and nutrient requirement of the crop for each treatment. The variety of pechay that was

used is the Pavo Black Behi Pechay from East West Seeds and the earthworm species

that was used is African Nightcrawlers (Eudrilus eugeniae) purchased from a local

Vermicast supplier. The data gathered only focuses on the physical properties of soil in

terms of porosity and bulk density; in chemical properties of soil, the NPK and soil pH

were the data gathered; in earthworm population, the number of earthworm population

was considered.

The study is not focused on the growth and yield of pechay. The study did not

refer to the recommended practices for crops other than pechay. The study did not use

other varieties of the crop other than the ones mentioned, as well as other species of

earthworms. Also, the study did not include data which are not related to the mentioned

information and other data which are not concerned with the soil physicochemical

properties and ANC population.

The study was conducted from November 2023 to March 2024 at Barangay

Poblacion, San Antonio, Quezon

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Definition of Terms

The following terms were defined for a better understanding of the readers.

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African Night Crawler. A species of earthworm (Eudrilus eugeniae) known for

their large size and efficacy in vermicomposting.

Available phosphorus. Refers to the portion of phosphorus in the soil that is

readily accessible and can be taken up by plants. It is an essential nutrient for plant

growth and development.

Biomass. Organic matter derived from plants and animals, including agricultural

crops, wood, organic waste, and other renewable sources.

Biotic. Encompass all living organisms in an ecosystem, including plants,

animals, fungi, and microorganisms, and their interactions with each other and their

environment.

Chemical properties. The chemical properties of the soil under the plot

experiment

include available phosphorus, total nitrogen, exchangeable potassium, organic carbon,

and soil pH.

Crop Yield. The quantity of a crop or product harvested from a given area or
volume, often measured in weight or volume.
Decomposition. A process which organic matter is broken down into simpler

substances by the action of decomposers such as bacteria, fungi, and other organisms,

returning nutrients to the soil and ecosystem.

Earthworm. A small, tube-shaped animals that live in soil, helping to break down

organic matter and improve soil quality.

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Essential Nutrients. Substances required by organisms for growth, development,

and maintenance of health, which must be obtained from their diet since the body cannot

produce them in sufficient quantities.

Exchangeable potassium (K). It is the readily available potassium that plants can

absorb from the soil. This was examined and measured at the laboratory.

Fire ants. Large, dome-shaped nests in soil and are notorious for their ability to

rapidly colonize areas, often causing problems for humans and ecosystems alike.

Flea beetle. Small, jumping beetles known for their ability to rapidly consume the

foliage of various plants, often causing significant damage to crop and ornamental plants.

Growth Parameters. This study includes number of days from sowing to

emergence, number of leaves from emergence to harvesting, weekly height of plant,

weekly number of leaves, shoot root ratio, fresh plant biomass and dry plant biomass.

Humus. Decomposed organic matter in soil, rich in nutrients and essential for soil

fertility.

Hydrology. The study of water distribution, movement, and properties on Earth's

surface, underground, and in the atmosphere.

Soil Infiltration. The process of water entering and percolating through the soil

surface into underground layers.

Leaching. The loss of nutrients from soil due to excessive water movement, often

leading to nutrient depletion.

Macronutrients. Essential nutrients required by plants in relatively large quantities

for growth and development, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.

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Micronutrients. Essential nutrients required by plants in small quantities for

various physiological functions, such as iron, zinc, and copper.

Microorganisms. Tiny living organisms, such as bacteria, fungi, and protozoa,

often invisible to the naked eye, playing crucial roles in nutrient cycling and soil health.

Muriate of Potash. A common fertilizer containing potassium chloride, important

for plant growth and development.

Parameters. Measurable factors or variables used to define, describe, or analyze

systems, processes, or phenomena.

Pechay. A leafy vegetable also known as Chinese cabbage, commonly used in

Asian cuisine.

Physicochemical property. It is the basis of the changes in soil quality which

includes physical and chemical properties.

Physical property. The physical properties of the soil under the pot experiment of

the study include water holding capacity, bulk density, and porosity. The physical

property of growing media under hydroponics set-up is only water holding capacity.

Plant nutrient cycling. The presence and accessibility of essential nutrients in soil

or other growing media for plant uptake and use.

Plant nutrient availability. The movement and recycling of nutrients within the

ecosystem, involving uptake by plants, return to soil, and reuse by other organisms.

Porosity. It is one of the parameters under physical properties of soil that were

observed in the laboratory to know the porosity of the soil sample in the study. This was

computed following this formula:

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1 - Bulk Density (g/cm3)

% Porosity = ---------------------------------- x 100

Particle Density (2.65g/cm3)

Seedling. A young plant that has recently germinated from a seed and started to

grow.

Soil Bulk density. It is one of the parameters under the physical properties of soil

that was tested in the laboratory. It is done by getting soil sample using a core sampler

and by oven drying the sample to gather the volume and oven dry weight of the soil. Bulk

density was computed following this formula:

Oven dry weight of soil (g)

Bulk density = ------------------------------------

Total Volume of Soil cm3

Soil Fertility. The ability of soil, organisms, or individuals to support the growth

and reproduction of plants, animals, or humans.

Sterilized. Free from living microorganisms, typically achieved through processes

like heat or chemical treatment.

Total nitrogen. This refers to the measurement of the total amount of nitrogen

present in a substance, such as soil and fertilizer.

Urea fertilizer. Is a widely used nitrogen-based fertilizer that provides plants with

a concentrated source of nitrogen.

Vegetation. Plant life in a particular area, including trees, shrubs, grasses, and

other plants.

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Vermicast. It is also known as worm castings or worm compost, refers to the

nutrient-rich organic material produced by earthworms through their digestive process.

Vermicompost. Organic material that has been decomposed by earthworms,

resulting in a nutrient-rich soil amendment.

Water Holding Capacity (WHC). The ability of soil or other porous materials to

retain water against the force of gravity, providing a reservoir of moisture available for

plant uptake.

Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter is focused on related literature on soil, soil organic matter (SOM),

SOM production, SOM depletion, soil fertility management, microorganisms on soil

fertility, earthworm functions, ANC and its functions and behavior on different

amendments.

