College of Engineering

Introduction to Communication Systems

EEN335

Assignment 1
Chapter 4: AMPLITUDE
MODULATIONS AND
DEMODULATIONS

Author(s): Instructor:
Abdoulrachid Mahamoud. . . 1030171 Dr. Montasir Qasymeh

M
4.2-1 For each of the baseband signals: (i) m(t) = cos 1000t, (ii) m(t) = 2 cos 1000t+
cos 2000t, (iii) m(t) = cos 1000t cos 3000t, do the following.
(a) Sketch the spectrum of m(t).
(b) Sketch the spectrum of the DSB-SC signal m(t) cos 10, 000t.
(c) Identify the upper sideband (USB) and the lower sideband (LSB) spectra.
(d) Identify the frequencies in the baseband, and the corresponding frequencies
in the DSB-SC, USB, and LSB spectra. Explain the nature of the frequency
shifting in each case.

(i) m(t) = cos 1000t

(a)
The Spectrum
3 M (ω)

ω
−1,000 1,000

(b) cos 1000t cos 10, 000t = 21 [cos(1000t + 10, 000t) + cos(1000t − 10, 000t)]
= 12 [cos(11, 000t) + cos(9000t)]
(c) USB → cos 11, 000t ; LSB → cos 9000t
(d)
Spectrum of Modulation
1.5 M (ω)

1 Baseband Frequency 1000

DSB Frequency 9000 & 11,000
LSB Frequency 9000
0.5 USB Frequency 11,000

ω
−1 −0.5 0.5 1
·104

1
(ii) m(t) = 2 cos 1000t + cos 2000t
(a)
The Spectrum
6 M (ω)

ω
−2,000 2,000
1
(b) [2 cos 1000t + cos 2000t] cos 10, 000t = cos 9000t + 2 cos 8000t + cos 11, 000t +
1
2 cos 12, 000t
1 1
(c) USB → cos 11, 000t + 2 cos 12, 000t ; LSB cos 9000t + 2 cos 8000t
(d)
Spectrum of Modulation
3 M (ω)

Baseband Frequency 1000 & 2000

2 DSB Frequency 9000 & 11,000
8000 & 12,000
1 LSB Frequency 9000 & 8000
USB Frequency 11,000 & 12,000
ω
−2 −1 1 2
·104

2
(iii) m(t) = cos 1000t cos 3000t = 12 [cos 4000t + cos 2000t]
(a)
The Spectrum
1.5 M (ω)

0.5

ω
−2,000 2,000

(b) 21 [cos 4000t + cos 2000t] cos 10, 000t = 1

2 [cos 12000t + cos 8000t] + 1
2 cos 6000t +
cos 14000t]
(c) USB → cos 12, 000t + cos 8000t ; LSB cos 6000t + cos 14, 000t
(d)
Spectrum of Modulation

M (ω)
0.6 Baseband Frequency 2000 & 4000
DSB Frequency 8000 & 21,000
0.4 6000 & 14,000
LSB Frequency 8000 & 6000
0.2 USB Frequency 12,000 & 14,000
ω
−2 −1 1 2
·104

3
4.2-2 Repeat Prob. 4.2-1 [parts (a),(b), and (c) only] if: (i) m(t) = sinc100t,
(ii) m(t) = e−|t| , (iii) m(t) = e−|t−1| . Observe that e−|t−1| is e−|t| delayed by 1 second.
For the last case you need to consider both amplitude and phase spectra.

(i) m(t) = sinc100t

(ii) m(t) = e−|t|

(iii) m(t) = e−|t−1|

4
4.2-4 You are asked to design a DSB-SC modulator to generate a modulated signal
km(t) cos(ωc t + θ), where m(t) is a signal band-limited to B Hz. Figure ?? shows
a DSB-SC modulator available in the stock room. The carrier generator available
generates not cos ωc t but cos3 ωc t. Explain whether you would be able to generate
the desired =signal using only this equipment. You may use any kind of filter you
like.
(a) What kind of filter us inquired in Fig ???
(b) Determine the signal spectra as points b and c, and indicate the frequency bands
occupied by these spectra.
(c) What us the minimum usable value of ωc ?
(d) Would this scheme work is the carrier generator output were sin3 ωc t? Explain.
(e) Would this scheme work if the carrier generator output were cosn ωc t for any
integer n ≥ 2?

Figure 1

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(a) yb (t) = m(t) cos3 ωc t = m(t)[ 34 cos ωc t + 1
4 cos 3ωc t] Band Pass Filter is required.
(b)

(c) ωc at its minimum is 2πB

(d) m(t) cos2 ωc t = m(t) 1 1

2 [1 + cos 2ωc t] = 2 m(t) + 2 m(t) cos 2ωc t. The signal at
b has baseband
1
signal of 2 m(t( and modulated signal m(t) cos 2ωc t whoe carrier frequency is 2ωc , but not ωc .
Both will be rejected by the filter. It will not work.
(e) When integer n is odd, system will operate.

