CH 05

STRUCTURE
Data Types
C programming language which has the ability to divide the
data into different types. The type of a variable determine the what
kind of values it may take on. The various data types are,

• Simple Data type

 Integer, Real, Void, Char

• Structured Data type

Array, Strings

• User Defined Data type

Enum, Structures, Unions
Structure Data Type
A structure is a user defined data type that groups logically related
data items of different data types into a single unit. All the elements
of a structure are stored at contiguous memory locations. A
variable of structure type can store multiple data items of different
data types under the one name. As the data of employee in
company that is name, Employee ID, salary, address, phone
number is stored in structure data type.
Defining of Structure
A structure has to defined, before it can used. The syntax of defining a structure is

struct <struct_name>

<data_type> <variable_name>;

<data_type> <variable_name>;

……..

<data_type> <variable_name>;

};
Example of Structure
The structure of Employee is declared as,

struct employee
{
int emp_id;
char name[20];
float salary;
char address[50];
int dept_no;
int age;
};
Memory Space Allocation
800 emp_id
0 name[20
800 ]
2
802 salary
2 address[5
802 0]
4

807 dept_n
4 o
807 age
Declaring a Structure Variable
A structure has to declared, after the body of structure has
defined. The syntax of declaring a structure is

struct <struct_name> <variable_name>;

The example to declare the variable for defined
structure “employee”

struct employee e1;

Here e1 variable contains 6 members that are defined in
structure.
Initializing a Structure Members
The members of individual structure variable is initialize one by
one or in a single statement. The example to initialize a structure
variable is
1)struct employee e1 = {1,“Hemant”,12000, “3
vika
colony new delhi”,10, 35); s

2) e1.emp_id=1;
e1.name=“Hemant”; e1.dept_no=
1
e1.salary=12000;
e1.age=35;
e1.address=“ LPU
JALANDHAR”;
Accessing a Structure Members
The structure members cannot be directly accessed in the
expression. They are accessed by using the name of
structure variable followed by a dot and then the name
of member variable. The method used to access the
structure variables are e1.emp_id, e1.name, e1.salary,
e1.address, e1.dept_no, e1.age. The data with in the
structure is stored and printed by this method using scanf
and printf statement in c program.
Structure Assignment
The value of one structure variable is assigned to another variable of
same type using assignment statement. If the e1 and e2 are structure
variables of type employee then the statement

e1 = e2;
assign value of structure variable e2 to e1. The value of each member
of e2 is assigned to corresponding members of e1.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
struct employee
{
int emp_id;
char name[20];
float salary;
char address[50];
int dept_no;
int age;
};
void main ( )
{ struct employee e1, e2;
printf (“Enter the employee id of employee”);
scanf(“%d”,&e1.emp_id);
printf (“Enter the name of employee”);
scanf(“%s”,e1.name);
printf (“Enter the salary of employee”);
scanf(“%f”,&e1.salary);
printf (“Enter the address of employee”);
scanf(“%s”,e1.address);
printf (“Enter the department of employee”);
scanf(“%d”,&e1.dept_no);
printf (“Enter the age of employee”);
scanf(“%d”,&e1.age);
printf (“Enter the employee id of employee”);
scanf(“%d”,&e2.emp_id);
printf (“Enter the name of employee”);
scanf(“%s”,e2.name);
printf (“Enter the salary of employee”);
scanf(“%f”,&e2.salary);
printf (“Enter the address of employee”);
scanf(“%s”,e2.address);
printf (“Enter the department of employee”);
scanf(“%d”,&e2.dept_no);
printf (“Enter the age of employee”);
scanf(“%d”,&e2.age);
printf (“The employee id of employee is : %d”, e1.emp_id);
printf (“The name of employee is : %s”, e1.name);
printf (“The salary of employee is : %f”, e1.salary);
printf (“The address of employee is : %s”, e1.address);
printf (“The department of employee is : %d”, e1.dept_no);
printf (“The age of employee is : %d”, e1.age);
Program to implement the Structure
printf (“The employee id of employee is : %d”,
e2.emp_id);
printf (“The name of employee is : %s”,
e2.name);
printf (“The salary of employee is : %f”,
e2.salary);
printf (“The address of employee is : %s”,
e2.address);
printf (“The department of employee is : %d”,
e2.dept_no);
printf (“The age of employee is : %d”,e2.age);
Output of Program
Enter the employee id of employee
1 Enter the name of employee
Rahul Enter the salary of employee
15000
Enter the address of employee 4,villa area,
Delhi Enter the department of employee 3
Enter the age of employee 35
Enter the employee id of employee
2 Enter the name of employee
Rajeev Enter the salary of
employee 14500
Enter the address of employee flat 56H,
Output of Program
The employee id of employee is : 1
The name of employee is : Rahul
The salary of employee is : 15000
The address of employee is : 4, villa area,
Delhi The department of employee is : 3
The age of employee is : 35
The employee id of employee is : 2
The name of employee is : Rajeev
The salary of employee is : 14500
The address of employee is : flat 56H,
Mumbai The department of employee is : 5
The age of employee is : 30
Array of Structure
C language allows to create an array of variables of structure. The array of
structure is used to store the large number of similar records. For example to store
the record of 100 employees then array of structure is used. The method to define
and access the array element of array of structure is similar to other array. The
syntax to define the array of structure is

struct <struct_name> <array_name> [<value>];