Soil

Soil is a material th5t provides structural support to agricultural plants, provides a

network of air and water to plant roots, and supplies essential nutrients for plant growth

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(Leeper, 2022). According to Soil Nutrient Management for Maui County (2024), the soil

is primarily composed of 45% minerals, 5% organic matter, 20-30% water, and 20-30%

air; where measurements are dynamic and can change daily due to factors such as water

supply, cultivation practices, and/or soil type. They also added that the solid phase of soil

includes minerals and organic matter and is generally stable in nature. However, if the

organic matter goes unmanaged, SOM could deplete from the soil. Meanwhile, the water

and air which are the liquid and gas phases of the soil respectively, are the most dynamic

properties of the soil as the soil gets wet or dries.

Soil organic matter (SOM)

The soil organic matter is decomposed organic materials. Generally, SOM

functions as a supplier of nutrients, a reservoir for nutrients and moisture, aids in soil

compaction, and increases water infiltration of the soil. As stated by Benitez & Bot

(2005), most SOM comes from plant residues which contribute moisture to soil as it has

60-90% of moisture content. According to the same article, the dry matter of SOM

consists of small ratios of “…carbon (C), oxygen, hydrogen (H) and small amounts of

sulfur (S), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium

(Mg)”. In addition, Fundenburg (2001), stated that SOM releases 20 to 30 pounds (9-13

kg) of nitrogen, 4.5 to 6.6 pounds (2-3 kg) of P 2O5, and 2 to 3 pounds (0.9-1.3 kg) of

sulfur per year which is primarily released during spring and summer. Moreover, Snapp

(2012), stated that adequate amounts of SOM have increased water-holding capacity and

disease suppression abilities, required less fertilizer, and resulted in higher yields than

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soils with depleted SOM. Furthermore, increasing SOM content can help stabilize

atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, a critical greenhouse gas.

SOM Production

According to Fundenburg (2001), organic materials must be turned into humus to

become organic matter through humification. In addition, Albers, et al. (2008) stated that

SOM has three major components which include plant residues and living microbial

biomass which includes microorganisms responsible for decomposition, Active SOM or

detritus, stable SOM, or humus. They added that SOM can be sourced from crop

residues, animal manure, compost, cover crops, perennial grasses, legumes, etc. In

addition, Lines-Kelly (1993) stated in an article about SOM that to increase its levels,

farmers must grow perennial pasture and cereal crops due to them being a source of

organic material which would come from dead roots and leaf matter. This can help

improve the soil for 1-2 years. The author also recommended growing green manure

crops because it creates a protective cover for the soil. However, ploughing this layer

must be avoided because this increases runoff and soil erosion (Benitez & Bot, 2005).

The author also recommended the use of manure and organic fertilizers. Moreover, the

practice of minimum tillage is a better option as the common tillage practices disrupts the

stability of aggregates, exposing humus in the aggregates to air and faster decomposition

which also supports the claims of Benitez and Bot (2005) from the latter article.

SOM depletion

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Soil structures are heavily influenced by climate, texture, hydrology, land use and

vegetation. Thus, SOM depletes if the soil is not managed properly. According to Benitez

& Bot (2005), three main factors that cause SOM depletion include a decrease in biomass

production, a decrease in organic matter supply, and increased decomposition rates. The

decrease in biomass production is a result of many factors which include the replacement

of perennial vegetation, the replacement of mixed vegetation with monoculture crops and

pastures, the use of high-yielding crop varieties, and the use of bare fallow.

First, the decrease in biomass production is caused by the loss of diversity in the

environment and the efforts for over-productivity. This generally prioritizes yield over

conservation, thus making the soil less and less productive each cropping season. Second,

the decrease of soil organic matter supply involves burning of natural vegetation and crop

residues which diminishes organic materials, overgrazing which results in reducing the

nutritive value and the carrying capacity of the land, and the physical removal of crop

residues to be used for animal feed and bedding.

All these hinder crop nutrient recycling from crop residues which were supposed

to be humified. Next, the increase in decomposition rates. This involves different types of

tillage practices, poor drainage, and improper pesticide and insecticide use. These could

either cause rapid or hinder the decomposition of organic materials which poses a bad

long-term effect on soil fertility. In support, Karsten, et al. (1994), stated that plowed soil

has increased SOM depletion through oxidation. This process highly affects the amount

of nutrients available to plants (Jeanty, 2024).

Soil fertility management

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According to FAO (2020), fertile soils are soils that can sustain crop growth

through the supply of essential plant nutrients such as the macronutrients (N, P, K) and

micronutrients (B, Cl, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Zn), and “…favorable chemical, physical, and

biological characteristics as a habitat for plant growth.” As a major aspect of crop

production, soil fertility management’s main function is to supply all the necessary

nutrients to plants to produce healthy food for human health. As stated by Sela (2022),

characteristics of fertile soil include high organic matter, high cation exchange capacity

(CEC), adequate pH level (6.0-7.0), well-drained, low salinity level, available nutrients

properly balanced and at adequate levels, good structure, and a low risk of erosion.

However, fertile soils are not always available. This is where soil fertility

management comes in. As further discussed by Sela (2022), infertile soils can still

produce high yields if the soil can be managed properly. This can be done through the

addition of water, fertilizers, and organic matter. Moreover, improper management may

cause further damage to the soil. Therefore, soil testing is recommended to provide an

accurate assessment of soil fertility for fertilizer recommendations (Hergert, 2009). In an

integrated management approach, IAEA (2024), stated approaches in soil fertility

improvement. These approaches are possible through nitrogen fixation by using grain

legumes accompanied by chemical fertilizers. In addition, the utilization of cover crops

has also been found effective, by improving soil structure, nitrogen fixation, minimizing

leaching, and replenishing losses through plant uptake and other processes. However,

Sela (2022), emphasized that soil fertility is not uniform in consideration. The author

stated that fertile soil for a crop may not be fertile for another because of differences in

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nutrient requirements, pH, rooting depth, etc. Thus, these must also be considered in soil

fertility management.

