Cloud computing

UNIT-1
What is Cloud Computing

The term cloud refers to a network or the internet. It is a technology that uses
remote servers on the internet to store, manage, and access data online rather
than local drives. The data can be anything such as files, images, documents,
audio, video, and more.

There are the following operations that we can do using cloud computing:

o Developing new applications and services

o Storage, back up, and recovery of data
o Hosting blogs and websites
o Delivery of software on demand
o Analysis of data
o Streaming videos and audios

History of Cloud Computing :

In this, we will discuss the history of Cloud computing. And also cover the
history of client server computing, distributed computing, and cloud
computing.
 Before Computing was come into existence, client Server Architecture was
used where all the data and control of client resides in Server side. If a
single user want to access some data, firstly user need to connect to the
server and after that user will get appropriate access. But it has many
disadvantages. So, After Client Server computing, Distributed Computing
was come into existence, in this type of computing all computers are
networked together with the help of this, user can share their resources
when needed. It also has certain limitations. So in order to remove
limitations faced in distributed system, cloud computing was emerged.
 During 1961, John MacCharty delivered his speech at MIT that “Computing
Can be sold as a Utility, like Water and Electricity.” According to John
MacCharty it was a brilliant idea. But people at that time don’t want to
adopt this technology. They thought the technology they are using efficient
enough for them. So, this concept of computing was not appreciated much
so and very less will research on it. But as the time fleet the technology
caught the idea after few years this idea is implemented. So, this is
implemented by Salesforce.com in 1999.

 This company started delivering an enterprise application over the internet

and this way the boom of Cloud Computing was started.

 In 2002, Amazon started Amazon Web Services (AWS), Amazon will provide
storage, computation over the internet. In 2006 Amazon will launch Elastic
Compute Cloud Commercial Service which is open for Everybody to use.

 After that in 2009, Google Play also started providing Cloud Computing
Enterprise Application as other companies will see the emergence of cloud
Computing they also started providing their cloud services. Thus, in 2009,
Microsoft launch Microsoft Azure and after that other companies like
Alibaba, IBM, Oracle, HP also introduces their Cloud Services. In today the
Cloud Computing become very popular and important skill.

Why Cloud Computing?

Small as well as large IT companies, follow the traditional methods to provide

the IT infrastructure. That means for any IT company, we need a Server
Room that is the basic need of IT companies.
In that server room, there should be a database server, mail server,
networking, firewalls, routers, modem, switches, QPS (Query Per Second
means how much queries or load will be handled by the server), configurable
system, high net speed, and the maintenance engineers.

To establish such IT infrastructure, we need to spend lots of money. To

overcome all these problems and to reduce the IT infrastructure cost, Cloud
Computing comes into existence.

Characteristics of Cloud Computing

The characteristics of cloud computing are given below:

1) Agility

The cloud works in a distributed computing environment. It shares

resources among users and works very fast.

2) High availability and reliability

The availability of servers is high and more reliable because the chances of
infrastructure failure are minimum.

3) High Scalability

Cloud offers "on-demand" provisioning of resources on a large scale,

without having engineers for peak loads.

4) Multi-Sharing

With the help of cloud computing, multiple users and applications can work
more efficiently with cost reductions by sharing common infrastructure.

5) Device and Location Independence

Cloud computing enables the users to access systems using a web browser
regardless of their location or what device they use e.g. PC, mobile phone,
etc. As infrastructure is off-site (typically provided by a third-party) and
accessed via the Internet, users can connect from anywhere.

6) Maintenance

Maintenance of cloud computing applications is easier, since they do not need

to be installed on each user's computer and can be accessed from
different places. So, it reduces the cost also.
7) Low Cost

By using cloud computing, the cost will be reduced because to take the
services of cloud computing, IT company need not to set its own
infrastructure and pay-as-per usage of resources.

8) Services in the pay-per-use mode

Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) are provided to the users so that

they can access services on the cloud by using these APIs and pay the
charges as per the usage of services.

Advantages :

 It is easier to get backup in cloud.