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4.2-5 You are asked to design a DSB-SC modulator to generate a modulated
signal km(t) cos ωc t with the carrier frequency fc = 300 kHz (ωc = 2π × 300, 000).
The following equipment is available in the stock room: (i) a signal generator of
frequency 100 kHz; (ii) a ring modulator; (iii) a bandpass filter tuned to 300 kHz.
(a) Show how you can generate the desired signal.
(b) If the output of the modulator isk · cos ωc t, find k.

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(a) The output has to be: x(t) [m(t) cos ωc t + 31 m(t) cos 3ωc t + 13 m(t) cos 5ωc t + . . .]
π
−4
With the Bandpass filter, the output will be: x(t) = m(t) cos 3ωc t
3π
−4
(b) k =
3π

4.2-8 Two signals m1 (t) and m2 (t), both band-limited to 5000 Hz, are to be trans-
mitted simultaneously over a channel by the multiplexing scheme shown in Fig ??.
The signal at point b is the multiplexed signal, which now modulates a carrier of
frequency 20,000 Hz. The ,odulated signal at point c is transmitted over a channel.
(a) Sketch signal spectra at points a, b, and c.
(b) What must be the bandwidth of the channel?
(c) Design a receiver to recover signals m1 (t) and m2 (t) from the modulated signal
at point c.

Figure 2

7
(a)

(b) Bandwidth ∈ D = (5000, 35, 000) rad/s

(c)

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4.2-9 The system in Fig ?? is used for scrambling audio signals. The output y(t) is
the scrambled version of the input m(t).
(a) Find the spectrum of the scrambled signal y(t).
(b) Sugest a method of descrambling y(t) to obtain m(t)

Figure 3

(a)

(b) We can descramble the y(t) by inverting its spectrum by passing it through the same scrambler.

4.2-10 A DSB signal is given by m(t) cos(2π)106 t. The carrier frequency of this
signal, 1 MHz, is to be changed to 400 kHz. The only equipment available consists
of one ring modulator, a andpass filter centered at the frequency of 400 kHz, and one
sine wave generator whose frequency can be caried from 150 to 210 kHz. Show how
you can obtain the desired signal cm(t) cos(2π × 400 × 103 t)from m(t) cos(2π)106 t.
Determine the value of c.

The output x(t) = π4 m9t) cos(2π)106 t[cos(400π)103 t − 31 cos 3(400π)103 t + 1

3 cos 5(400π)103 t + . . .]
Then is goes through a bandpass filter and reshaped in this form:
−2 −2
x(t) = m(t) cos(800π)103 t =⇒ c =
3π 3π

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4.3-1 Figure ?? shows a scheme for coherent (synchronous) demodulation. Show
that this scheme can demodulate the AM signal [A + m(t)] cos(sπfc t) regardless of
the value of A.

Figure 4

Modulation: y(t) = [A + m(t)] cos(sπfc t) = 12 [A + m(t)] + 21 [A + m(t)] cos 2ωc t

Low-pass filter: y(t) = A + m(t)
DC-Blocker: y(t) = m(t)

4.3-4
(a) Sketch the DSB-SC signal corresponding to the message signal m(t) = cos 2πt.
(b) The DSB-SC signal of part (a) is applied at the input of an envelope detector.
Show that the output of the envelope detector is not m(t) but |m(t)|. Show
that, in general, if an AM signal [A + m(t)] cos ωc t is envelope-detected, the
output |A + m(t)|. Hence, show that the condition for recovering m(t) from the
envelop detector is A + m(t) > 0 for all t.

(a)
(b) The envelop of the signal m(t) cos ωc t is |m(t)|. The signal |A + m(t)| cos ωc t is identical to
m(t) cos ωc t with m(t) replaced by A + m(t) for A + m(t) > 0 for all t.

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4.3-5 Show that any scheme that can be used to generate DSB-SC can also generate
AM. Is the converse true? Explain

If the input signal is m(t), the output is m(t) cos ωc t. If the input is A + m(t), the output is
[A + m ∗ (t)] cos ωc t. This is AM signal. Therefore; Adding DC to baseband signal generates AM.
To kill the carrier component, use generator.

4.3-6 Show that any scheme that can be used to demodulate DSB-SC can also
generate AM. Is the converse true?

If the input is m(t) cos ωc t, the output is m(t). If the input is [A + m(t)] cos ωc t, the output is
A + m(t). When signal enters a DC Blocker, signal is demodulated only if m(t) ≥ 0 for all t.

4.3-8 In the early days of radio, AM signals were demodulated by a crystal detector
followed by a low-pass filter and a dc blocker, as shown in Fig ??. Assume a crystal
detector to be basically a squaring device. Determine th signals at points a, b, c,
and d. point out the distortion term in the output y(t). Show that if A >> |m(t)|,
the distortion is small.

Figure 5

@ a is [A + m(t) cos ωc t
@ b is [A + 2 2
" m(t)] ]cos ωct
2
2 #
A 2m(t) m(t)
@ c is 1+ +
2 A A
A2
@ d is 2 + Am(t)
m2 (t)
Distortion component is
2

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