On the matter of the addition of organic matter, a study conducted by Adhikari

(2019) has concluded that the addition of organic matter, specifically sewer sludge has

resulted in a higher macro and micronutrient content and generally improved soil

physical properties. In addition, the addition of sewer sludge has also introduced

biological properties such as microbial biomass and improved CEC.

Microorganisms on Soil Fertility

As stated by Sela (2022), microorganisms are responsible for mineralization of

organic matter. This process converts it to nutrients, available to plants. In support of this,

a study conducted by Almoneafy, et al. (2021), showed that microorganisms act as

catalysts which aid in recycling nutrients in the soil and its conversion into available

inorganic forms. Thus, it increases the soil fertility and improve soil health and function.

Moreover, this study concluded that microorganisms support soil fertility, increase plant

development and harvest yield. This is possible through the accessibility and absorption

of minerals, improve soil cooling and warmth, provide low-cost technologies with a

strong cost-benefit ratio, and most importantly, it does not cause natural contamination.

Furthermore, Sidhu (2018), discussed that microorganisms are involved in many

processes which are nitrogen cycle, carbon cycle, sulfur cycle, and phosphorus cycle

where complex compounds from the organic matter are broken down into simple ionic

elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. However, the author also stated that

the nutrients produced by microorganisms are not enough to supply the needed number of

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plants to achieve the optimum yield. Thus, amounts of chemical fertilizers are needed to

be supplied. Although inorganic, it is said that it can also increase soil microbial

population. In addition, using chemical fertilizers with microbes is also a way to improve

soil fertility.

Earthworms and Its Effect on Soil Properties

Earthworms (Lumbricana) are segmented-bodied terrestrial invertebrates that live

in the soil. It breaks down dead and decaying organic material as its food which turns it

into humus. In addition, as its behavior and nature are to dig channels and holes through

the soil, aiding in soil aeration and improves drainage (The National Wildlife Federation,

2024). Ansari, et al. (2019), cited Edwards et al. (2010), that 0.5 kg of earthworms can

process “…0.5 kg of organic material at 75-85% moisture and produce 0.25 kg of

vermicompost per day…”. This is supported by the claims of University of Illinois (2024)

which stated that 500,000 worms in a one (1) acre soil can turn 500,000 kg of castings. In

terms of NPK ratio, Simple Grow (2024), stated that it stands around 1-2 N, 0 P, and 0 K.

Meanwhile, this seems low compared to commercial fertilizers that can be bought.

Meanwhile, Adhikari, et al. (2022), stated that it can vary from 1-0-0 up to 5-5-3.

Furthermore, the authors added that worm castings are encased in a humic acid coating

which hardens it and allows it to break down slowly over time. In support of this, a study

conducted by Brown, et al. (2014) has concluded using meta-analysis that “…an average

earthworm population in agroecosystems leads to a 25% increase in crop yield and a 23%

increase in aboveground biomass.” Where, the extent of these effects depends on the

available crop residue, earthworm density and type and rate of fertilization.
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African Night Crawlers and its Effect on Soil Properties

Eudrilus euginae (African nightcrawler) originated from South Africa. It can be

characterized through its color, being a mix of gray and purple. It also has a characteristic

of consuming 150% of its body weight per day with a proper environment and climate.

This species of worm can produce two to three (2-3) times of worm castings per day than

any other types of composting worms. Moreover, they have a fast reproductive rate of 2-3

cocoons per week with 2-3 babies per cocoon averaging out to about 6-7 worms per

week. They can be ready to reproduce as early as 5 weeks and they have a life span of

about 3-4 years. Additionally, they are longer in size than other worms, stretching up to

8-10 inches long (Strickland, 2018).

Given its characteristics, it has become prevalent worldwide, particularly in warm

and sub-tropical areas because it is widely recognized as an excellent earthworm choice

for composting. Notably, these earthworms are valued for their rapid reproduction,

making them straightforward to cultivate. Moreover, their cultivation demands are

minimal, with the primary requirement being the maintenance of the appropriate

temperature (Richards, 2023).

According to a study conducted by Sarimong (2018) about the yield and quality

of vermicomposting using ANC with different nitrogen sources and substrate

combinations, vermicomposting can be a viable and economic strategy for the efficient

management of organic solid waste. Their study using leguminous tree leaves as a

nitrogen source resulted in increased vermicompost production, while employing animal

manure as a nitrogen source led to the generation of more substantial and larger worms.
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The utilization of leguminous tree leaves as a nitrogen source resulted in higher pH

values, total potassium, and organic carbon, whereas employing animal manure as a

nitrogen source yielded higher total phosphorus. The combination of substrates

influenced the pH value of the vermicompost. Obusan & Mapile (1867), stated that ANC

offer beneficial effects that can improve organic matter decomposition, enhance nutrient

availability, and suppress pathogens in the soil. In support to this, a study published by

Boonchamni, et al. (2018), about the physical-chemical properties of earthworm casts in

different earthworm species stated that the castings produced improve microbial activities

in the soil, which supports the cycling of nutrients and contributing to the formation and

stability of soil aggregates.

Effect of Different Fertilizer Materials to ANC

Earthworms thrive in soils rich in organic material. According to Drury, et al.

(2017), the earthworm population would be high in areas rich in organic matter.

However, it cannot sustain itself. Without organic material to decompose, its population

will decline. Moreover, various researches have related inorganic fertilizers to the

abundance of ANC population, all of which are abundant in presence of Nitrogen.

Research conducted by Borza and Iordache (2010), resulted in a higher presence of

worms in the treatment which had the highest dose of Nitrogen by 85.5%. Meanwhile,

the treatment where there is a presence of Phosphorous generally declined the worm

biomass. A similar study on this area was conducted by Edward & Lofty (1982) which

resulted in species of worms thriving in arable lands supplied with organic fertilizer.

However, the combination of inorganic and organic N fertilizers has resulted in having
23
the largest earthworm population among all the treatments. Another study conducted to

test the effect of fertilizers on worms has resulted in an abundant population due to the

application of organic fertilizers. Although it is also abundant in most inorganic

fertilizers, ammonia and ammonia-based fertilizers have shown significant decrease in

the earthworm populations (USDA, 2011). Moreover, a study by Boonchami, et al.