 It allows us easy and quick access stored information anywhere and
anytime.
 It allows us to access data via mobile.
 It reduces both hardware ad Software cost, and it is easily maintainable.
 One of the biggest advantage of Cloud Computing is Database Security.

Cloud service provider :

A cloud service provider is a company that offers cloud computing services to

businesses, organizations, and individuals. These services typically include
infrastructure, platforms, or software delivered over the internet. Cloud service
providers maintain large data centers where they host and manage the
computing resources that customers can access remotely.

Examples of cloud service providers include Amazon Web Services (AWS),

Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud Platform (GCP), IBM Cloud, and Oracle Cloud.
These companies offer a range of services, including infrastructure as a service
(IaaS), platform as a service (PaaS), and software as a service (SaaS), catering
to various needs such as storage, computation, networking, databases,
analytics, and more.

Different Types Of Cloud Computing Deployment Models

Most cloud hubs have tens of thousands of servers and storage devices to
enable fast loading. It is often possible to choose a geographic area to put the
data "closer" to users. Thus, deployment models for cloud computing are
categorized based on their location. To know which model would best fit the
requirements of your organization, let us first learn about the various types.

Public Cloud

The name says it all. It is accessible to the public. Public deployment models in
the cloud are perfect for organizations with growing and fluctuating demands.
It also makes a great choice for companies with low-security concerns. Thus,
you pay a cloud service provider for networking services, compute virtualization
& storage available on the public internet. It is also a great delivery model for
the teams with development and testing. Its configuration and deployment are
quick and easy, making it an ideal choice for test environments.

Benefits of Public Cloud

o Minimal Investment - As a pay-per-use service, there is no large upfront

cost and is ideal for businesses who need quick access to resources
o No Hardware Setup - The cloud service providers fully fund the entire
Infrastructure
o No Infrastructure Management - This does not require an in-house team
to utilize the public cloud.
Limitations of Public Cloud

o Data Security and Privacy Concerns - Since it is accessible to all, it does

not fully protect against cyber-attacks and could lead to vulnerabilities.
o Reliability Issues - Since the same server network is open to a wide range
of users, it can lead to malfunction and outages
o Service/License Limitation - While there are many resources you can
exchange with tenants, there is a usage cap.

Private Cloud

Now that you understand what the public cloud could offer you, of course, you
are keen to know what a private cloud can do. Companies that look for cost
efficiency and greater control over data & resources will find the private cloud a
more suitable choice.

It means that it will be integrated with your data center and managed by your
IT team. Alternatively, you can also choose to host it externally. The private
cloud offers bigger opportunities that help meet specific organizations'
requirements when it comes to customization. It's also a wise choice for
mission-critical processes that may have frequently changing requirements.

Benefits of Private Cloud

o Data Privacy - It is ideal for storing corporate data where only authorized
personnel gets access
o Security - Segmentation of resources within the same Infrastructure can
help with better access and higher levels of security.
o Supports Legacy Systems - This model supports legacy systems that
cannot access the public cloud.

Limitations of Private Cloud

o Higher Cost - With the benefits you get, the investment will also be larger
than the public cloud. Here, you will pay for software, hardware, and
resources for staff and training.
o Fixed Scalability - The hardware you choose will accordingly help you
scale in a certain direction
o High Maintenance - Since it is managed in-house, the maintenance costs
also increase.

Disadvantages :

 It requires good internet connection.

 User have limited control on the data

Hybrid Cloud

As the name suggests, a hybrid cloud is a combination of two or more cloud

architectures. While each model in the hybrid cloud functions differently, it is
all part of the same architecture. Further, as part of this deployment of the
cloud computing model, the internal or external providers can offer resources.

Let's understand the hybrid model better. A company with critical data will
prefer storing on a private cloud, while less sensitive data can be stored on a
public cloud. The hybrid cloud is also frequently used for 'cloud bursting'. It
means, supposes an organization runs an application on-premises, but due to
heavy load, it can burst into the public cloud.

