Department of Electronics &

Communication Engineering
(Accredited by NBA, New Delhi. Validity 01.07.2022 to 30.06.2025)

COSUMER ELECTRONICS
(MODULE 3)
BEC654B

Prepared by
Prof. Juslin F

01-05-2025 AT M E C o l l e g e
ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,MYSURU of Engineering, Mysuru 1
Department of Electronics &
Communication Engineering
(Accredited by NBA, New Delhi. Validity 01.07.2022 to 30.06.2025)

Module-3 Syllabus (BEC654B)

Colour Television: Introduction, Light Energy, Primary Colours, Tristimulus Values, Trichromatic Coefficients,
Colour Triangle, Mixing of Colours, Grassman’s Law, Colour Specifications, Bandwidth for Colour Signal
Transmission. Chromaticity Diagram, Spectral and Non-Spectral Colours, Colour Circle, Visibility Curve, Digital
Television (DTV) and High Definition Television (HDTV), Recent Advances in TV technology, LCD TV, LED TV,
Plasma TV(Text : 10.1 to 10.10)

TEXT BOOKS:
1. B.R. Gupta, V. Singhal "Consumer Electronics", S.K. Kataria & Sons, 6th edition, 2013, ISBN 978-93-
5014-407-7.
2. R.P.Bali, Consumer Electronics, Pearson Education (2008)

01-05-2025 ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,MYSURU 2

Department of Electronics &
Communication Engineering
(Accredited by NBA, New Delhi. Validity 01.07.2022 to 30.06.2025)

Course Outcomes: After studying this course, students will be able to:

At the end of the course, the student will be able to:

1. Understand the functioning and classification of various types of microphones and loudspeakers.
2. Demonstrate knowledge of the optical recording and playback processes in audio compact disc systems.
3. Analyse the principles of colour television and modern display technologies.
4. Evaluate the working of cable television systems and miscellaneous consumer devices.
5. Explore advancements in consumer electronics, such as mobile phones, computing devices, and home
appliances.

01-05-2025 ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,MYSURU 3

Department of Electronics &
Communication Engineering
(Accredited by NBA, New Delhi. Validity 01.07.2022 to 30.06.2025)

LIGHT ENERGY
 Light is one form of electromagnetic energy.
 It's two features are intensity and colour.
 As per Helmholtz theory the light sensitive organs of the eye consist of rods and
cones.
The sensation of light brightness is caught by the rods.
This enables us to view the objects in different shades of
grey with black on one end and white at the other end.

01-05-2025 ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,MYSURU 4

Department of Electronics &
Communication Engineering
(Accredited by NBA, New Delhi. Validity 01.07.2022 to 30.06.2025)

The cones of eye are sensitive to colour. These cones are in three groups.

1. One group of cones perceives red colour in the scene or object being viewed

2. Second group of cones perceives blue colour

3. Third group of cones perceives green colour.

01-05-2025 ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,MYSURU 5

Department of Electronics &
Communication Engineering
(Accredited by NBA, New Delhi. Validity 01.07.2022 to 30.06.2025)

PRIMARY COLOURS

 The spectrum of wavelengths visible to human eye ranges from 400

nanometers (i.e. 4000 Å) for violet to 700 nanometers (i.e. 7000 Å) for red.
 Red, green and blue are called primary colours because all the other
colours can be obtained by mixing these primary colours in suitable
proportions.
 However, none of these three colours- can be obtained from the other two.
01-05-2025 ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,MYSURU 6
Department of Electronics &
Communication Engineering
(Accredited by NBA, New Delhi. Validity 01.07.2022 to 30.06.2025)

01-05-2025 ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,MYSURU 7

Department of Electronics &
Communication Engineering
(Accredited by NBA, New Delhi. Validity 01.07.2022 to 30.06.2025)

 If concentration of luminous flux is reduced by the same factor for all the three colors, the
resultant color will still be white.

 The brightness of different colors is represented with respect to that of white.

