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TEDWomen 2021 December 2021 | 473K views

The creativity and community behind fanfiction

Cecilia Aragon

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Transcript Z3 Languages) &

Transcript Z3 Languages)

English

' 00\00

So when I was 10 years old, I was a lonely, geeky girl; a first-generation Latina growing up
in a small Midwestern town where hardly anyone else had parents who spoke with thick
accents. But then I came across Tolkien’s fantasy trilogy, “The Lord of the Rings,” and I fell
in love.

' 00\24

ZApplause)

' 00\26

What a cool world of elves, orcs and small but heroic hobbits fighting against impossible
odds to defeat a powerful enemy. Kind of like life. But one thing bothered me. There
weren’t enough female characters in this book. The adventurers accompanying the
protagonists were all male. It made me feel left out, like I did in school when -- you’re not
going to believe this -- when my 7th grade teacher told me, “Why are you working so hard
in math? You should be getting a boyfriend!”

' 01\09

ZAudience boos)

' 01\14

But worse, it offended my sense of fairness. Surely girls could have adventures too. So
what could I do? I sat down with my spiral notebook and I rewrote the story.

' 01\29

ZLaughter)
' 01\30

ZApplause)

' 01\32

I regendered a couple of the main characters, and I added new scenes, like one where a
female hobbit devised a clever plan to foil the Balrog, a monster who caused the death of
one of my favorite characters. By reimagining Tolkien’s fantasy world, I was creating a
place where someone like me could feel at home. Writing my story gave me comfort. But
it also taught me a lot about how to write. I never shared that spiral notebook with
anyone. But what I didn’t realize then was I was writing something called fanfiction --

' 02\19

ZLaughter)

' 02\23

a story based on characters or settings from another’s work ... and that I was not alone.

' 02\34

It was an experience I never forgot. And many years later, after I became a data science
professor at the University of Washington in 2013, I met another professor named Katie
Davis, and we sat down over lunch and discussed a recent news story that claimed “kids
today can’t write, all they produce is misspelled short texts.” Katie and I didn’t believe it.
We both knew kids whose writing abilities defied these stereotypes. What’s more, the
talented young people we happened to know all had heavy involvement in fanfiction
reading and writing. So this apparent contradiction sparked our exploration into one of my
most enduring research projects: a deep data dive into the vast world of fanfiction to
study the impact that writing these stories could have on the writers themselves, and
whether writing fanfiction could actually teach kids to become stronger writers. And what
we found surpassed anything I could have imagined.
' 03\59

So let me set the stage. For those of you who haven’t heard the term before, fanfiction,
sometimes known as transformative literature, is said by some to go back centuries. After
all, in the 1600s, John Milton wrote “Paradise Lost” using characters from the Bible.

' 04\24

ZLaughter)

' 04\29

But today, scholars generally feel that modern fanfiction traces its origins to typewritten
zines written by “Star Trek” fans in the ‘60s and’ 70s. And with the growth of the internet,
barriers to sharing have been lowered further. Millions of people are writing and sharing
fan fiction on a variety of websites around existing plots like “Harry Potter,” “Twilight,”
“Naruto,” “My Little Pony” --

' 04\59

ZLaughter) and “Pokémon” and many others. You probably have a teenage relative or
neighbor who reads or writes fanfiction. These stories are wildly diverse and may be
creative, thoughtful or hilarious. You might find titles like, “When Harry Potter Accidentally
Started a Cult.”

' 05\26

ZLaughter)

' 05\28

Or, “Five Times Hermione Snogged Harry --

' 05\32
ZLaughter)

' 05\34

And One Time She Didn’t.”

' 05\36

ZLaughter)

' 05\38

The sheer quantity of fanfiction that’s been produced is astonishing. In the past 20 years
alone, over 60 billion words of fanfiction have been written and posted on a single online
site: fanfiction.net, which is only one of many fanfiction hubs. Now compare that with the
amount of fiction written in the English language that’s been traditionally published in all of
human history ... 80 billion. So this is an incredible outpouring of creativity. And on this
site, it's written primarily by young people. This site’s 15 million members write in 44
different languages, and their median age is 15 and a half. Most of the authors are
between 13 and 21, and most are teenage girls. 73 percent identify as female, and
interestingly, more fanfiction authors identify as gender nonconforming than male.
Authors we interviewed told us they wrote fan fiction because they love the characters
and worlds. And over and over again, they told us how much they learned about writing
from participating in these communities.

' 07\02

Here’s an example. One author told us she started writing fanfiction at age 13 when she
had this intense crush on a fictional character.