(2018) concluded that leguminous tree leaves as a nitrogen source resulted in increased

vermicompost production, while employing animal manure as a nitrogen source led to the

generation of more substantial and larger worms. The utilization of leguminous tree

leaves as a nitrogen source resulted in higher pH values, total potassium, and organic

carbon, whereas employing animal manure as a nitrogen source yielded higher total

phosphorus. The combination of substrates influenced the pH value of the vermicompost.

Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY

This chapter presented the materials and methods that was used during the study.

It includes the research locale, subject of the study, sampling techniques, research design,

research procedures, data collection, and statistical treatment.

24
Research Locale

This study was conducted under a pot experiment at Barangay Poblacion, San

Antonio, Quezon. It is located near the San Antonio Municipal Hall, along Quizon Street.

The municipality has an average daytime temperature of 27 ° C with a Type III Climate.

The months of November to April are the dry season while the months of May to October

are the wet season. The soil in the location was identified as clay-loam (Comprehensive

Land Use Plan for 2016-2018, 2016). The materials and equipment needed are available

on the area of the study. However, laboratory analysis was done at Regional Soils

Laboratory located at Southern Tagalog Integrated Agricultural Research Center, Lipa

City, Batangas due to the availability of schedule and nearer distance from the area of the

study. The study was conducted during the first semester to the second semester of the

school year 2023-2024 during the months of November to March.

Subject of the Study

The soil that was used for the study is the soil present in the locale of the study.

Following the planting distance and the average rooting depth of Pechay (10 cm x 20cm

x 50cm), multiplied by 6 plants/pot, each pot contained a total of 21.6 kg of soil. Half of

the pot was soil (10.8 kg) and the other half was filled with organic compost. The soil

was sterilized by oven drying it at 110°C for 60 minutes (Bernhardt & Sweicki, 2021) to

remove microorganisms and pathogens that might affect the experiment. A conduction

oven was used in the sterilization process of the soil.

The earthworms used in the experiment were African Night Crawlers (ANC).

They are native to warm regions of West Africa. It has a mix of a grey and purple color

25
with a large size, reaching over 8 inches. It is generally preferred in composting and

vermicomposting due to its large worm castings (Worm Farm Facts, 2012).

Research Design

A factorial experiment in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), was

used in this study. The study was pot experiment with 6 treatments and 3 replications.

The treatments used are as follows:

Factor A (F) Fertilizer materials

F0 - No fertilizer
F1 - Organic Fertilizer
F2 - Inorganic Fertilizer
F3 - Combination of inorganic and organic fertilizer
Factor B (E) ANC population
E0 - No ANC
E1 - With ANC
Three blocks were observed in the experimental area and each block consisted of

randomly assigned pots. Treatment was assigned to every pot and each treatment has 3

replications, a total of 24 observations.

26
The treatments that were used in this study included the following:

Figure 3: Experimental Layout

Legend:

F1E1- No fertilizer and No ANC

F1E2- No fertilizer and w/ ANC
F2E1- Organic fertilizer and No ANC
F2E2- Organic fertilizers and w/ ANC
F3E1- Inorganic fertilizers and No ANC
F3E2- Inorganic fertilizers and w/ ANC
F4E1- Combination of Organic fertilizers and Inorganic fertilizers, No ANC
F4E2- Combination of Organic fertilizers and Inorganic fertilizers, w/ ANC

27
Research Procedures

This section presents the cultural operations that was followed in the conduct of

the study.

Collection of Soil Sample

A soil sample was collected in each pot for each treatment that was used in the

experimental study. In collecting the soil sample, the researcher cleaned the area of

debris. Foreign materials like roots, stones, pebbles, and gravel, were removed and then,

the soil sample was placed into a plastic container. The soil sample from each pot was

mixed, pulverized, sieved, and then put in a plastic bag, combining all samples from

different pots of the same treatment. One kilogram of soil sample for each treatment was

brought to the Regional Soils Laboratory in Lipa City, Batangas for soil chemical

analysis on March 08, 2024, and the results were released on April 04, 2024.

a b

Plate 1: (a) Collection of soil sample and (b) Weighing of soil sample

Soil Analysis

28
Before the experiment, the soil collected was subjected to a Soil Test, using the

soil test kit available at the campus laboratory to determine the chemical properties of

soil.

Soil Chemical Analysis

The original sample of soil that was obtained from the research area was

evaluated for its chemical composition. The soil chemical analysis and the

laboratory techniques are presented in Table 1. The output of N, P, and K formed

the basis for the suggestion of the fertilizer to be added in each treatment.

Table 1. Soil chemical analysis and the laboratory methods used

PROPERTIES LABORATORY METHOD USED REFERENCES

1. pH 1”1 distilled water using a pH meter Black, 1965

2. Nitrogen Kjeldahl Method Grewling & Peech,
3. Available Bray No. 2 Method 1960
Phosphorus Bray & Kurtz or
4. Exchangeable K Flame Photometer Method Khurthz, 1945
(Ammonium Acetate Extraction) Black, 1965
Jackson, 1958

Soil Physical Analysis

The initial sample of soil collected from the area was analyzed for its

physical composition. Table 2 presents the soil physical analysis that was used.

Table 2. Soil physical analysis and the methods used

PROPERTIES LABORATORY REFERENCES

METHOD USED
1. Bulk Density Determination of Bulk Grossman & Reinsch, 2002
Density
2. Porosity Computation Using Bulk Grossman & Reinsch, 2002
and Particle Density

Procurement of Materials

29
Agricultural goods such as seeds, fertilizer, ANC worms, and other

required items was purchased before this experiment. Such materials were

purchased from the nearest suppliers and agri-supply centers. The ANC was

purchased from an ANC producer from Brgy. Buliran, San Antonio, Quezon on a

kilo-basis. Meanwhile, the seeds were sourced from the Local Government Unit,

Agriculture Office, and other materials such as seedling trays, Urea, and Muriate

of Potash were sourced from the nearest agri-supply center. The pots that were

used were purchased from various fruit stalls at Candelaria Wet Market.

a b

c d

Plate 2: Procurement of materials: (a) Purchasing of crates; (b) Purchasing of Chicken