 When brightness of the three primary colors is zero, the result is black. If we mix 0.2
lumen of each of primary colors we get dark grey

01-05-2025 ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,MYSURU 8

Department of Electronics &
Communication Engineering
(Accredited by NBA, New Delhi. Validity 01.07.2022 to 30.06.2025)

Tristimulus Coefficients & Colour Triangle

 The Commission International Eclairage Illumination (CIE) standardized the different color
combinations.
 The primary colors are red, green and blue. The three color component values of the
different colors are called tristimulus values.
 Natural white has 30% red, 59% green and 11% blue.
 Thus one lumen of white light = 0.3 lumen of red + 0.59 lumen of green +0.11 lumen of
blue.

01-05-2025 ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,MYSURU 9

Department of Electronics &
Communication Engineering
(Accredited by NBA, New Delhi. Validity 01.07.2022 to 30.06.2025)

 Coordinates of red colour are 1, 0, 0

 Coordinates for green colour are 0, 1, 0
 Coordinates for blue are 0, 0, 1.
 Using These x, y, z coordinates we can easily find the three coordinates for secondary
colours e.g.
1. Magenta x = 0.5, y = 0 and z = 1 - 0.5= 0.5
2. Yellow x = 0.5, y = 0.5 and z = 0
3. Cyan x = 0, y = 0.5 and z = 0.5
White the x, y, z coordinates are 0.333 each.
01-05-2025 ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,MYSURU 10
Department of Electronics &
Communication Engineering
(Accredited by NBA, New Delhi. Validity 01.07.2022 to 30.06.2025)

01-05-2025 ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,MYSURU 11

Department of Electronics &
Communication Engineering
(Accredited by NBA, New Delhi. Validity 01.07.2022 to 30.06.2025)

01-05-2025 ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,MYSURU 12

Department of Electronics &
Communication Engineering
(Accredited by NBA, New Delhi. Validity 01.07.2022 to 30.06.2025)

MIXING OF COLOURS
The mixing of colors can occur in two ways
1. Additive mixing
2. Subtractive mixing.

01-05-2025 ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,MYSURU 13

Department of Electronics &
Communication Engineering
(Accredited by NBA, New Delhi. Validity 01.07.2022 to 30.06.2025)

Additive Mixing

01-05-2025 ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,MYSURU 14

Department of Electronics &
Communication Engineering
(Accredited by NBA, New Delhi. Validity 01.07.2022 to 30.06.2025)

01-05-2025 ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,MYSURU 15

Department of Electronics &
Communication Engineering
(Accredited by NBA, New Delhi. Validity 01.07.2022 to 30.06.2025)

Subtractive Mixing

01-05-2025 ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,MYSURU 16

Department of Electronics &
Communication Engineering
(Accredited by NBA, New Delhi. Validity 01.07.2022 to 30.06.2025)

GRASSMAN'S LAW

The algebraic relationship defining mixing of primary colours is known as Grassman's law.
Eye views the additive effect of three colours. Eye can see only the resultant.

0.59G+0.3R + 0.11B=Y
The resultant Y is called Luminance.
A response depends on algebraic sum of the three primary colours and the intensity of each
of the three primary colours can be varied as per the requirement.

01-05-2025 ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,MYSURU 17

Department of Electronics &
Communication Engineering
(Accredited by NBA, New Delhi. Validity 01.07.2022 to 30.06.2025)

COLOUR SPECIFICATIONS
A colour is completely specified by the following three terms
1. Hue -Frequency
2. Luminance or Brightness -amplitude
3. Saturation-SNR
1. Hue:- A degree of lightness, darkness, strength, Eg: Red, green, blue, yellow etc.
 Hue is the result of the effect produced on the eye by
wavelengths of that colour.
 By mixing two or more primary colours many hues can be
produced.
01-05-2025 ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,MYSURU 18
Department of Electronics &
Communication Engineering
(Accredited by NBA, New Delhi. Validity 01.07.2022 to 30.06.2025)

2 Luminance or Brightness : It is the total amount of light intensity or light energy

received by eye. It is expressed in lumens.

