DEVELOPMENT

WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY DEVELOPMENT?

 Development is a comprehensive term that means the growth of an economy along with
improvement in non-economic goals such as health, education, peace etc.
 Different persons can have different developmental goals
 What may be development for one may not be development for the other. It may even be
destructive for the other.

INCOME AND OTHER GOALS

 The first and foremost the most important goal of any individual is more income
 Besides seeking more income, one way or the other, people also seek things like equal
treatment, freedom, security, and respect of others. They resent discrimination.
 In fact, in some cases, these may be more important than more income or more
consumption because material goods are not all that you need to live.
 For instance, if you get a job in a far off place, before accepting it you would try to
consider many factors, apart from income, such as facilities for your family, working
atmosphere, or opportunity to learn. In another case, a job may give you less pay but may
offer regular employment that enhances your sense of security. Another job, however,
may offer high pay but no job security and also leave no time for your family. This will
reduce your sense of security and freedom.

MIXED GOALS WITH EXAMPLE

 For development, people look at a mix of goals.

 It is true that if women are engaged in paid work, their dignity in the household and
society increases. However, it is also the case that if there is respect for women there
would be more sharing of housework and a greater acceptance of women working
outside. A safe and secure environment may allow more women to take up a variety of
jobs or run a business.
 Hence, the developmental goals that people have are not only about better income but
also about other important things in life.

NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

 National Development is a comprehensive term that means the growth of an economy

along with improvement in non-economic goals such as health, education, peace etc for
nation as a whole.
 Different persons can have different national developmental goals
 What may be national development for one may not be national development for the
other. It may even be destructive for the other.

HOW TO COMPARE DIFFERENT COUNTRIES OR STATES?

 Usually we take one or more important characteristics of different things and compare
them based on these characteristics.
 For comparing countries, their income is considered to be one of the most important
attributes.

TOTAL INCOME WHY AND IT IS NOT SUCH A USEFUL MEASURE.

 The income of the country is the income of all the residents of the country. This gives us
the total income of the country.
 However, for comparison between countries, total income is not such a useful measure.
Since, countries have different populations, comparing total income will not tell us what
an average person is likely to earn.

PER CAPITA INCOME

The average income which is the total income of the country divided by its total population.
The average income is also called per capita income.

WORLD DEVELOPMENT REPORT

 In World Development Reports, brought out by the World Bank, this criterion is used in
classifying countries.
 Countries with per capita income of US$ 12616 per annum and above in 2012, are called
rich countries and those with per capita income of US$ 1035 or less are called low-
income countries.
 India comes in the category of low middle income countries because its per capita income
in 2012 was just US$ 1530 per annum.
 The rich countries, excluding countries of Middle East and certain other small countries,
are generally called developed countries.

INCOME AND OTHER CRITERIA

Apart from income for comparing different countries health and education are also important
goals that are considered.

Infant Mortality Rate (or IMR) indicates the number of children that die before the age of one
year as a proportion of 100 live children born in that particular year.
Literacy Rate measures the proportion of literate population in the 7 and above age group.

Net Attendance Ratio is the total number of children of age group 14 and 15 years attending
school as a percentage of total number of children in the same age group.

In the example of Haryana Panjab and Bihar So, if per capita income were to be used as the
measure of development, Haryana will be considered the most developed and Bihar the least
developed state of the three. And if we compare the three states using other criteria i.e.
Education and health Kerala will be considered as most developed.

PUBLIC FACILITIES

Public facilities are those provided by government because many people are not able to
purchase these facilities, they may be highly payable costs and without these important facilities
resulting in difficulties faced like inadequate Healthcare, poor nutrition job, education etc.

Some of the public facilities are:

 The public distribution system (PDS) which provide their average quality of food grains
and other essential items to the weaker section of the population at subsidised price.
 Government schools, hospitals and dispensaries.
 Providing safe drinking water to all.
 Preventing infectious diseases.
 Ensuring pollution free environment.

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT

 Over the past decade or so, health and education indicators have come to be widely used
along with income as a measure of development.
 For instance, Human Development Report published by UNDP compares countries based
on the educational levels of the people, their health status and per capita income.
 The countries are ranked and this position list is called as HDI.
 The Human Development Index (HDI) is a statistical tool used to measure a country's
overall achievement in its social and economic dimensions.
 The social and economic dimensions of a country are based on the health of people, their
level of education attainment and their standard of living.

Criteria used by the Human Development Report: HEATH EDUCATION INCOME-

 Per capita income
 Literacy rate
 Life expectancy at birth

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

 Sustainable development is the development of a count or world not only at present, but
development which is to be continued and maintained for future generations.
 It promotes an efficient use of natural resources.
 Sustainability helps in maintaining ecological balance.
 It lays emphasis on quality of life and promotes conservation of life saving resources.

OVERUSING RESOURCES

 'Overusing a Resource' means more uses of the resource than it is replenished by the
nature.
 Groundwater is an example of renewable resources. These resources are replenished by
nature. However, even these resources may be overused. In the case of groundwater, if
we use more than what is being replenished by rain then we would be overusing this
resource.
 This is what Indian states have done. For example, farmers of Punjab have overused the
groundwater. This has lead to lowering of the water table.

CONSEQUENCES OF ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION DO NOT RESPECT

NATIONAL OR STATE BOUNDARIES. JUSTIFY THE STATEMENT

 Consequences of environmental degradation do not respect national or state boundaries.

This issue is no longer a regional or national issue.
 Our future is linked together. Sustainability of development is essential for all the
mankind and it is our common responsibility to save the environment.
 These days it is a matter of discussion among different countries of the world.
 Global warming, acid rain, etc., are not to be controlled by one nation. It is a global
matter of thinking and finding the solutions