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Benefits of Hybrid Cloud

o Cost-Effectiveness - The overall cost of a hybrid solution decreases since

it majorly uses the public cloud to store data.
o Security - Since data is properly segmented, the chances of data theft
from attackers are significantly reduced.
o Flexibility - With higher levels of flexibility, businesses can create custom
solutions that fit their exact requirements

Limitations of Hybrid Cloud

o Complexity - It is complex setting up a hybrid cloud since it needs to

integrate two or more cloud architectures
o Specific Use Case - This model makes more sense for organizations that
have multiple use cases or need to separate critical and sensitive data

Multitenancy in Cloud computing :

Multitenancy is a type of software architecture where a single software instance

can serve multiple distinct user groups. It means that multiple customers of
cloud vendors are using the same computing resources. As they are sharing
the same computing resources but the data of each Cloud customer is kept
separate and secure. It is a very important concept of Cloud Computing.
Multitenancy is also a shared host where the same resources are divided
among different customers in cloud computing.

For Example :

The example of multitenancy is the same as working of Bank. Multiple people

can store money in the same Bank. But every customer asset is different. One
customer cannot access the other customer's money and account, and different
customers are not aware of each other's account balance and details, etc.

Advantages of Multitenancy :
o The use of Available resources is maximized by sharing resources.
o Customer's Cost of Physical Hardware System is reduced, and it reduces
the usage of physical devices and thus power consumption and cooling
cost savings.
o Save Vendor's cost as it becomes difficult for a cloud vendor to provide
separate Physical Services to each individual.

Disadvantages of Multitenancy :
o Data is stored in third-party services, which reduces our data security
and puts it into vulnerable conditions.
o Unauthorized access will cause damage to data.
Each tenant's data is not accessible to all other tenants within the cloud
infrastructure and can only be accessed with the permission of the cloud
provide. In a private cloud, customers, or tenants, can be different individuals
or groups within the same company. In a public cloud, completely different
organizations can securely share their server space. Most public cloud
providers use a multi-tenancy model, which allows them to run servers with
single instances, which is less expensive and helps streamline updates.

Cloud Computing Service Models-

In cloud computing, IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS are three different service models
that offer varying levels of abstraction and management responsibilities to
users. Here's a brief overview of each:

1. IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service):

 IaaS provides virtualized computing resources over the internet, allowing
users to rent infrastructure components such as virtual machines (VMs),
storage, and networking.
 Users have full control over the operating systems, middleware, and
applications they deploy on the rented infrastructure.
 Examples of IaaS providers include Amazon Web Services (AWS) EC2,
Microsoft Azure Virtual Machines, and Google Compute Engine.
2. PaaS (Platform as a Service):
 PaaS offers a platform that includes runtime environments, development
tools, and deployment infrastructure for building, testing, and deploying
applications.
 Users can focus on developing and deploying applications without
worrying about managing the underlying infrastructure.
 PaaS providers handle tasks such as scaling, load balancing, and
database management.
 Examples of PaaS platforms include Heroku, Google App Engine, and
Microsoft Azure App Service.
3. SaaS (Software as a Service):
 SaaS delivers software applications over the internet on a subscription
basis, eliminating the need for users to install, maintain, and manage the
applications locally.
 Users access the applications through a web browser or a thin client
interface.
 SaaS providers manage the entire software stack, including
infrastructure, middleware, application code, and data.
 Examples of SaaS applications include Google Workspace (formerly G
Suite), Microsoft Office 365, Salesforce, and Slack.
These three service models provide different levels of abstraction and
management responsibilities, catering to the diverse needs and preferences of
cloud users. Organizations can choose the most suitable model based on
factors such as their technical expertise, resource requirements, scalability
needs, and budget constraints.

Cloud Computing Architecture

As we know, cloud computing technology is used by both small and large
organizations to store the information in cloud and access it from anywhere
at anytime using the internet connection.

Cloud computing architecture is a combination of service-oriented

architecture and event-driven architecture.

Cloud computing architecture is divided into the following two parts –

o Front End
o Back End

The below diagram shows the architecture of cloud computing -

Front End

The front end is used by the client. It contains client-side interfaces and
applications that are required to access the cloud computing platforms. The
front end includes web servers (including Chrome, Firefox, internet explorer,
etc.), thin & fat clients, tablets, and mobile devices.