3. Saturation : Indicates the purity of the colour. It represents the amount of other colors
present in it.
 A pure green light is a saturated color but becomes desaturated when white is mixed with
it.
 Different colors have different wavelengths. Thus a color has a frequency and an
amplitude. The frequency corresponds to hue and amplitude corresponds to
brightness. Saturation is SNR.
01-05-2025 ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,MYSURU 19
Department of Electronics &
Communication Engineering
(Accredited by NBA, New Delhi. Validity 01.07.2022 to 30.06.2025)

Colour Signal
Combined tricolour camera tube having three electron guns are used to produce the colour signal. The
three colour signals are combined to form luminance signal and chrominance signal.
1. Luminance Signal :
 Signal obtained by mixing the three colours i.e red, green, blue in proportion of 30%, 59%, and
11%.
 This mixed signal is called luminance signal denoted as Y signal (Y does not stand for yellow). Y =
0.3R + 0.59G+0.11B

01-05-2025 ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,MYSURU 20

Department of Electronics &
Communication Engineering
(Accredited by NBA, New Delhi. Validity 01.07.2022 to 30.06.2025)

2. Chrominance Signal
 Chrominance signal is also called C-signal. It indicates the hue and saturation of colour,
Y signal has to be transmitted for compatibility with the black and white receiver.
 Instead of transmitting all the three R, G, B signals (in addition to Y signal) two difference
signals R-Y and B-Y are sent.
 It is not necessary to send G-Y signal as it can be obtained from R-Y and B-Y signals. We
have ,Y = 0.3R + 0.59G+0.11B

01-05-2025 ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,MYSURU 21

Department of Electronics &
Communication Engineering
(Accredited by NBA, New Delhi. Validity 01.07.2022 to 30.06.2025)

 It is possible to transmit any two of the three difference signals (R-Y), (B-Y) and (G-Y).
 (G-Y) is not selected for transmission because G is generally the largest amplitude colour
and, therefore, (G-Y) is the smallest. Therefore, (G-Y) is more vulnerable to noise
interference than (R-Y) and (B-Y) signals.
 When only luminance grey shades are transmitted, colour difference signals become zero.
For peak white when R=G=B = 1

01-05-2025 ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,MYSURU 22

Department of Electronics &
Communication Engineering
(Accredited by NBA, New Delhi. Validity 01.07.2022 to 30.06.2025)

 When colour scenes are telecast with unequal R, G, B signal voltages, the Y signal still
represents the monochrome equivalent of the colour because the proportions 0.3, 0.59
and 0.11 of R, G, B represent the contribution of these three colours to the luminance
signal.
 Example: Desaturated purple colour. It is a shade of magenta. The hue is magenta
(purple) and it is a mixture of red and blue. The white light will develop all the three R,
G, B voltages. R = 0.75, B = 0.6 and G = 0.2.

01-05-2025 ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,MYSURU 23

Department of Electronics &
Communication Engineering
(Accredited by NBA, New Delhi. Validity 01.07.2022 to 30.06.2025)

 White is due to equal quantities of the three primary

 The actual amount of white is indicated by the smallest of these three
 Thus white is due to 0.2R, 0.2B and 0.2G.

The remaining i.e., 0.55R and 0.4B represent the magenta hue
(a) Luminance signal Y= 0.3R+0.59G+ 0.11B
or Y= 0.3(0.75) + 0.59(0.2)+0.11 (0.6)= 0.409 V
(b) Colour difference signals are
R-Y = 0.75 - 0.409 = 0.341 V
B-Y = 0.6 - 0.409 = 0.191 V

01-05-2025 ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,MYSURU 24

Department of Electronics &
Communication Engineering
(Accredited by NBA, New Delhi. Validity 01.07.2022 to 30.06.2025)