Manure; (c) Purchasing of ANC; and (d) Purchasing of Inorganic Fertilizers

Soil Preparation and Potting

30
The soil that was used for the experiment was collected from the agricultural area

of the area, in Brgy Poblacion. Next, a mock-up pot was made, following the dimensions

of the planting distance (0.1 x 0.2m) as width and length and then the rooting depth (0.5

m) as the height of the pot. The pot was filled with soil. The soil was weighed. The value

was multiplied to six (6 plants/ pot). This determined the total weight of soil per pot. The

total amount of soil was determined for the whole experiment, the total weight of soil/pot

(21.6 kg) was multiplied to 24 (no. of observations) which totaled to 518.4 kgs. The soil

was sieved in a 2mm mesh, then sterilized in a conduction oven by oven drying at 110°C

for 60 minutes.

a b

c
c d
Plate 3. Soil preparation and potting: (a) Making of mock pot; (b) Sterilization; (c)Soil
application; and (d) Weighing of soil/pot

31
Application of Treatments

Table. 3 Application of treatments

32
33
a b c

d e
Plate 4. Application of treatments: (a) Weighing of inorganic fertilizers; (b) Weighing of
chicken manure; (c) application of ANC; (d) application of chicken manure; and
(e) application of starter solution

In the application of treatments, the recommended rate from the initial soil test

was followed. The recommended rate was 140-0-90 where the fertilizer rates for the

organic, inorganic, and combined treatments were combined. The ANC was also

computed following a study which determined the number of earthworms per hectare.

Fertilizers were weighed following a split application while the ANC was counted

individually, handpicking the large sized worms and then placed them in a hole in the

middle of the crate. The exact weight and time of application are listed in Table 3.

Planting of Pechay

The seeds that were used for the study are the Pavo Black Behi Pechay from East-

West Seeds. The seeds were sown into seedling trays to grow seedlings. Two (2) seeds

were placed in each hole. Treatments only utilize inorganic fertilizer and seeds sowed in

garden soil then applied with a starter solution using urea (46-0-0) at 2 tbsp/ gallon of

water after transplant. Treatments that utilize organic fertilizer were sown into a mixture

of garden soil and compost. Treatments with combined application of organic and

inorganic fertilizer were sown into a mixture of garden soil and compost and then applied

34
with a starter solution using urea (46-0-0) at 2 tbsp/ gallon of water. The seeds were

watered every other day. After 15 days, the seedlings were transplanted.

The seedlings were transplanted into plastic crates as pots. There was a total of six

(6) seedlings per pot with a planting distance of 0.1 x 0.2 m. The excess plants per hole

were thinned. Only one plant per hole was kept. The seedlings were watered after

sowing and regularly repeated every other day until 25 days. On the second cropping, all

procedures were repeated from the seedling preparation, transplanting, as well as

fertilization methods.

a b
Plate 5. (a) Seed sowing, (b) Transplanting

Water Management

The seeds in sowed into seedling trays were watered after sowing using a hose

powered by a submersible pump. This was repeated every other day or if necessary. After

transplant, the seedlings were watered immediately. The frequency of watering was every

day. However, when there is an occurrence of heavy rain, the plants were watered 2 days

after.

35
a
Plate 6. (a) Watering of the treatments using a hose

Weeding

The pots were maintained free from weeds from the time of sowing until maturity.

Hand weeding was done twice a week or soon as weeds grow near the pechay.

a
Plate 7. (a) Weeding of treatments

Pest Control and Management

The experimental area was monitored daily for insect pests and disease damage.

The experimental area was covered with net to prevent local animals in interfering with

the experimental area. During the early stages of the first cropping, some seedlings were

damaged by fire ants by cutting the lower leaves of the seedlings. This was solved by

replacing the dead seedlings with a new seedling and by watering the surface where the

pots were placed. On the other hand, during the end of the first cropping, there was an

occurrence of flea beetle which damaged the leaves by chewing multiple small holes

before harvest. The pest damage continued till the second cropping which explains the

36
holes present during harvest. Hand-picking was done; however, the occurrence did not

stop because the insects would transfer all over the area when it sensed danger.

Insecticides were not applied to the plants and the area due to the treatments of ANC

which could harm them.

a b

Plate 8. (a) Control of Flea beetle; and (b) Control of fire ants

Soil Physicochemical Analysis

Soil samples were collected per pot after harvesting and were compared to the

initial soil samples. From each crate was collected 100 grams of soil. Then, the soil was

oven dried in a conduction oven for 24 hours at 110 C. After oven drying, the soil

samples were weighed.

37
a b
Plate 9. Physical

c
analysis: (a) Collection for bulk density; (b) soil sample before oven
drying; and (c) soil sample after oven drying.

Research Parameters

The soil physical properties were measured by following the same processes and

laboratory methods as the first soil analysis (Table 1), as well as the soil chemical

properties (Table 2).

Meanwhile, the parameters in measurement of the ANC population referred to the

following parameters.

Number of Earthworms. The number of earthworms was measured manually

counting by hand from each pot. Each crate was carefully searched for visible ANC. Each

worm was counted and tallied regardless of its size. The total number per pot was

recorded.

38
a b c
Plat
e 10. Manual counting of ANC/pot: (a) Block 1; (b) Block 2; and (c) Block 3

Statistical Treatment

The data collected in the field experiment and soil analysis was all analyzed using

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The researcher also used the Two Factor- Randomized

Complete Design (RCBD) under 4x2 factorial experiment to determine the significant

effects among the different forms of fertilizers, presence of ANC, and its interaction.

Significant results from ANOVA were subjected to further statistical analysis using Least

Significant Difference (LSD) at 5% level of significance. And to facilitate easy statistical

computations, all data gathered were analyzed using the Statistical Tool for Agricultural

Research (STAR) software version 2.0.

39
Chapter IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents a comprehensive overview of the data collected during the

field experimentation and laboratory activities conducted as part of the study. This

chapter includes the effects of the different fertilizer materials on the physicochemical

properties of soil; the effect of African Night Crawlers to the physicochemical properties

of soil; and the interaction of the two factors. The fertilizer materials applied in the

treatments were organic (chicken manure) and inorganic (Urea & Muriate of Potash), and

the African Nightcrawlers for the second factor with the rate of 4 worms/plant, or 24

worms/pot.

