Electrical Equipment and

Devices
(MODULE 7)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
The Lasallian Opening Prayer (English)
The Lasallian Opening Prayer (Filipino)
Daily Gospel
Module Title (Lecture Proper)
Disclaimer
Topic Learning Outcomes

I. Switching system.

Appendix I. References
The Lasallian Closing Prayer (English)
The Lasallian Closing Prayer (Tagalog)

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The Lasallian Prayer

“Let us remember
that we are in the holy presence of God.”

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Ang Panalanging Lasalyano

“Ating alalahanin
na ang Diyos ay ating kapiling.”

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Matthew 28: 18 - 20 (KJV)

18 And Jesus came and spake unto them, saying, All

power is given unto me in heaven and in earth.
19 Go ye therefore, and teach all nations, baptizing
them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of
the Holy Ghost:
20 Teaching them to observe all things whatsoever I
have commanded you: and, lo, I am with you
alway, even unto the end of the world. Amen.

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Switching apparatus for power
circuits
DISCLAIMER
• This resource material is a compilation of relevant
information directly and/or indirectly extracted from
various articles, standards, books and other relevant
publications in Elementary Electrical Engineering as
enumerated in the references.
• As such, the instructor claims no credit for most of
the wording, content, substance, and depth of the
technical information presented herein, except for
the appropriate selection, logical arrangement,
comments and interpretations to make this paper
practically useful/valuable and understandable to the
students.
• Superscripted numbers indicate the reference
material used found in Appendix I. References.

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Topic Learning Outcomes
• By the end of this lecture, you’ll be able to:

1. Describe the operation and function of power switching.

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Switching Classification:
• Switching apparatus can be defined as a device for opening
and closing, or for changing the connections of a circuit.
• The general classification of switching apparatus as used in
this includes switches, fuses, circuit breakers, and service
protectors.

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The types of switches normally used for power
circuits include the following:

a) Isolating
b) Load interrupter
c) Safety switches for 600 V and lower power
applications, including bolted-pressure switches
and high-pressure contact switches and power
protectors
d) Transfer switches for load transfer, including
emergency and standby switching.

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Isolating switches

• An isolating switch is used to provide a visible

disconnect and frequently has no interrupting
current rating.
• It should be operated only after the circuit has been
opened by other means.
• Interlocking is generally provided to prevent
operation when the switch is carrying current.
• Latches may be required to prevent the switch from
being opened by magnetic forces under heavy fault
currents.

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Isolating switches

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Isolating switches

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Load interrupting switches

• For services above 600 V a load interrupter or

load-break switch, generally associated with unit
substations supplied from the primary distribution
system, is a switch combining the functions of a
disconnecting switch and a load interrupter for
interrupting, at rated voltage,
• currents not exceeding the continuous-current rating of
the switch. Load-break switches are of the air or
fluid-immersed type.
• The interrupter switch is usually manually operated and
has a quick-make, quick-break mechanism that
functions independently of the speed-of-handle
operation.
• Such switches usually have a close-and-latch rating to
provide maximum safety in the event of closing-in on a
faulted circuit.

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Load interrupting switches

• Load interrupter switches having isolating blades

are also available with vacuum interrupters and
electronic fuses and may be actuated by
ground-fault protective relaying, or phase failure
protective relaying and fuses.

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Load interrupting switches

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Switches for 600 V and below

• The application of fused safety switches is described in

the NEC [B15] and requires a continuous-current rating
of at least 115% of the full-load current rating of the
motor.
• For services of 600 V and below, safety circuit breakers
and switches are commonly used.
• Safety switches are enclosed and may be fused or
unfused. This type of switching device is operable by
means of a handle from outside the enclosure and is
interlocked so that the enclosure cannot be opened
unless the switch is open or the interlock defeater is
operated.
• Many safety switches have quick-make and quick-break
features.

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Switches for 600 V and below

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Automatic Transfer switches
• Automatic transfer switches of double-throw construction are primarily
used for emergency and standby power generation systems rated 600 V
and less.
• These transfer switches do not normally incorporate overcurrent
protection and are designed and applied in accordance with ANSI/NFPA
110-1993 [B16] and the NEC [B15], particularly Articles 230, 517, 700,
701,
• and 702. They are available in ratings from 30 to 4000 A. For reliability,
most automatic transfer switches rated above 100 A are mechanically held
and are electrically operated from the power source to which the load is to
be transferred.
• These switches are applied to provide protection against failure of the
normal service.
• The transfer switch control logic usually includes full-phase close
differential voltage sensing of the normal source, voltage and frequency
sensing of the emergency source, time delays for programmed operation,
and in-phase monitoring for motor load transfer.