(c) At the colour receiver the signals Y, (R-Y) and (B-Y) are received after
demodulation. Then, by matrixing, R and B signals are retrieved. Thus,
R = (R-Y) + Y =0.341+0.409 = 0.75 V
B = (B-Y)+Y= 0.191 +0.409 = 0.6 V
(d) (G-Y) matrix. The (G-Y) signal is not transmitted but is retrieved by
matrixing as illustrated below
Y = 0.3R + 0.59G+ 0.11B
Rearranging the terms
0.59 (G-Y) = -0.3(R-Y)-0.11(B-Y)
(G-Y) =(-0.3(R-Y)-0.11(B-Y) )/0.59 = -0.51(R-Y) – 0.186 (B-Y)
(G-Y) = -0.51(0.341) – 0.186(0.191) = -0.209
G = (G-Y) + Y = -0.209 + 0.409 = 0.2

01-05-2025 ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,MYSURU 25

Department of Electronics &
Communication Engineering
(Accredited by NBA, New Delhi. Validity 01.07.2022 to 30.06.2025)

Generation of Y and Colour Difference Signals

01-05-2025 ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,MYSURU 26

Department of Electronics &
Communication Engineering
(Accredited by NBA, New Delhi. Validity 01.07.2022 to 30.06.2025)

 The three camera tubes give VR, VG and VB as outputs.

 These three are added in proportion of 30%, 59% and 11% by the resistances R1, R2 and
R3 to give the Y signal.
 The values of R1, R2 and R3 are chosen so as to add VR VG and VB in the above
proportions.
 In order to avoid cross-talk the resistance R is kept small.
 Therefore, the Y signal is amplified by an amplifier. Then Y signal is inverted (by using an
inverter) to give -Y signal which is added to R and B signals to give (R-Y) and (B-Y)
signals.

01-05-2025 ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,MYSURU 27

Department of Electronics &
Communication Engineering
(Accredited by NBA, New Delhi. Validity 01.07.2022 to 30.06.2025)

BANDWIDTH FOR COLOUR SIGNAL TRANSMISSION

 Y signal is transmitted with full frequency bandwidth of 5 MHz for maximum horizontal
details in monochrome.
 Human eye cannot differentiate between very fine colour details. Since the eye cannot
recognise colours of objects below a certain finite size
 It is not necessary to transmit any colour information which lies above 1.5 MHz.
 For very fine colour details produced by frequencies in the range of 1.5 MHz to 5 MHz
every person is colour blind.

01-05-2025 ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,MYSURU 28

Department of Electronics &
Communication Engineering
(Accredited by NBA, New Delhi. Validity 01.07.2022 to 30.06.2025)

 Some complex colours are combinations of all the three primary colours.
 For these complex colours human eye can perceive only large pixels which produce
video frequencies below 0.5 MHz.
 The relatively less complex colours are combinations of only two primary colours.
 For these colours human eye can perceive pretty fine pixels which produce video
frequencies between 0.5 MHz and 1.3 MHz.
 In view of this the maximum bandwidth necessary for colour signal transmission is ±1.5
MHz i.e., 3 MHz.

01-05-2025 ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,MYSURU 29

CHROMATICITY DIAGRAM

01-05-2025 ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,MYSURU 30

Department of Electronics &
Communication Engineering
(Accredited by NBA, New Delhi. Validity 01.07.2022 to 30.06.2025)

SPECTRAL AND NON SPECTRAL COLOURS

 The three corners of the chromaticity diagram represent the three primary colours red,
blue and green
 The colours along the perimeter are pure saturated colours.
 These are called spectral colours.
 As we away from the perimeter towards the centre the colours become less saturated.
 White is at centre point having coordinates x = 0.31 and y = 0.32.
 This point indicates pure white. Other white colours i.e. sunlight, standard white etc. are
around the point indicating pure white.

01-05-2025 ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,MYSURU 31

Department of Electronics &
Communication Engineering
(Accredited by NBA, New Delhi. Validity 01.07.2022 to 30.06.2025)

 Purple colours are along the base line.

 As we go from blue to green to red there is gradual increase in wavelength.
 The purple colours which lie along the base line are called non-spectral colours.
 The hue, determined by the spectral colour at the radius from the point corresponding to
white to the outer periphery, is the angular measure of the radius with reference line say red
(wavelength 700 nm).
 The distance from white indicates saturation.