General Observations

The study was conducted in a 12 m2 farmland at Barangay Poblacion, San

Antonio, Quezon. The selected location was ideal to produce pechay. The municipality

has an average daytime temperature of 27 degrees Celcius with a Type III Climate. The

months of November to April are the dry season while the months of May to October are

the wet season. The soil in the location was identified as clay-loam (Comprehensive Land

Use Plan for 2016-2018, 2016). Moreover, the location was also nearby the agricultural

supply stores as well as suppliers for the ANC and chicken manure. the location of the

study was convenient for the researcher as it is nearby their residence and has an

available water pump for watering.

The experimental area consisted of three blocks of 8 crates each, which totals to

24 crates in a (12 m2) space. For each crate, manual watering and weeding was

40
performed. During the experiment, the presence of fire ants and flea beetle has resulted in

minimal and significant damage during the beginning of first cropping and the end of first

cropping until the second cropping consecutively. Watering the surface where the crates

are placed resolved the presence of fire ants. Meanwhile, handpicking was done to the

flea beetle which, however, did not solve the problem. Further pest removal measures

were not continued like application of insecticides as it may affect the presence of ANC

in the treatments.

Figure 4. Location Map of the Experimental Area at Poblacion, San Antonio, Quezon

Result of the Initial STK

Data on soil chemical properties of initial soil sample consists of chemical

properties presented in Table 4. The chemical property of soil involves total N, available

P, exchangeable K, and soil pH. Due to the unavailability of the Regional Soils

41
Laboratory at the Southern Tagalog Agricultural Research Center, the researcher used a

soil test kit available at SLSU-Tiaong Campus Laboratory for the initial chemical soil

test.

Initial Soil Analysis

Properties Result

Total Nitrogen (N) Low

Available Phosphorous (P) High

Exchangeable Potassium (K) Low

Soil pH 5.8

Table 4. Initial Soil Analysis

Soil Physicochemical Properties

The data on soil physicochemical properties consists of physical and chemical

properties. Soil physical properties involve the soil’s bulk density and porosity.

Meanwhile, Percent Nitrogen (N), Total Phosphorus (P), Exchangeable Potassium (K),

Soil pH and organic carbon (OC) were included in soil chemical properties.

Bulk Density

Bulk density measures the compactness of a soil sample. Low bulk density means

that the soil has a good structure and is less compacted while high bulk density indicates

compacted soil. Compacted soil greatly affects root penetration, reduced water retention,

and decreased soil microbial activities.

The result of the analysis on the bulk density of soil after harvest of Pechay

applied with different fertilizer materials, and supplied with ANC is presented in Table 5

42
and Table 6. The tables show significant effects of different fertilizer materials. On the

other hand, there is no significant difference observed on ANC population and the

interaction between the two factors. The highest soil bulk density was seen in the

treatment with the combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers without ANC

(0.7642923). Meanwhile, the treatment applied with organic fertilizer with ANC

(0.6634057) resulted to the lowest bulk density.

This is supported by a study conducted by Mishra, et al. (2022) which concluded

that the presence of ANC in soil greatly reduces bulk density. Moreover, the results were

supported by the study of Patnaik and Sankar, (2018) wherein they concluded that low

bulk density and highly porous soil directly correlates to the high number of ANC present

in an area. In further support to the results, a study by Akpinar, et al. (2010) about long-

term organic and mineral fertilizers on bulk density and penetration resistance in semi-

arid Mediterranean soil conditions has resulted in organic amendments achieving the

lowest bulk density among all the treatments.

Table 5. Mean bulk density of soil applied with different fertilizers and ANC
FACTOR A: FERTILIZER FACTOR B: ANC POPULATION MEANS IN
MATERIAL No ANC With ANC FACTOR A
No fertilizer 0.7364381 0.7041679 0.7203 b
Organic fertilizer 0.6746153 0.6634057 0.669 a
Inorganic fertilizer 0.7259078 0.7208125 0.7234 bc
Combination 0.7642923 0.7337206 0.749 c
b
MEANS IN FACTOR B 0.7253 0.7055 a 0.7154
Any two soil amendments x fertilizer materials mean with different letters are significantly different; else they are not significantly different at 5% level of
significance using LSD.

Table 6. Analysis of Variance

SOURCES OF VARIATION F VALUE P VALUE
Fertilizer material 15.00 0.0001**
Anc population 5.23 0.0383*
Fertilizer population x anc 0.63 0.6105ns
population
ns: not significant *: significant **: highly significant
CV% 2.96

43
Porosity
The result of the analysis on the porosity of soil after harvest of Pechay that

was applied with different fertilizer materials, and supplied with ANC is presented in

Table 7 and Table 8. The results show a highly significant effect on the application of

different fertilizer materials, significant in the ANC population, while it has shown no

significant effects on the application of ANC and the interaction between the two factors.

The highest porosity was observed in the treatment with organic fertilizer with ANC

(35.5607). Meanwhile, the treatment applied with combination of organic and inorganic

fertilizer without ANC (25.47641) resulted to the lowest porosity.

This can be supported by a study conducted by Kuzucu (2019) where they

tested fertilizers’ effect on soil properties planted with olive trees where it resulted to

organic fertilizers, having the highest porosity among the treatments. However, this result

may vary from other studies e.g., in the studies of Ma, et al. (2023), Cheng, et al. (2023),

and Grego, et al. (2000), which resulted to having both inorganic and organic fertilizers

to heighten the porosity of soil. On the other hand, a study of Iwai, et al. (2019) tested

different species of earthworms on their physicochemical effects and concluded that

ANC has the second highest percentage effects among all the treatments in terms of

porosity. Their study also claimed that in general, presence of earthworms increases soil

porosity due to bioturbation and aggregation.