Back End

The back end is used by the service provider. It manages all the resources that
are required to provide cloud computing services. It includes a huge amount of
data storage, security mechanism, virtual machines, deploying models, servers,
traffic control mechanisms, etc.

Note: Both front end and back end are connected to others through a network,
generally using the internet connection.

Components of Cloud Computing Architecture

There are the following components of cloud computing architecture -

1. Client Infrastructure

Client Infrastructure is a Front end component. It provides GUI (Graphical

User Interface) to interact with the cloud.

2. Application

The application may be any software or platform that a client wants to access.

3. Service

A Cloud Services manages that which type of service you access according to
the client’s requirement.

Cloud computing offers the following three type of services:

i. Software as a Service (SaaS) – It is also known as cloud application

services. Mostly, SaaS applications run directly through the web browser
means we do not require to download and install these applications. Some
important example of SaaS is given below –

Example: Google Apps, Salesforce Dropbox, Slack, Hubspot, Cisco WebEx.

ii. Platform as a Service (PaaS) – It is also known as cloud
platform services. It is quite similar to SaaS, but the difference is that PaaS
provides a platform for software creation, but using SaaS, we can access
software over the internet without the need of any platform.

Example: Windows Azure, Force.com, Magento Commerce Cloud, OpenShift.

iii. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) – It is also known as cloud

infrastructure services. It is responsible for managing applications data,
middleware, and runtime environments.

Example: Amazon Web Services (AWS) EC2, Google Compute Engine (GCE),
Cisco Metapod.

4. Runtime Cloud

Runtime Cloud provides the execution and runtime environment to the

virtual machines.

5. Storage

Storage is one of the most important components of cloud computing. It

provides a huge amount of storage capacity in the cloud to store and manage
data.

6. Infrastructure

It provides services on the host level, application level, and network level.
Cloud infrastructure includes hardware and software components such as
servers, storage, network devices, virtualization software, and other storage
resources that are needed to support the cloud computing model.

7. Management

Management is used to manage components such as application, service,

runtime cloud, storage, infrastructure, and other security issues in the
backend and establish coordination between them.

8. Security
Security is an in-built back end component of cloud computing. It implements
a security mechanism in the back end.

9. Internet

The Internet is medium through which front end and back end can interact
and communicate with each other.

Economics of Cloud Computing

Economics of Cloud Computing is based on the PAY AS YOU GO method.

Users/Customers must have to pay only for their way of the usage of the cloud
services. It is definitely beneficial for the users. So the Cloud is economically
very convenient for all. Another side is to eliminate some indirect costs which is
generated by assets such as license of the software and their support. In the
cloud, users can use software applications on a subscription basis without any
cost because the property of the software providing service remains to the
cloud provider.
Economical background of the cloud is more useful for developers in the
following ways:
 Pay as you go model offered by cloud providers.
 Scalable and Simple.
Cloud Computing Allows:
 Reduces the capital costs of infrastructure.
 Removes the maintenance cost.
 Removes the administrative cost.

What is Capital Cost?

It is cost occurred in the purchasing infrastructure or the assets that is

important in the production of goods. It takes a long time to generate profit.
In the case of start-ups, there is no extra budget for the infrastructure and its
maintenance. So cloud can minimizes expenses of any small organization in
terms of economy. It leads to the developers can only focus on the
development logic and not on the maintenance of the infrastructure.
There are three different Pricing Strategies that are introduced by Cloud
Computing: Tiered Pricing, Per-unit Pricing, and Subscription-based Pricing.
These are explained as following below.
1. Tiered Pricing: Cloud Services are offered in the various tiers. Each tier
offers to fix service agreements at a specific cost. Amazon EC2 uses this
kind of pricing.
2. Per-unit Pricing: The model is based upon the unit-specific service
concept. Data transfer and memory allocation include in this model for
specific units. GoGrid uses this kind of pricing in terms of RAM/hour.
3. Subscription-based Pricing: In this model, users are paying periodic
subscription fees for the usage of the software.
So these models give more flexible solutions to the cloud economy.