' 07\13

ZSighs)

' 07\14
' 07\14

It led her to write fanfiction with phrases like “gorgeous cerulean orbs”, or ZLaughter)

' 07\23

“manly hunks of muscle.”

' 07\25

ZLaughter)

' 07\26

Kind of embarrassing.

' 07\28

ZLaughter)

' 07\30

And she told us, “But reviewers were kind enough to be positive about my amateurish
fangirl postings, mostly because they also like this character. But they also pointed out my
uses of clichés and overwriting. As a result, I learned to be sensitive to these types of bad
writing. Today, I publish original fiction, and no one has ever called me out on a florid
writing style.” She concluded with, “I think if a teacher had simply red-pencilied my
childish scribbles, I might have been so discouraged as to never write again.”

' 08\13

Another author, who later became our student, told us that she learned about spelling and
grammar while writing fan fiction. But she also told us, “When I started writing fanfiction at
age 13, I was a queer, autistic middle-schooler who hadn’t yet realized I was either of
these things. I had difficulty with social situations. Fanfiction communities were a vital
social and learning outlet.” Today she’s done something that few undergraduates ever
social and learning outlet.” Today she’s done something that few undergraduates ever
have. She’s published a first author academic paper in a top-rated venue.

' 08\54

ZApplause)

' 09\00

After studying many individual writers’ stories over time, we came to see that these
personal stories were consistent with the data, The young writers’ use of words grew
more diverse as they received more reviews. So how did these kids learn and from
whom? To find out, we did a deeper dive into mentoring in fanfiction communities. Now,
we expected to find traditional mentor-mentee pairs, older or more experienced authors
mentoring younger or less experienced ones. But what we found was completely
different. We found millions of authors and readers communicating via multiple channels
and reviewing each other’s work regardless of experience level. People of all ages
listening to and reviewing each other’s stories. This was so cool we had to give it a name,
so we call it “distributed mentoring”. You can also think of it as nanomentoring. Each piece
of mentoring is tiny on its own, but the combination of all of it is much greater than the
sum of its parts. A key attribute of distributed mentoring is its abundance. One author we
interviewed, who wrote both traditionally published fiction and fan fiction, told us that she
received more feedback in a single week on her fanfiction than she did in two years on
her published novel. It’s a difference not only of degree but also of kind. By itself, a single
comment on a story such as, “loved it,” is relatively meaningless, but hundreds or
thousands provide valuable feedback. Like ... “I like the ambiguity of your ending -- it
leaves me feeling hopeful,” and others like these. Reviewers build on and reference each
other’s comments. This enables authors to piece together an overall view of their writing
that’s supportive as well as constructive.

' 11\28

We found only one percent of comments constituted bullying. And these are anonymous.
This is a surprisingly low number, as anybody who has read comments on an internet
platform knows. What’s more, we found the supportive nature of most of these comments
was critical in writing development. One author, who was Black, made all the characters
from a popular TV show Black. She got comments filled with readers’ sense of freedom
and delight from reading her story. It not only encouraged her to keep writing, it gave her
the conviction that what she was doing was worthwhile.
the conviction that what she was doing was worthwhile.

' 12\13

And so through this research, Katie and I found ourselves not only believing that, yes, kids
can be good writers, but also that fanfiction and distributed mentoring could be used in
formal education. A report from the National Assessment of Educational Progress found
that a whopping 73 percent of US students in grades eight and 12 lack proficiency in
writing. Research has shown that adolescence is a wonderful time to improve your writing
skills, and the popularity of fanfiction in this age group shows what an opportunity there is
to use it as a learning tool.

' 12\59

So here's how I'm imagining it. Students with similar interests from school districts across
the country could be connected with one another to get and give anonymous feedback
on their writing. It must be anonymous. I know this from personal experience. Teachers
could moderate the channels to make sure feedback was constructive, as well as helping
students learn from it. If this work grew burdensome for teachers, hierarchical moderation
could help, which is a system where members themselves can report negative or abusive
comments, and volunteer moderators from among the students could decide which ones
to delete, with teachers weighing in only when necessary. This technique is used in many
large, online communities, and lots of adolescents are familiar with it.

' 13\58

Fanfiction is a private universe that’s become a welcoming community, particularly for

those from marginalized groups. This vast and vibrant resource for kids who have
something to say is especially meaningful to me when I contrast it with the isolation I
encountered growing up Latina in the US. And sometimes I wonder what would have
been different in my own life, and maybe in many other people’s lives, if only we could
have access to this supportive community of millions of young people and their
distributing mentoring as kids.

' 14\46

Thank you.
' 14\47

ZApplause and cheers)

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