For Example:-
Struct employee e1[100];
Program to implement the Array of Structure
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
struct employee
{
int emp_id;
char name[20];
float salary;
char address[50];
int dept_no;
int age;
};
Program to implement the Array of Structure
void main ( )
{ struct employee e1[5]; int i,n;
for (i=1; i<=100; i++)
{
printf(“enter the no of employees”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
printf (“Enter the employee id of employee”);
scanf (“%d”,&e[i].emp_id);
printf (“Enter the name of employee”);
scanf (“%s”,e[i].name);
printf (“Enter the salary of employee”);
scanf (“%f”,&e[i].salary);
Program to implement the Array of Structure
printf (“Enter the address of employee”);
scanf (“%s”, e[i].address);
printf (“Enter the department of employee”);
scanf (“%d”,&e[i].dept_no);
printf (“Enter the age of employee”);
scanf (“%d”,&e[i].age);
}
for (i=1; i<=100; i++)
{
printf (“The employee id of employee is : %d”,
e[i].emp_id);
Program to implement the Array of Structure
printf (“The salary of employee is:
%f”, e[i].salary);
printf (“The address of employee is :
%s”, e[i].address);
printf (“The department of employee is :
%d”, e[i].dept_no);
printf (“The age of employee is : %d”,
e[i].age);
}
getch();
}
Structures within Structures
- structure can be nested in two ways-
- By separate structures
- By Embedded structures

C language define a variable of structure type as a

member of other structure type. The syntax to define
the structure within structure is
struct <struct_name>{
<data_type> <variable_name>;
struct <struct_name>
{ <data_type>
<variable_name>;
……..}<struct_variable>;
Example of Structure within Structure

The structure of Employee is declared as

struct date
{ int day;
int month;
int year; You can see,doj(date
} of joining) is the
struct employee variable of type Date.
{ int emp_id; char here doj is used as a
name[20]; float member in Employee
salary; structure.
int dept_no;
struct date doj;
}e1;
2) Embedded structure
The embedded structure enables us to declare the structure inside the structure. Hence, it
requires less line of codes but it cannot be used in multiple data structures. Consider the
following example.
struct Employee
{
int id;
char name[20];
struct Date
{
int dd;
int mm;
int yyyy;
}doj;
}e1;
Accessing Nested Structure
We can access the member of the nested structure by
Outer_Structure.Nested_Structure.member as given below:

e1.doj.dd
e1.doj.mm
Accessing Structures within Structures
The data member of structure within structure
is accessed by using two period (.) symbol.
The syntax to access the structure within
structure is
struct _var. nested_struct_var. struct_member;
For Example:-
e1.doj.day;
e1.doj.month;
e1.doj.year;
Pointers and Structures
C language can define a pointer variable of
structure type. The pointer variable to structure
variable is declared by using same syntax to
define a pointer variable of data type. The
syntax to define the pointer to structure
struct <struct_name> *<pointer_var_name>;
For Example:
struct employee *emp;
It declare a pointer variable “emp” of employee
type.
Access the Pointer in Structures
The member of structure variable is accessed
byusing the pointer variable with arrow
operator() instead of period operator(.). The
syntax to access the pointer to structure.
pointer_var_namestructure_member;
For Example:
empname;
Here“name” structure member is accessed
through pointer variable emp.
Passing Structure to Function
The structure variable can be passed to a
function as a parameter. The program to pass
a structure variable to a function.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
struct employee
{
intemp_id;
char name[20];
float salary;
};
Passing Structure to Function
void main ( )
{
struct employee e1;
printf (“Enter the employee id of employee”);
scanf(“%d”,&e1.emp_id);
printf (“Enter the name of employee”);
scanf(“%s”,e1.name);
printf (“Enter the salary of employee”);
scanf(“%f”,&e1.salary);
printdata (struct employee e1);
getch();
Passing Structure to Function

void printdata( struct employee emp)

{
printf (“\nThe employee id of employee is :
%d”, emp.emp_id);
printf (“\nThe name of employee is : %s”,
emp.name);
printf (“\nThe salary of employee is : %f”,
emp.salary);
}
Function Returning Structure
The function can return a variable of structure
type like a integer and float variable. The
program to return a structure from
function. #include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
struct employee
{
intemp_id;
char name[20];
float salary;
};
Function Returning Structure
void main ( )
{
struct employee emp;
emp=getdata();
printf (“\nThe employee id of employee is :
%d”, emp.emp_id);
printf (“\nThe name of employee is : %s”,
emp.name);
printf (“\nThe salary of employee is : %f”,
emp.salary);
getch();
Function Returning Structure
struct employee getdata( )
{
struct employee e1;
printf (“Enter the employee id of employee”);
scanf(“%d”,&e1.emp_id);
printf (“Enter the name of employee”);
scanf(“%s”,e1.name);
printf (“Enter the salary of employee”);
scanf(“%f”,&e1.salary);
return(e1);
}
C Unions
The Union is a user-defined data type in C language that can contain elements of

the different data types just like structure. But unlike structures, all the members in

the C union are stored in the same memory location. Due to this, only one member

can store data at the given instance.

Syntax:

union union_name {
datatype member1;
datatype member2;
...
};
Union example
// C Program to demonstrate how to use union
#include <stdio.h>
// union template or declaration
union un {
int member1;
char member2;
float member3;
}; Output:
The value stored in
// driver code member1 = 15
int main()
{
// defining a union variable
union un var1;
// initializing the union member
var1.member1 = 15;
printf("The value stored in member1 = %d",
var1.member1);
return 0;
}
Difference between Structure & Union
Parameters Structure Union
Keyword struct union
Memory Allocation For all the structure For only one member
members who is largest
Example struct emp union emp
{ {
int age; int age;
char name[50]; char name[50];
float sal; float sal;
}; };
Memory occupied More memory space Less memory space
Memory access Allows to access all Allows to access only
the members at any one member at a time
time
Thank
s