01-05-2025 ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,MYSURU 32

Department of Electronics &
Communication Engineering
(Accredited by NBA, New Delhi. Validity 01.07.2022 to 30.06.2025)

COLOUR CIRCLE
 The triangular chromaticity diagram can be
transformed into colour circle.
 Red, Green and Blue are radial vectors spaced
120° from each other.
 The distance from centre to the circumference
represents saturation.
 The V reference axis is RY. Hue is represented by
phase angle with respect to V reference.
 If one end of vector represents one primary
colour, the other end will give the
complementary colour.
 Yellow is complementary to Blue and Magenta is
complementary
01-05-2025 to Green. ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,MYSURU 33
Department of Electronics &
Communication Engineering
(Accredited by NBA, New Delhi. Validity 01.07.2022 to 30.06.2025)

VISIBILITY CURVE
 The extent of visibility depends on the frequency.
 Infrared and ultra violet lights are not visible.
 The spectrum of wavelength visible to the eye is from 350 nm to 750 nm
 As the wavelength increases beyond 350 nm the response of eye increases till it becomes maximum at
about 550 nm.
 The response starts decreasing again. The wavelength of 550 nm corresponds to green colour.
 The maximum response is for the colour greenish-yellow (wavelength slightly higher than 550 nm).
 It has been found that visibility for greenish yellow is about 100 times that for violet and red.

01-05-2025 ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,MYSURU 34

Department of Electronics &
Communication Engineering
(Accredited by NBA, New Delhi. Validity 01.07.2022 to 30.06.2025)

01-05-2025 ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,MYSURU 35

Department of Electronics &
Communication Engineering
(Accredited by NBA, New Delhi. Validity 01.07.2022 to 30.06.2025)

DIGITAL TELEVISION (DTV) AND HIGH DEFINITION TELEVISION (HDTV)

 The initial signal (video and audio) and the final reception are both analog.
 To transmit an analog signal in digital form, the analog signal has to be digitized by a
device called encoder.
 This process is called sampling.
 In sampling, a snapshot of the input analog waveform is taken thousands of times each
second.
 The samples are high frequency samples for the quantizing process.
 At the receiver the digital signal is converted back to analog using a decoder.
 The present day TV sets can receive digital TV signals by adding a set top box.
01-05-2025 ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,MYSURU 36
Department of Electronics &
Communication Engineering
(Accredited by NBA, New Delhi. Validity 01.07.2022 to 30.06.2025)

In digital TV, there is difference between brightness and colour components. Luminance is
filtered from the chroma components. Each is sampled and digitized separately.

01-05-2025 ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,MYSURU 37

Department of Electronics &
Communication Engineering
(Accredited by NBA, New Delhi. Validity 01.07.2022 to 30.06.2025)

 A television system must interface the different source input formats including films,
magnetic and optical media etc.
 The different video source formats are covered using multiple transmission (scanning)
formats.
 The video and audio signals are compressed by respective encoders.
 The output of encoders is a string of binary digits (i.e., 1s and 0s) representing the video and
audio signal.
 A multiplexer combines video, audio and other data.
 All this information is fed to modulator for transmission over a VHF/UHF channel by
transmitter.

01-05-2025 ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,MYSURU 38

Department of Electronics &
Communication Engineering
(Accredited by NBA, New Delhi. Validity 01.07.2022 to 30.06.2025)

 At the receiver end, the signal is demodulated and turned back into string of binary digits. These binary
digits are demultiplexed into video, audio and other data. Decoders convert these bits into analog video,
audio and other data and feed to the receiver.
 Applications and uses of DTV/HDTV include live and recorded sound, sports, movies, news, comedies,
business promotion, cataloging (on HD tape), security systems (through CCTV) etc.