44
Table 7. Mean Porosity of soil applied with different fertilizers and ANC
FACTOR A: FERTILIZER FACTOR B: ANC POPULATION MEANS IN
MATERIAL No ANC With ANC FACTOR A
No fertilizer 28.26183 31.48884 29.88 b
Organic fertilizer 34.44410 35.56507 35.00 a
Inorganic fertilizer 29.31485 29.82438 29.57 bc
Combination 25.47641 28.53358 27.00 c
MEANS IN FACTOR B 29.37 b 31.5 a 30.36
Any two soil amendments x fertilizer materials mean with different letters are significantly different; else they are not significantly different at 5% level of
significance using LSD.

Table 8. Analysis of Variance of Porosity

SOURCES OF VARIATION F VALUE P VALUE
Fertilizer material 15.00 0.0001**
Anc population 5.23 0.383 ns
Fertilizer population x anc 0.63 0.6105 ns
population
ns: not significant *: significant **: highly significant
CV% 6.98

Total Nitrogen (mg/L)

The results of the analysis on the total nitrogen of soil after harvest of Pechay that

was applied with different fertilizer materials, supplied with ANC are presented in Figure

5 and Table 9. The results show highly significant differences among the fertilizer

materials, ANC Population, and the interaction between the two factors used in the study.

The highest mean total nitrogen was observed on soil applied with inorganic fertilizer

with ANC (0.2920 N) while the lowest was observed on the treatment without fertilizer

and without ANC (0.4310 N).

This can be supported by a study conducted by Chen, et al. (2023) showing that

the treatment with the highest amount of N was the treatment applied with inorganic

fertilizer. Similar results were observed by the study of Kakar, (2020) involving organic

and inorganic fertilizer application on rice.

45
Total Nitrogen
0.5 a
0.45
0.4 a b
b c b
Total Nitrogen (mg/L)

0.35 c d
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
No fertilizer Organic fertilizer Inorganic fertilizer Combination

Fertilizer Materials

No ANC With ANC

Figure 5. Total Nitrogen of soil applied with fertilizers and ANC

Table 9. Analysis of Variance for Total Nitrogen

SOURCES OF VARIATION F VALUE P VALUE
Fertilizer material 8610.77 0.0000 **
Anc population 6683.67 0.0000 **
Fertilizer population x anc 6891.65 0.0000 **
population
ns: not significant *: significant **: highly significant
CV% 0.2479

Available Phosphorous (ppm)

The results of the analysis on the available phosphorous of soil applied with

different fertilizer materials, supplied with ANC after harvest of Pechay are presented in

Figure 6 and Table 10. The results show highly significant differences among the

fertilizer materials, ANC Population, and the interaction between the two factors that was

used in the study. The highest mean available phosphorous in the treatment was the soil

applied with the combination of organic and inorganic fertilizer with ANC (470.5067)

while the lowest was the treatment with inorganic fertilizer without ANC (566.4100).

46
This can be supported by a study conducted by Kashem, et al. (2015), where

organic and inorganic fertilizers, along with vermicomposting has resulted to a

significantly higher P amount than N and K.

Available Phosphorous
b a
600
b c a
c d
Available Phosphorous (ppm)

500 d
400

300

200

100

0
No fertilizer Organic fertilizer Inorganic fertilizer Combination

Fertilizer Materials

No ANC With ANC

Figure 6. Available Phosphorous of soil applied with fertilizers and ANC

Table 10. Analysis of Variance for Available Phosphorous

SOURCES OF VARIATION F VALUE P VALUE
Fertilizer material 7221882.57 0.0000 **
Anc population 18976160.81 0.0000 **
Fertilizer population x anc 2270845.01 0.0000 **
population
ns: not significant *: significant **: highly significant
CV% 0.0063

Exchangeable Potassium (ppm)

The results of the analysis on the exchangeable potassium of soil that was applied

with different fertilizer materials, supplied with ANC after harvest of Pechay are

presented in Figure 8 and Table 12. The results show highly significant differences

among the fertilizer materials, ANC Population, and the interaction between the two

47
factors that was used in the study. The highest mean of the exchangeable potassium was

the soil applied with the combination of organic and inorganic fertilizer and ANC

(1512.7500 K) while the lowest was the treatment with organic fertilizer without ANC

(2131.1467 K).

This can be supported by a study conducted by Estabillo (2023) where different

soil amendments and vermicast was applied to tomato plants. One treatment was supplied

with vermicast and N fertilizer has resulted to a higher amount of exchangeable

potassium.

Exchangeable Potassium
2500

b a a
Exchangeable Potassium (ppm)

c b
2000 c d
1500
d

1000

500

0
No fertilizer Organic fertilizer Inorganic fertilizer Combination

Fertilizer Materials

No ANC With ANC

Figure 7. Exchangeable Potassium of soil applied with different fertilizers and ANC.

Table 11: Analysis of Variance for Exchangeable Potassium

SOURCES OF VARIATION F VALUE P VALUE
Fertilizer material 191757841.66 0.0000 **
Anc population 62904812.19 0.0000 **
Fertilizer population x anc 41874198.89 0.0000 **
population
ns: not significant *: significant **: highly significant
CV% 0.0017

48
Soil pH

Soil pH refers to the measurement of the acidity or alkalinity of soil. It's a crucial

factor in determining the health and productivity of soil for plant growth. pH is measured

on a scale from 0 to 14, where 7 is considered neutral. Values below 7 indicate acidic

soil, while values above 7 indicate alkaline soil.

The results of the analysis on the soil pH of soil that was applied with different

fertilizer materials, supplied with ANC after harvest of Pechay are presented in Figure 9

and Table 13. The results show highly significant differences among the fertilizer

materials and the interaction between the two factors that was used in the study

Meanwhile, it has shown to have a significant difference of the treatment applied with

ANC only. The results have shown that the highest mean soil pH was observed on soil

without fertilizer and no ANC (6.9), while the lowest was observed on the treatment with

inorganic fertilizer and applied with ANC (7.3).