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Automatic Transfer switches

In addition to utility failures, continuity of

power to critical loads can also be disrupted by
the following:
a) An open circuit within the building area on
the load side of the incoming service
b) Overload or fault conditions
c) Electrical or mechanical failure of the
electric power distribution system within the
building

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Automatic Transfer switches

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Automatic Reclosing of
Line Circuit Breakers for AC
Distribution and Transmission Lines
Definitions:
• Automatic: Refers to either local or remote
switching operations that are initiated by relay or
control action without the direct intervention of an
operator.
• Auto-reclosing: The automatic closing of a circuit
breaker in order to restore an element to service
following automatic tripping of the circuit breaker.
Autoreclosing does not include automatic closing of
the circuit breakers associated with shunt or series
capacitor banks or shunt reactors.
• Blocking: Refers to the automatic prevention of an
action following specific relay tripping operations.
• Breaker auto-reclosing time: The elapsed time
between the energizing of the breaker trip coil and
the closing of the breaker contacts to re-establish
the circuit on the auto-reclose operation.
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Definitions:
• Dead time: That period of time the circuit breaker is
open and the controlled circuit is de-energized
following the tripping operation for a fault and the
auto-reclosing attempt.
• Delayed auto-reclosing: Refers to the auto-reclosing
of a circuit breaker after a time delay that is
intentionally longer than that for high-speed
auto-reclosing.

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Definitions:
• High-speed auto-reclosing: Refers to the
auto-reclosing of a circuit breaker after a necessary
time delay to permit fault arc deionization with due
regard to coordination with all relay protective
systems. This type of auto-reclosing is generally not
supervised by voltage magnitude or phase angle.
• Lockout: The state of the reclosing relay wherein the
controlled line breaker is open and the relay disabled
from making any further reclose attempts.
• Manual: Refers to either local or remote switching
operations that are initiated by an operator.
• Multiple-shot auto-reclosing: Refers to the
auto-reclosing of the circuit breaker(s) more than
once within a predetermined auto-reclosing
sequence

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Definitions:
• Permissives: Those measured functions or system
conditions that must be satisfied prior to allowing the
reclosing action to proceed.
• Shot: Auto-reclose attempt that is initiated by command
of the reclosing logic.
• Single-pole auto-reclosing: Refers to the auto-reclosing
of one phase of a circuit breaker following a designed
single-phase trip for single-phase-to-ground faults.
• Synchronism check: Refers to the determination that
acceptable voltages exist on the two sides of the breaker
and the phase angle between them is within a specified
limit for a specified time.
• Transfer trip: A form of remote trip in which a
communication channel is used to transmit a trip signal
from the relay location to a remote location.*

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Some of the most frequently asked
fundamental questions to apply auto-reclosing
property are as follows:
• a) What is the probability of successfully reclosing
the faulted circuit?
• b) What is the potential for damage to the system
components by auto-reclosing into a fault?
• c) Are special interlocks required to inhibit
auto-reclosing under certain conditions?
• d) Should the auto-reclosing be time delayed or is
high-speed auto-reclosing allowed?
• e) How many auto-reclosing attempts should be
used for the application?
• f) Should voltage supervision be applied?
• g) Should there be a synchronism check?
• h) What are the consequences of not
auto-reclosing?
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Auto Recloser:

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Auto Recloser:

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Shorthand method may be used to describe
common auto-reclosing modes in use today on a
single line diagram

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Auto-reclosing time line:

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Dead time intervals

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Appendix I. References
1) IEEE 446 1995 Orange book
2) IEEE 141 1993 Red Book
3) IEEE Std C37.104™-2002

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END OF PRESENTATION

ONE HEART.
ONE COMMITMENT.
ONE LIFE.
1719 – 2019
#300LaSalle

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The Lasallian Prayer

“I will continue, O my God,

to do all my actions for the love of Thee.”

Saint John Baptist de La Salle, pray for us.

Live Jesus in our hearts, forever.

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Ang Panalanging Lasalyano

“Ipagpapatuloy ko, O Diyos,

ang lahat ng aking gawain
upang Ikaw ay lalong pakaibigin.”

San Juan Bautista de La Salle, ipanalangin mo kami.

Hesus, manahan ka sa aming puso, magpakailanman.

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