01-05-2025 ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,MYSURU 39

Department of Electronics &
Communication Engineering
(Accredited by NBA, New Delhi. Validity 01.07.2022 to 30.06.2025)

RECENT ADVANCES IN TV TECHNOLOGY

LCD TV:
 LCD TV has slim design and flat viewing surface. It allows larger screen, wide viewing angle
and high quality picture.
 Most of LCD TVs can be mounted on wall and double up as TV and personal computer.
 LCD stands for liquid crystal display. LCD TV is called transmissive display. A high source
behind the panel shines light through LCD display.
 A white diffusive panel behind LCD reflects and scatters the light evenly.
 It consists of two polarising transparent panels with liquid crystal solution sandwiched between
the panels.

01-05-2025 ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,MYSURU 40

Department of Electronics &
Communication Engineering
(Accredited by NBA, New Delhi. Validity 01.07.2022 to 30.06.2025)

 The screen's front layer of glass is etched on the inside surface in a grid pattern to form a template
for the layer of liquid crystals.
 These liquid crystals are rod shaped molecules that bend light in response to electric current.
 As a result the crystals align so that light cannot pass.
 Each crystal acts as a shutter either allowing light or blocking light. The pattern of dark and
transparent crystals form the image.
 LCD TV uses advanced LCD called active matrix LCD. The design is based on thin film transistors
(TFT).
 These are basically tiny switching transistors and capacitors arranged in a matrix.
 They rapidly switch LCD pixels on and off. Each colour pixel consists of three subpixels with red,
blue, green filters.
 LCD TV is energy efficient and uses 60% less power than older TV.
01-05-2025 ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,MYSURU 41
Department of Electronics &
Communication Engineering
(Accredited by NBA, New Delhi. Validity 01.07.2022 to 30.06.2025)

LED TV:
 LED TV uses light emitting diodes (instead of cold cathode fluorescent lamp used in LCD
TV).
 Thus it is a flat panel display using LED.
 Use of LED means thinner panel and lower power consumption (than LCD).
 Moreover heat dissipation is better, display is very bright and contrast control is also better.
 LED TV can be full array LED or Dynamic local dimming LED. The dynamic local dimming
control allows dimming of some areas darkness for better contrast.

01-05-2025 ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,MYSURU 42

Department of Electronics &
Communication Engineering
(Accredited by NBA, New Delhi. Validity 01.07.2022 to 30.06.2025)

LED TV:
 LED TV uses light emitting diodes (instead of cold cathode fluorescent lamp used in LCD
TV).
 Thus it is a flat panel display using LED.
 Use of LED means thinner panel and lower power consumption (than LCD).
 Moreover heat dissipation is better, display is very bright and contrast control is also better.
 LED TV can be full array LED or Dynamic local dimming LED. The dynamic local
dimming control allows dimming of some areas darkness for better contrast.

01-05-2025 ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,MYSURU 43

Department of Electronics &
Communication Engineering
(Accredited by NBA, New Delhi. Validity 01.07.2022 to 30.06.2025)

PLASMA TV:
 Plasma TV uses tiny cells containing electrically charged ionized gas similar to that
existing in a fluorescent lamp.
 One panel has millions of tiny cells arranged between two panels of glass.
 These cells hold mixture of noble gases and small amount of mercury. When mercury is
vaporised, the electric field causes plasma.
 Some electrons strike mercury particles and the mercury particles shed energy so as to
produce ultra violet plasma.

01-05-2025 ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,MYSURU 44

Department of Electronics &
Communication Engineering
(Accredited by NBA, New Delhi. Validity 01.07.2022 to 30.06.2025)

PLASMA TV:
 The plasma strikes phosphor painted on the inside of the cells. Thus energy is converted
to visible light.
 Depending on type of phosphor different colours are produced.
 Plasma display are very bright (1000 luxs or more) and have wider colour gamut. These can
be produced in very big sizes.
 Display panel is thin, less than 6 cm thickness, so that the total thickness is less than 10 cm.
 Plasma TVs use more power. For 50" screen the power rating is about 400 W. Plasma
screen is made of glass which can reflect more light than LCD screen.

01-05-2025 ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,MYSURU 45

Department of Electronics &
Communication Engineering
(Accredited by NBA, New Delhi. Validity 01.07.2022 to 30.06.2025)

THANK YOU

01-05-2025 ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,MYSURU 46