The initial soil pH of the soil sample was 5.8 (acidic). It can be determined from

the results that in all the treatments, the soil pH increased in the study. Given that the

highest pH was the treatment without fertilizer and without ANC, the soil pH must be

influenced by the compost supplied to the soil before the experiment which has

neutralized the soil. This can be supported by a study by Goldan, (2023), which has stated

that compost, depending on its content can adjust the soil pH. Moreover, this was also

supported by a study of Jain & Kalamdhad (2020), about soil revitalization using

compost which has stated that “The addition of compost, aid in raising the pH of soil that

agrees the neutral range of 7.0–7.2.” Meanwhile, the lowest soil pH was obtained in the

49
treatment applied with inorganic fertilizer with ANC. This can be explained and

supported by the study of Velmrungan & Swarnam, (2017) which resulted to a lower soil

pH after application of inorganic fertilizers. On the other hand, a study conducted by

Sanchez, et al. (2021), has shown that presence of ANC lowers the soil pH and maintains

it in a range of 6.5-7.5.

Soil pH
7.4 a
7.3
7.2 a b a
7.1
b
pH Level

7 c c
c
6.9
6.8
6.7
6.6
No fertilizer Organic fertilizer Inorganic fertilizer Combination

Fertilizer Materials

No ANC With ANC

Figure 8. Soil pH of soil applied with different fertilizers and ANC.

Table 12. Analysis of Variance for soil pH
SOURCES OF VARIATION F VALUE P VALUE
Fertilizer material 155.96 0.0000**
Anc population 5.60 0.0329 *
Fertilizer population x anc 63.84 0.0000**
population
ns: not significant *: significant **: highly significant
CV% 0.3535

ANC Population

The data on ANC population consists of the number of visible ANC in the soil

after the first and second cropping.

50
ANC Population
The results of the analysis on the ANC population of soil that was applied with

different fertilizer materials, supplied with ANC after harvest of Pechay is presented in

Figure 10 and Table 14. The results show a highly significant interaction among the

fertilizer materials, ANC Population, and the interaction between the two factors that was

used in the study. The study showed that the treatment with the highest mean of ANC

population was the treatment applied with organic fertilizer (3.33) while the lowest was

the treatment applied with the combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers (17).

This can be supported by a study conducted by Fonte, et al. (2009) where the

earthworm population would be high in areas rich in organic matter. However, the

population lowers without organic material to decompose. Moreover, to the study by

Borza and Iordache (2010), resulted in a higher presence of worms in the treatment which

had the highest dose of Nitrogen by 85.5%. Meanwhile, the treatment where there is a

presence of Phosphorous generally declined the worm biomass. A similar study on this

area was conducted by Edward & Lofty (1982) which resulted in species of worms

thriving in arable lands supplied with organic fertilizer. However, the combination of

inorganic and organic N fertilizers has resulted in having the largest earthworm

population among all the treatments. This treatment contradicts the results of the study

which resulted in the lowest ANC population. Another study conducted to test the effect

of fertilizers on worms has resulted in an abundant population of organic fertilizers.

Although it is also abundant in most inorganic fertilizers, ammonia and ammonia-based

fertilizers have shown significant decrease in the earthworm populations (USDA, 2011).

51
The decline of ANC population, most specifically on the combines and inorganic

treatments can be supported by a study by Shaukat and Siddiqui (2015) which

investigated the impact of inorganic fertilizers on earthworm populations in agricultural

fields. The study found that continuous and excessive use of chemical fertilizers resulted

in a significant decline in earthworm abundance and diversity, including species such as

the African night crawler. In addition, altered soil conditions, acidity, and toxicity may

impact the ANC population and lead it to decline.

ANC Population
20 a
18 a
16
14
Number of ANC

12
10
8 b
6
4 c
2
0 a a a a
No fertilizer Organic fertilizer Inorganic fertilizer Combination

Fertilizer Materials

No ANC With ANC

Figure 9. Number of ANC after applied with different fertilizers

Table 14. Analysis of Variance for ANC Population

SOURCES OF VARIATION F VALUE P VALUE
Fertilizer material 61.29 0.0000 **
Anc population 595.80 0.0000 **
Fertilizer population x anc 61.29 0.0000 **
population
ns: not significant *: significant **: highly significant
CV% 20.07

52
Chapter V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

The study was conducted to assess the physicochemical effect to soil applied with

different fertilizer materials and ANC in the production of Pechay under pot experiment.

The experiment was conducted in the vicinity of Barangay Poblacion, San Antonio,

Quezon from November 2023 until March 2024.

The study followed a 4x2 Factorial RCBD with three (3) replications with the

following factors such as Factor 1: Fertilizer materials and Factor 2: ANC Population. In

the fertilizer

Summary of Findings

1. Application of different types of fertilizer such as organic, inorganic, and

combination of inorganic and organic has a significant effect on the physical properties of

soil in terms of bulk density and porosity.

2. Application of ANC and the interaction between the two factors has no

significant effect on the physicochemical properties of soil.

3. Application of different types of fertilizer such as organic, inorganic, and the

combination of inorganic and organic, and application of ANC has shown significant

effects and interaction to the soil’s total nitrogen, available phosphorous, exchangeable

potassium, soil pH, and ANC population.

53
Conclusions

From the results and observations of the study, the researcher has concluded that:

1. In terms of physical properties, the study showed that the soil; bulk density and

porosity, was affected through the application of organic fertilizer such as chicken

manure with ANC which hinders the compactness of soil and its pore spaces.

2. In terms of chemical properties, the study found that total nitrogen, was

significantly higher through the application of inorganic fertilizer with ANC; available

phosphorus was significantly higher through the application of combination of organic

and inorganic fertilizer with ANC; exchangeable potassium was significantly higher in

terms of inorganic fertilizer with ANC; soil pH of the controlled treatment was

significantly higher among the treatments.

3. In terms of ANC Population, the study has found the highest population density

in the treatment applied with organic fertilizer with ANC.

Recommendations

1. Apply organic fertilizers to farmlands to enhance the physicochemical

properties of soil.

2. Supply organic materials to ANC to increase their population in soil.

54
3. Do not apply ammonia, phosphorous, and potassium-based fertilizers for

agricultural fields applied with African Night Crawlers.

4. Based on the results of the study, African Night Crawlers can be used to help

neutralize soil pH.

5. Future researchers may continue the study, acquire growth parameters of crop,

longer cropping period, add parameters on ANC such as: size, maturity, and population

of ANC, and consider the age of ANC for further comparison of the treatments; and may

test it to other crops other than Pechay.

55
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